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1 u 

Hinds' Farriery and Stud Book — New Edition. 

FARRIERY, 

TAUGHT ON A NEW AND EASY PLAN: 
BEING A TREATISE ON THE 

DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE HORSE; 

WITH 

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE SHOEING-SMITH, FARRIER, AND GROOM. 

PRECEDED BY 

A POPULAR DESCRIPTION OF THE ANIMAL FUNCTIONS IN HEALTH 
AND HOW THESE ARE TO BE RESTORED WHEN DISORDERED. 

BY JOHN HINDS, 

VETERINARY SURGEON. 

WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS, PAR- 
TICULARLY ADAPTED TO THIS COUNTRY. 

BY THOMAS M. SMITH, 

Veterinary Surgeon, and Member of the London Veterinary Medical Society. 

WITH A SUPPLEMENT: 

COMPRISING 

AN ESSAY ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY THE HORSE, 

WITH REMARKS ON TREATMENT AND BREEDING; 

TOGETHER WITH 

TROTTING- AND RACING TABLES, 

SHOWING 

fHE BEST TIME ON RECORD, AT ONE, TWO, THREE, AND FOUR MILE HEATS ; 

PEDIGREES OF WINNING HORSES, SINCE 1839 ; AND OF THE 

MOST CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND MARES; 

WITH 

USEFUL CALVING AND LAMBING TABLES, &c. &c. 
BY J. S. SKINNER, 

Uitor now of the Farmers' Library, New York ; Founder of the American Farmer, in 1818 

and of the Turf Register and Sporting Magazine, in 1829: being the first Agricul- i.V/^s. 
tural and thd first Sporting Periodicals established in the United States. ^^9 

11,1 2$ 1883 ' 

F wash i N^ 
CLAXTON & COMPA] 

No. 930 Market Street. 

1883. 



PHILADELPHIA: \ 



4 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by 

E. CLAXTON & CO., 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



PREFACE. 

Whatever person would consult these pages with profit 
s.iould previously read the first book with care ; for in it 
he will find laid down the principles upon which all the 
subsequent details are founded, how the process of nature 
is carried on in health, and the cure is to be effected in 
every species of derangement. Indeed, he should study 
it hard, if he would become proficient in " the Art of 
Farriery," and not rely implicitly upon other people's pre- 
scriptions for the cure of any alleged disorder, which have 
been composed for the most part without any such prepa- 
ration. 

From this neglect, also, symptoms of one disorder are 
contounded with those of another, when the proposed reme- 
dies can not possibly effect the cure. If he be imbued with 
the proper thirst after knowledge, be his station in life 
about the horse what it may, he had best to comply with 
the advice strenuously urged at the very outset, to examine 
the internal parts of dead horses, as often as opportunity 
presents itselt, which, in the neighbourhood of large towns 
and hunts is frequent enough. For this is the manner in 
which i was myself mainly instructed; as well as by noting 
down wnatever then appears worthy of observation, con- 
nected witn the previous disease of the deceased subject. 

Such was my manner of proceeding for several years. 
And next about the present volume, how I came to write 
it, and what were my views in the manner of executing 
the task that was rather imposed upon me by the booksel- 
lers than sought after by me; and which was, in effect, oc- 
casioned by the nature and quantity of veterinary facts and 
observations I had a long time been in the ha nit of heaping 
together. But 1 had already been an author nearly a quar- 
ter of a century, having partly translated the manual of La 
I* 



iV PREFACE. 

Fosse, at the request of another bookseller, Mr. Badcock, 
of Paternoster-row. I claim no credit for that performance, 
and have already stated my present opinion of its degree 
of usefulness, at pages 133 and 135. Proceeding with my 
" literary history," I may here add, that a few communi- 
cations in the (old) Sporting Magazines,* to the Monthly 
Magazine,! to the Weekly Dispatch newspaper, and other 
such publications, on topics connected with animal medi- 
cine, preceded the essays on the structure of the horse, 
which comprise the first book of this volume, and found 
place in a newer and much more brilliant publication. An 
accumulation of materials for these pages lay by me, with a 
t «itent hope of publication, when the mammon of a '* ten 
pound prize," for their insertion in the Annals of Sport- 
ing, and some cheering commendations that attended the 
appearance of those essays, from time to time, induced me 
to finish the design of a complete pocket manual for owners, 
grooms and aspirants after the knowledge of horse-medi- 
cine, of every degree. 

Like all other practitioners of the old school, or rather 
no school, my late father had long amassed together and 
preserved, in an immense and shapeless volume, entitled 
his " Receipts," all the alleged remedies recommended as 
eligible and found good in every variety of case: I believe 
he may have tried the efficacy of each, though I am now 
tolerably well convinced that some must have failed of com- 
plete success. Yet was the manuscript preserved like a 
family treasure; and destined to fill my pockets at some dis- 
tant day, its contents were secluded from vulgar eyes, 
though it contained nothing but prescriptions. As usual 
with all similar accumulations, the proper remedies were 
therein stated, without a word as to symptoms or those 
anomalous cases that frequently baffle the utmost skill, for 
the practice of medicine in any of its departments is but an 
imperfect science, even when we can ascertain the precise 
ailment under which the patient labours. This necessary 
preliminary is not always possible in veterinary practice 
we are more frequently baffled than assisted in our inqui- 
ries. Notwithstanding all this, my revered parent sus- 

* For November and December, 1820, on " Fever in the foot," in refuta- 
tion of Mr. Cherry, in which was described the successful treatment of a nay 
nelonging to Mr. Bowley of Covent Garden. 

t January, 1821, &c. 



PREFACE. V 

tained a high character for successful practice; his close ob- 
servation of the symptoms and attention to the operation 
of his physic, supplying the want of a " regular education," 
which no one farrier could at that time boast of: indeed, 
few of them could even copy their own receipts, which 
they preferred to carry in their memory. At a very early 
period 1 endeavoured to repair this apparent defect by 
study; with what success the reader may judge, and I will 
endeavour in the next pages to make him comprehend how 
my task has been executed. 

The reputation of our name induced the bookseller just 
named to ask my father's opinion and mine (among others), 
of a certain manuscript he held in his hand, which upon in- 
spection turned out to be a treatise on the rationale of horse- 
medicine, with very plain directions for ascertaining the 
true symptoms of dieases before attempting to apply any 
remedy, however estimable. As the expositions of the 
writer agreed mainly with our own ideas, it was impossi- 
ble to withhold approbation. Finally, Mr. Badcock also 
consulted with W. S. Rickword, of Moor-lane, and other 
veterinary surgeons of the college, and resolved upon the 
spirited publication of his new purchase, notwithstanding 
he had received the uncheering disapproval of Bracy Clark, 
of Smithfield, who gave for answer that "no one could 
learn the treatment of horses' diseases from printed books." 
Yet has Bracy Clark since then printed many books. The 
great success of the publication alluded to, which was James 
White's w Compendium of the Veterinary Art," justified 
our opinions of its merits, and gratified my vanity at the 
early share I took in its promulgation, and the revision of 
many passages with a view to simplifying the terms (in 
particular); in which commendable quality, by the way, 
Mr. White is not deficient, though, in other respects, a 
lapse or two which have since fallen out, come unler notice 
in the course of the following pages (viz. pp. 39, 83, 111, 
and 154). No man can be perfect; how few among us know 
every thing that pertains to themselves. 

Even at this moment preceding the birth of my volume, 
I am not certain but 1 may be found similarly tripping — to 
have expressed myself obscurely, when 1 fancied my Ian 
guage most completely understandable by the meanest capa- 
city; and 1 doubt that my familiar style may frequently ap- 
pear vulgar to more polished eyes and ears than mni2. But I 



VI PREFACE. 

take credit for having sedulously avoided the use of technical 
phrases, terms of science and learned dissertation, as well 
as the crime of over-refinement with which I have rebuked 
two cotemporanes, whose laughable sublimations are ideal- 
ized at page ibb. 

Candour and ability for the task are not always found 
combined with willingness, even among our best friends, to 
amend certain slips of the pen, or to curtail such exuber- 
ances as the more animated writers are liable to fall into; 
and 1 am free to aver, that the friendly assistance 1 have 
obtained in this respect, the nature of which may be infer- 
red from the note at bottom of page 50, has not always se 
conded my plain meaning, nor adequately fulfilled my wish 
es. though 1 am grateful for these and every act of kindness 
After all my care, repetitions have crept in, and owing to 
the length of time occupied in the composition, or rather 
the manner in which the various particles of information 
were collected together, and digested into form, great va- 
riety of style may be discovered, though unity of purpose, 
and the desire to instruct^ pervades every page. The ar- 
rangement is at least obvious; the principles being taught 
in the first book, the details of practice follow in natural 
order in the second and third books, and seem to arise out 
of the preceding "observations on the animal system of the 
horse, as regards the origin of constitutional disorders." 
The references from the latter chapters to the former, ope- 
rate as exercises with those students who may have neglect- 
ed to acquire and retain sufficient intimacy with the prin- 
ciples laid down in the pages so referred to. 

The diseases of brute animals are few and simple, and 
easily cured when the symptoms can be distinctly traced up 
to their causes; for the remedy then consists in little more 
than putting the animal upon a direct contrary course to 
that which brought on the disorder (though not too rudely), 
and health follows. For example, heat, inflammation, fever, 
is the most general cause of constitutional derangement in 
the horse: in a state of nature, he seeks out and employs 
the remedy himself; when domesticated and pampered, or 
at least denied the use of green food, we judiciously set 
about reducing the heat by cooling medicines and factitious 
regimen, and the fever subsides. Again, hard work occa 
sions lameness, rest restores the feet to their wonted state 



PREFACE. Vll 

in incipient attacks, topical applications effect the remain- 
der in bad cases. 

For the same reasons few medicines are necessary in ve- 
terinary practice, but certain modifications of these add to 
their efficacy in particular cases; though the school in which 
I was first initiated, as well as the modern writers, White, 
and the Lawrences, quite overwhelm their readers with 
the quantity and apparent contrariety of their prescriptions, 
that frequently possess no essential variation from others 
that may be applicable to a whole series of disorders. 

Under such circumstances, I have been extremely chary 
of puzzling the reader by merely altering the vehicle when 
the active material of the prescription had been already 
compounded for a similar disorder; therefore 1 have avoid- 
ed repetition of such (mostly purgatives) by referring the 
reader to the page where these may be found. Notwith- 
standing the apparent difficulty of this mode, yet has it cer- 
tain advantages that outweigh the trouble, and compensate 
for the moments thus expended. During my noviciate, 
and long intercourse with persons employed about the horse, 
in almost every capacity, I noticed that all those who con- 
sulted the books respecting any actual disorder, did little 
more than turn to the prescription which was recommend- 
ed in their particular case, and it was made up and given to 
the animal without once more reading over and comparing 
"the symptoms," and notwithstanding they already had 
the same medicine upon the shelf. By this blind manner 
of proceeding, they did but adhere more closely to the old 
system of their "book of receipts," to the entire neglect of 
the anomalous symptoms, and risked the mistaking of one 
disease for another, in many cases. To compel the inquirer 
to study his case before he applies the remedy, 1 at one 
time thought of adopting the method of La Fosse, and 
others, who have thrown their prescriptions all together, 
and referred to each numerically; but, after due considera- 
tion, I adopted the middle course, and simply avoided re- 
petition in this respect, as that which best suited with my 
views of instruction. In some cases, the remedy is men- 
tioned in general terms only; for example, at page 170, 1 
said, "blistering ointment may beapplied," &c. The read 
er will of course, in this and all similar cases, consult the 
Index; and under "Blistering," he will find himself refer 
red to page 76. 



Vlll PREFACE. 

Throughout the volume, though I naturally evaded all 
controversy, yet in a few instances it seemed necessary to 
advert to certain existing errors and authorized mistakes; 
to disabuse the public mind, to negative the mischiefs these 
were calculated to spread of themselves, and to assure the 
reader that I was not wholly unmindful of the dissonance 
of opinion betwixt the authors mentioned and myself. To 
the "Annals of Sporting," a monthly publication much 
devoted to the natural history of animals, I have frequent- 
ly referred, and often quoted; because in the course of its 
earlier volumes many desirable facts, some good and useful 
hints, and valuable suggestions, appeared from time to time; 
some new opinions and statements were" started, and met 
with repulse, or were more securely placed upon their pro- 
per bases. * In these respects a favourite project, first com- 
municated to me by Mr. Badcock in 1802, and partially 
acted upon,t was therein realized, viz. of collecting together 
the scattered opinions, remarkable cases, and fugitive sug- 
gestions that should occur to various isolated practitioners 
throughout the kingdom, in the same manner as had long 
effected so much progressive good for human medicine. He 
had engaged me and Mr. Rickword to assist him in this 
undertaking, and wrote to Mr. White and others for their 
contributions: but it failed at that period, like many other 
projects of a similar nature; and I observe that the last- 
named gentleman, in every successive edition of his "Com- 
pendium," constantly inserts his correspondents' letters on 
various topics at length, though it was clear to me that dis- 

* In that useful publication ordinary passing events are recorded monthly, 
under the head of "Horse Intelligence," with brief comments, accompanied 
at intervals with exhortations to veterinarians to contribute their experiences 
to the same stock. In one instance, a vivid appeal, in the number for Sep- 
tember, 1824, page 191, produced several valuable communications concern- 
ing hydrophobia, that are embodied in the present work, and acknowledged 
at page 162-3. The intelligent papers of Mr. Perry, of SwafTham, and 
others, also owe their oi'igin to the same stimulus to publicity and the desire 
to establish a name for ingenuity in their profession to the writers. 

■f 1 took occasion to advert to that project in my preface to La Fosse's Pock- 
et Manual, and to lament that "the want of a more liberal practice is felt as 
an insuperable bar to improvement in the art of farriery, which would be best 
served by communications of the discoveries made, and the mode of treatment 
most successfully followed by various practitioners. This it is which of late, 
years has done, and is still doing, so much for other branches of medicine, and 
which, for the sake of humanity, it is devoutly to be wished could be extended 
Co this branch also." Page vi. 



PREFACE. IX 

cussions like these rather belong to periodical publications, 
such as the u Annals" professes to be (where they admit of 
refutation), than to a " Compendium." For my part, 1 
was early induced to enter into the spirit of those periodi- 
cal investigations, and the inquiries set on foot in that work, 
and occasionally to furnish the materials for an article, or 
the argument in point for a controverted doctrine, or dis- 
puted " improvement." An offer of two premiums of ten 
and five pounds for the best and second best of an " Essay 
on the Structure of the Horse," had first induced me to la- 
bour in the pages of the Annals. The award of the highest 
premium to my paper* encouraged me to hearken to pro- 
posals for its enlargement, and the present volume is the 
result, t 

The volume has been a long time at press, and in October 
last was fully announced by advertisement. The author 
could not, therefore, satisfactorily account why his title 
was adopted by another in the month of April of the pre- 
sent year 

* Divided into magazine-like portions, and inserted as convenience offered 
in many successive numbers of the Annals of Sporting, for the years 1822, 
3, 4, 5. 

t The second premium was followed by the like result : the writer of it, 
Mr. Percivall, (1 presume) having since then published his volume on the 

Principles of the Veterinary Art." The utility of such periodical works 
that devote their pages to the promotion of useful arts, is thus manifest in the 
fact that to those premiums the public owe two volumes at least on animal 
medicine. 

London, July, 1827. 



INTRODUCTION. 



As the value of the Horse is daily becoming more mani 
fes% it is presumed that any attempt to reduce into a sys« 
tern, the art of preserving it in health and of removing dis- 
eases will not be unacceptable. 

It is certain that at no period in the history of this coun- 
try, has the horse stood so high in general estimation, or 
by the display of his various powers, rendered himself an 
object more worthy of our consideration. 

As greater attention is now paid to the breeding of horses 
lor the different purposes of the turf, the road, &c. ; so should 
our anxiety for their preservation increase. 

The object of this publication, is to render as plain and fa- 
miliar as possible, a subject that has for a length of time 
remained in obscurity: the want of a work possessing prac- 
tical facts and illustrations, has long been severely felt and 
acknowledged. 

Under this conviction I am induced to lend my aid, in 
bringing forth the present volume, with such alterations 
and additions as an extensive practice in this city may 
warrant. 

To remove long standing prejudices, I am aware is a dif- 
ficult task; still 1 venture to hope, that a careful perusal of 
these pages will excite in some degree, the feelings of hu- 
manity, in respect to the many sufferings to which the 
generous animal is frequently liable from unmerited cruel- 
ty and injudicious treatment, and that mankind may be in- 
duced to view his sufferings with an eye of sympathy and 
tenderness, and have recourse to a rational mode of prac- 
tice, when accident or disease may require it. 

I am not aware of any publication having issued from the 
2 



XH INTRODUCTION 

press in this country, in which the Veterinary Science, or 
Art of Farriery, has been laid down in such a manner 
as to be clearly understood; the present work is so familiar 
in its composition, as to render it at once interesting and 
intelligible to every one who may think proper to peruse 
it. 

To such persons who are removed at a distance from those, 
places where the assistance of a farrier can be had, in cases 
of emergency this work must prove highly useful, as such 
rules for the discovery of disease, and such a plan of treat- 
ment is recommended, as, if judiciously followed, will res- 
cue from the danger of blind experiment, the noblest and 
most valuable quadruped in creation. 

THOMAS MOORE SMITH, 

VETERINARY SURGEON 

Philadelphia February 1 1830. 



CONTEXTS. 



BOOK I. 

Page 

The Origin and Seats of various Diseases in the Horse explained^ 
with a view to their Cure or Mitigation. 

Introduction. The necessity and advantages of veterinary know- 
ledge, and the means of acquiring it, as regards prevention and cure 1 
Explanation and practical use of the skeleton - 4 

Cqapter i. External formation or structure of the horse, and the dis- 
orders originating therein -------- 5 

Chapter ii. Concerning the horse's inside, of its conformation, the 
functions of the organs of lite, and the diseases to which each is lia- 
ble ; together with outlines of the principles upon which the cure is 
to be effected ----------21 

Chapter hi. General observations on the animal system of the 
horse, with reference to the origin of constitutional diseases : recapitu- 
lation and further development of veterinary practice, upon the prin- 
ciples before laid down --------54 

BOOK II. 

The Causes and Symptoms of various Bodily Diseases incident to the 
Horse; with the most approved Remedies in every Case. 

Chapter i. Of internal diseases - _ - 59 

Chapter ii. Of external disorders — abscess and tumours I J 

Chapter hi. External disorders — purulent tumours, diseases of the 

glands r ---- ... 129 

BOOK III. 

Of the Leg and Foot of the Horse ; or, Shocing-smiWs Guide. 

Chapter I. Structure and physiology of the foot; mode of studying 

it advantageously .... .--. i6** 



XIV CONTENTS. 

F«g« 
Chapter 11. Disorders of the foot and leg ----- 170 

Chapter m. Shoeing - - - - - * - -17t 

Chapter iv. Diseases of the foot ------ 188 

Chapter v. Of strains generally ------- 194 

On Acute Founder ..--.•--. 309 



PLATES. 

1. Skeleton of a horse - - Frontispiece. 

H and 3. Anatomy of the foot - • - 169 

Terms used ------- 001 



FARRIERY 



TAUGHT 



ON AN IMPROVED PLAN 



BOOK I. 



HIE ORIGIN AND SEATS OF VARIOUS DISEASES IN THE HORSE EXPLAINED, 
WITH A VIEW TO THEIR CURE OR MITIGATION. 

Introduction. — The necessity and advantages of veterinary knowledge, 
and the mcaics of acquiring it, as regards prevention and cure. 

Although it can not be denied, that "'tis better, in a humane point of view, 
to prevent diseases than to cure them ;" yet, looking at the fact as a velerina 
rian, without forgetting my feelings as a man, I do not hesitate to say, "this 
is a consummation we can not reasonably hope to arrive at, whilst the horse is 
compelled to exert himself to the utmost of his power for our daily profit," 
whereby he acquires a constant disposition to create disorders. Nor would I 
be thought to maintain, that "preventives ought never to be employed:" 
the succeeding pages fully disprove such a conclusion. I merely mean to in- 
culcate, that, under existing circumstances, they can not be resorted to gene- 
rally : and tins I say, notwithstanding it will be found I have here noted very 
many occasions, when rest, alteratives and regimen, might be often substituted 
for active medicines, more economically, (in my opinion,) both of lime and ex- 
pense. The hour is not arrived, however, for me to insist too strenuously 
upon an entirely new mode of treatment of the horse in health and in disease, 
since that course would appear rather too theoretical for a Treatise designed 
to be wholly practical. 

Those are the reasons which have induced me to keep in view the readiest 
way of enabling the sick animal to return to his work again, according to the 
long beaten track of my practice ; whilst my main purpose is to show, by an 
examination of his powers and his parts (external and internal,) that a mode- 
rate mode of treatment, in sickness and in health, would be not only more hu- 
mane but more profitable, as preventive of many of those evils to which thou- 
sands of horses prematurely fall victims every year. More conducive, also, to 
a profitable result to their labours would it be for the owners of horses, instead 
of studying how to " physic" their property, were they to put themselves in a 
condition, as near as may be, for rejecting, with some degree of certainty, not 
only such horses as are offered to them actually diseased, but such also as, by 
their awkward built or structure, and consequent ill-formation of the internal 
parts, can not fail to possess some inherent bad quality, and thereby a prone- 
t.fss to its corresponding affliction to the end of their days. This ought to 



2 HOW TO PROCEED WITH DISSECTION. 

constitute every horseman's first step to horse knowledge, whether he under- 
take it as an owner or as a farrier, the latter most especially; of him 1 may 
justly add, that he can not be said to exercise his calling honestly as he ought, 
who sullenly neglects to learn those rudiments of art and practice that teach a 
knowledge of the animal economy and the functions of the horse in particular. 
1 do not hesitate to insist upon the examination of the animal's internal parts, 
as constituting one main item of those rudiments; and I would not avoid giving 
this operation the proper name of dissection, but that I fear to alarm the gene- 
ral reader with an apparent difficulty where none exists in reality. How 
without that previous knowledge, durst he venture to pronounce what parti 
cular ailment, out of the numerous catalogue that pertain to the horse, his pa 
• ient labours under? How can he ascertain the degree, or quantity and quality 
of the attack, so as to know when it may be increasing in malignity, or its 
virulence is expended? Least of all can he succeed in the cure, when so much 
uncertainty hangs about his means of discriminating between one disorder and 
another, — to say nothing of the usually attendant ignorance of the mode in 
which medicines operate upon those internal parts that lie concealed from his 
view, but upon one or the other of which they are, nevertheless, destined power- 
fully to act. If it be allowed, that no two horses are ever affected exactly alike 
ai those disorders that depend upon the secretions, as I shall show at the end 
of this chapter, how is it possible that such neglectful men could ever reduce 
the symptoms of any disorder, without reducing, at the same moment, the 
power or functions of the part upon which their strange and ever-violent mix 
tures expend their force, and thus entail upon the animal a disposition to ac- 
quire some other disorder. 

Every man who would make himself proficient in the knowledge of diseases 
should open his own dead horses, and as many more as he can obtain access 
to, and attentively examine the state of the stomach, the liver, the lungs, the 
heart, kidneys, and bladder. If the animal be recently dead, this profitable 
inquiry will be far from disagreeable, unless the cause of death has been ol 
the putrid kind, spoken of in Book II. Chap. 1. as Typhous, but which rarely 
happens. In the pursuit of this necessary first step to veterinary knowledge, 
he will proceed in this manner. The horse being on its back, two legs on the 
same side are to be elevated by a cord passing round the fetlock of each, and 
fastened to a nail in the ceiling or elsewhere aloft. Then with a sharp knife, 
of the common shoemakers' kind, he will draw a straight cut all the way from 
the first rib or breast bone, at the intersection of O with 21 in the picture, to 
the sheath, or thereabouts. If the cut be not too deep, the skin will recede a 
tittle, and expose the membrane ; cutting through this the intestines will pro- 
trude, and drive forth a thin expansive membranous sac, apparently unattach- 
ed, being designed for holding the guts, and preventing friction. This soon 
bursts, and the blind gut (or ccBcum)^ described at section 48, appears. He 
will slit open this pouch, and examine its contents before he quits the subject, 
probably ; but his first business is with the stomach, which is depicted in the 
annexed plate, as situated at the conjunction of 1KL with the figures 26" — 29. 
Herein will be found the last drench that sent him out of life, or the last food, 
that gave hopes of a prolonged existence; and on its surface, vulgarly termed 
the coats of the stomach (when turned inside out), may be discovered the havoc 
committed by the farrier's unskilfulness : according to the strength of the poi- 
sons so administered, will the coats show the dilapidation, or at times a nole 
will have been perforated, that is the cause of instant death. 

The young operator will keep in mind what is said of those parts at sec- 
tions 45, 46, &c, if he do not turn to and read them over once more before he 
takes up the knife. With the same precaution as to re-reading section 52, 
Src, he will proceed to examine the state and appearance of the liver and kid 



APPEARANCE OF THE INSIDE 3 

neys. The description of these will be found at sections 52 and 53 respective- 
ly ; and they are delineated as situated in the picture, the liver between the 
parallels of J — N, 22 — 28, and the kidneys at H, 29, 30. Returning forwards, 
the operator will find his way to the heart and lungs obstructed by the midriff, 
(see plate at 22 to 28, ascending slantwise from L to H) that divides and keeps 
asunder these from the first-named parts, lest the guts and liver should ob- 
struct the action (functions') of the heart and lungs, and vice versa. Its ap- 
pearance has been described (sect. 35.) as resembling a drum-head ; and like 
it, if pricked with the knife, the cavity of the chest is instantly laid open — an 
immense vacuity, that proves to what a vast extent the lungs must fill at every 
inspiration of fresh air, to occupy so great a space, and further spread out the 
ribs to the utmost extent of the intercostal muscle that holds them together. 
In the plate the lungs are depicted in a quiescent state, at J to N, and 15 to 
22; but when filled they occupy all the vacant space above, in addition to their 
lateral width. Hence, the importance of this viscus (as they call each of the 
vital parts above named), to which 1 have attached such high consideration 
in the sequel, will at once be seen and appreciated. See sections 31 — 3(J. 

Concerning the Heart, its structure and functions, — so much has been said 
in another place, and so minute is the description of each, that I shall add no 
more here, than refer to the sections, where the reader may find ample in- 
structions for examining this main-spring of animal life. See sections 37 to 
10. In the annexed picture, it is delineated as lying near the lungs [LMN, 
i l J — 21], to the upper part whereof it is attached, as described hereafter. 

By pursuing this course of inquiry, the operator will discover what is, or 
•ught to be, the healthful state and appearances of the main functions of the 
jnnnal system, — he will perceive the auxiliaries and their uses, — he will have 
•nformed himself (it is hoped) of the treatment any horse has received previ- 
ously to its death; and he may thus store up in his mind, or better still, upon 
paper, what dread effects may be produced by the drenches, cordials and diu- 
retics that stimulate but to destroy the vitals of the animal. He will see and 
compare the animals that die in health (accidentally), or after a short illness, 
with those which die after protracted illness; upon the healthy ones that are 
doomed, a few hours previously, he may try the experiment of some favoured 
farrier's celebrated mixture, and subsequently send him the stomach to prove its 
efficacy in "killing all disorders." 

Happily, the cause of humanity may be served, and the interests of his own- 
er promoted at the same time, by our (first) ascertaining the nature and 
amount of the horse's powers by his make, shape, or built; and, thereupon, 
demanding of him no more, in the way of service, than is clearly proveable to 
fie within his power, or putting him to those labours only to which his capa- 
bilities arc best adapted. In the neglect of this plain rule lies the root of all 
error as regards preserving the health of horses. Some materials for making 
d tolerably good estimate as to this head of information, are arranged in the 
first chapter : the second being well pondered, and the facts and observations 
it contains rightly stored up in the reader's mind, he will learn what functions 
belong to each part of the animal in health; or, these being deranged or ob- 
structed, he will know in how much the horse is affected : and the third chap 
ter beinff read with reference to both, I entertain the well founded hope, thai 
this course will enable the general reader to form tolerably accurate notions of 
Ihe nature, origin, and tendency of the animal's internal and constitutional 
diseases, upon which all the others depend, but which have hitherto received 
but little attention any where here, and, consequently, are but imperfectly 
Known among us. Not only so, but the reader may, by these means, by study 
and close observation, enable himself to demonstrate nearly to a certainty, 
when a cure is hopeless ; and further the cause of humanity, and the interest* 



I EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 

of its owner at the same time, by ordering the horse to be destroyed at once, 
rather than by fruitless delay, and at a heavy expense, prolonging the animal's 
sufferings to no worthy purpose. 

1 have not confined my researches to disease only: in the first chapter, the 
shoeing-smiih will find explained the principles upon which depend deformi- 
ties of the hoof, and he may fashion his work accordingly; whilst the choice 
of a horse may be undertaken with some confidence, if the purchaser keeps in 
mind the practical advice and information here collected together from various 
sources, and added to my own observations, and long, extensive, and success- 
ful experience, in all matters of this nature. 



Explanation and practical use of the Skeleton annexed. 

The references that are made to the annexed plate, and which will neces- 
sarily be found rather numerous in the chapter on conformation, are so made 
by means of letters and figures, corresponding with similar letters and figures 
upon the plate. The letters direct the reader's eye across the picture, the 
fiffures from top to bottom ; when he is referred both by letter, and figure, the 
place of intersection is the point to which his attention ought to be directed. 
Thus [G. 37. ] which, by placing a flat ruler, or a piece of paper, across at " G." 
and running the finger downwards from the figure "37," would be found to 
intersect each other at the insertion or commencement of the horse's tail ; 
whilst [Y. 40.] would bring us to the hindermost pastern. Again, [Iv. L. 
M. N. 14, 15, 10. ] or [K — N. 14— lb.] directs the reader's attention to the 
shoulder-bone; at [M. 20.] is his heart, and at [H. '2d.] his kidneys are 
placed. 

The reader will please to observe, that the Frontispiece is meant to be, less 
what is termed "a pretty picture" than a practically useful one, calculated to 
facilitate his comprehension of what is said in this treatise about the living 
horse, his structure, and internal formation; of his capabilities, and all of the 
diseases arising from their misapplication. To this end, a mere elevation of 
the skeleton was requisite; and, that this should be rendered more practically 
useful, it is divided into squares, for more ready reference. The figure itself, 
is that of a rather long bodied horse; the blade-bone having been lowered to 
show the continuity of the vertebrae, or backbone, between the shoulders, and 
the elbow being bent forward for that purpose, so that the shoulder-bone 
is brought to form its sharpest angle. This position of the limb, of course, 
rendered the subject of the plate lower before than he would be were those 
bones more straight up and down than they are. See Section 8.. 

He will observe, too, that the situation only of some internal parts was re- 
quired for the purpose of elucidation; thus, the heart seems unsuspended by 
its vessels, as its pericardium and part of the lungs are removed ; and it fol- 
lows, that whoever expected to find a delineation of everv viscus, perfect, has 
deceived himself. — if any such there be. Respecting the poll, or bones of the 
head and neck, the reader will find some remarks in Section 16. 

Further, the references my readers will meet with in the midst of the text 
arc necessarily as brief as they are useful, and are made to the sections, or 
oarts, into which the first two chapters are divided after the manner of verses. 

This mode of reference will be found highly serviceable in his inquiries by 
ihe attentive reader, who is unused to study things of this nature, but who 
must soon perceive the great practical advantages to be derived from so inti 
mate an acquaintance with the subject as this method of learning it will fur 
tfish him the means of acquiring. If, in the prosecution of his studies tw 



EXTERNAL FORMATION, DISORDERS, &c J) 

happen to forget what has been before said, tending to the same point of in- 
formation, or he be at a loss whereabout he should look to refresh his memory, 
these references supply him with the ready means of overcoming the difficulty. 
By adopting this method, 1 have likewise avoided the repetitions inseparable 
from a work of this nature, and have thus saved room. 



CHAPTER I. 



External formation or structure of the Horse, and the disorders originating 

therein. 

Section 1. — Scarcely any man who is in the habit of seeing many horses 
perform their labour, and observing their capabilities of several kinds, but ac- 
quires, thereby, some insight of the properties conferred on the animal by 
such or such points of conformation. He can tell, at first sight, nearly from 
this habitude, " what a horse can do ;" but few men reduce their observations 
to writing, least of all to principles, upon which we may afterwards reason, or 
draw conclusions with any degree of certainty, as to what duties a horse can 
not perform properly, when wanting those points of excellence, and which 
duties ought, therefore, never to be required of him ; or, being so imposed 
upon him improperly, are productive of certain disorders that invariably attend 
such misapplication of his powers. No doubt it has happened, that a horse 
with a radical defect, — in the shape of his hind quarters, for example, — yet 
having a corresponding defect before, the one makes up for the other, and 
such horses may occasionally perform well for a short time, but then they are 
no lasters ; all the while they may thus be at the full stretch of their physical 
powers, straining to the utmost the immediate coverings of the bones, some 
thing or other is going to wreck — of muscle or tendon, of ligature or sinew. 
Sooner or later so much excessive fatigue of the deformity runs along the 
solids, and reaching the vitals, occasions constitutional disease, or leave behind 
it an incurable malady of the limbs, mostly descending to the feet. Equally 
true is it, that we find out new properties, or hidden powers in a horse, which 
had never hitherto been known to his owners ; but, then, as I shall particu- 
larize by and by, no such latent powers were ever discovered in any horse, 
without his possessing certain just proportions of the bones taken altogether.* 
What these proportions are, as well as what they are not, I come presently to 
lay down : the integuments (or coverings) ever adapting themselves thereto, in 
one case produce what is called symmetry ; but if the limb be disproportioned, 
the coverings adapt themselves to that particular defect, and enlarged muscle 
at these particular places becomes visible to the common observer. 

The acquiring a ready mode of discovering when a horse of the one or the 
other formation is presented to our notice, forms the perfection of art in pur- 
chasing a horse. 

2. But the horses' s achievements, or "what he can do," under certain cir- 
cumstances of shape and make, would ill employ my pen at the present mo- 
ment — valuable as the investigation must always be in itself — were it not for 
the practical application I mean to make of it shortly, by way of illustrating 
the direct contrary, or defective shape a' '\ make, as being the harbinger of 

• Ecli pse, a horse whose very name is used as synonymous for speed, had none of the pro- 
nonioas generally deemed indispensable to great speed, and he was cast, by the Duke ol'Cum- 
tei land, fur his apparent deformities when a colt; but his defects in one particular were amply 
supplied by excesses in another, an<l, taken altogether, composed the very best bit of bone, 
;>lo<>U. and muscle ever produced. His lineage, lateral consanguinity, and the Ic'nd of cross ti 
which he was got, demand the breeders' serious attention. 



fi THE LEGS OF A SKITTISH HORSE. 

several radical disorders of his frame. Nor is this all ; some are so evidently 
ill-formed in the chest and carcase, from the moment they are foaled, that no 
art of ours is equal to preventing the return of certain disorders which are sure 
to attend a horse of that particular formation all his life time. As the one is 
known and inevitable, so the effects of the other may be foreseen, and, in 
some degree, alleviated, if so much trouble and expense be not greater than 
the value of the horse. This is all that can be done for such an animal ; and 
since the resources of art are not equal to the obstacles of animated nature, so 
no man ought unreasonably to expect, least of all, to force his beast, to per- 
form any species of labour or exercise for which nature or the accident of 
birth hath rendered him anywise unfit ; although it must be allowed, as a 
general axiom, that it is only by pushing the animal to the extent of his pow- 
ers, that we can find out the most he is capable of performing at any given 
work. In this way it was the fast-trotting powers of the Phaenomena mare 
(which was before then a butcher's hack) were discovered; for people of this 
trade generally try the utmost their nags can perform in the trot. 

To be able to judge of a horse's defects as to what he can not do, undoubtedly 
it seems necessary to ascertain what constitutes a fine figure, or a perfect one, 
that can do every thing ; but when it is considered that the exposure of those 
defects is intended to apply wholly to the origin of disorders for which he will 
require medical treatment, if he does not deserve rejection in toto, 1 shall find 
less occasion for adverting to any known horse, entirely without error in his 
form or built. In most cases, however, good symmetry being accompanied 
not only by the power of achieving great feats, but a good portion of health 
also, or, at any rate, the absence of the diseases incident to a bad form, I may 
be allowed, while exposing his faults, to deviate a little, and to contemplate 
some few of his perfections also. 

3. The most obvious physical truths are those which can be explained upon 
the principles of mechanics ; upon such a basis, even the most abstract can be 
securely grafted : that intelligence which is derived from experience, from ob- 
servation, experiment, and acute reasoning, is rendered more easily understood 
when conveyed with mechanical precision ; and however strange it may ap- 
pear to some, the gift of speed, if not of all progression, depends more upon 
mechanical principles than is commonly understood to be the case. See 
farther onward at Section 9, where the details are given. In all compound 
bodies, whether animate or inanimate, intended for our active use, it is above 
all other things requisite that they should stand well upon their bases or legs. 
A horse, or a joint stool, evidently defective in this particular quality, would 
be shunned as insecure ; and the one is sometimes endued with movements as 
little suited to one's ideas of getting on safely as the other, both being indebted 
to their original bad built (or charpenle, as Lafosse calls it) for the defect. 
Cover them both, the one with muscle and skin, the other with drapery, how 
you will, the faulty legs are faulty still. A good stable aphorism has it thus 
— "a horse that does not stand well can do nothing well; and by natural 
inference, the horse that walks well can perform other paces well." 

A much better example, however, may be found 
in a four legged table, of which every horseman 
knows there are many of different sizes and ol 
various workmanship, some for heavy or rough 
usage, others more for show and to sustain light 
weights. But, if the fore and hind 'cgs bend 
towards each other upon the ground, any car- 
penter may see that this first element of an ill-for 
(nation must sooner or later, produce a fall; he will know that more strength 
tor supporting great weights would be found by making all four legs perpendicu 





MECHANICAL EXPLANATION. TREAD OF THE FOOT. f 

*nr. Bn' a horse not being like a table, immoveably fixed upon its legs, but being 
required not only to bear up but to proceed with his load, — which is sometimes 
effected with difficulty on account of its weight; then must his powers ot 
pressing onwards be estimated by the positions in which he can place the 
bones of his hinder part, the legs particularly, since it is to these tbe propul 
sion of his body forwards is chiefiy indebted. In 
his efforts to accomplish this duty, the position 
of his hind legs will resemble those of the second 
table in the margin, stretched out constantly as 
these are, and each leg alternately twice as much 
beyond his body ; while his fore legs will bend 
under him alternately also, like those in the first 
table. In both movements his legs are stretched 
to their utmost when the drag is up hill, because the resistance to be overcome 
is then greatest, and we can thus form an opinion how much "he has the 
free use of his legs." When this is the case, all horses step short ; but, upon 
even ground, the hind leg, to be perfect, should come finely forward in the 
walk, and occupy the identical spot which the fore leg had just quitted. See 
further at Section 8. As the horse gets old, is tired, disordered, or over-much 
laden, he ceases to do this as usual, in the exact ratio that he is affected the 
one way or the other. 

4. Mares, occasionally, and skittish horses, frequently bring their legs to- 
gether, much resembling the first figure, and are insecure roadsters as well as 
poor draught horses. '1 he second sketch is the walking motion of an unladen 
cart-horse or a coach-horse standing still ; these, as well as hunters, take the 
same position, which indicates that they have the free use of their limbs. In 
the drag, the former bring their fore legs under their bodies, the principle be- 
ing applicable to any quadruped performing the like task ; and such a horse 
would consequently fall down forward but for the resistance of the load he 
draws. But this accident seems provided for, by the power the horse has of 
contracting the muscles (see Section 10), and drawing up quickly the lower 
part of his limb, in time to get it out of the way of his hind leg, both motions 
forming each a separate effort toward progression. I still have in view a walk 
ing pace, all other paces being no other than modifications of the walk ; and, 
in fact, " a horse that walks well can do any thing else well," an aphorism 
that is a-twin with one equally well founded in the preceding section. 

With some horses, the hind foot, instead of coming forward, as described at 
the bottom of the last section, upon the spot of ground marked by the fore one, 
falls short of the mark. — These never turn out fast ones, although their fault 
does not always consist in the shape or disproportion of the bones, bjt in the 
contraction of the muscle or tendon (see this tendon described under the head of 
"Foot"); at times it is owing to the relaxation of the immediate coverings of 
the bones, described at Section 16. Such horses may be well enough to look 
at, but can not perform properly. The extreme of this misfortune is termed 
stringhalt ; but every approach towards it, however trivial, is good cause tor 
rejecting the animal. In case of the hind foot coming too far forward (in thu 
walk still) and striking the fore one, the fault lies in want of sufficient strength 
(or quickness) in the fore l*g ; besides which see further at Section 10. If the 
hind foot comes down sometimes inside, at others outside, the just quitted 
situation of the fore foot, the animal has a disagreeable rolling in his gait from 
Bide to side, the fault being as often in the fore leg as in the hinder one, some- 
times in both. Such horses commence a journey with much apparent confi- 
dence, but tiring soon, they fall into their old error, and the security they have 
inspired is found to be deceptious: — many accidents are the consequence. 
This fault I hesitate whether to ascribe to the fore leg or the hind one but i! 



8 PROGRESSION. ADAPTATION OF THE LIMBS. 

certainly originates in a disagreement between the fixing of the two upon the 
body, either as to the situation, or want of muscular strength at the place of 
joining. Such a horse is a stumbler, and when he trots away from us, we 
can see nearly as much of his fore legs as of his hind ones ; in the straight- 
built, well-set limbed horse, the fore legs are then concealed from our sight by 
the hind ones. I own this is with me a grand criterion for judging as to a 
horse's capability of going over the ground. In racing, or indeed any run- 
ning, the fore legs are then brought closer together, the hind legs rather wider 
(so in leaping), as we see in greyhounds, hares, deer, and all other fleet 
creatures. 

Such as I have described is the act of progression with all horses, but in 
various degrees, according to their sizes (as with the coach-horse, saddle-horse, 
poney); four such efforts having called into action all the bones of the body, 
including more or less that of the head, tail, and neck, according to the pace 
or other circumstances. — See Section 11. Hence it must be clear, that to 
perform this duty of progression, or getting forward, properly, as regards 
either the length of time he sustains it, or the quickness of performance, 
weight, or velocity, the limbs must be adapted to the kind of work the horse 
has to perform and to each other, whether that be in harness, on the turf, the 
chase, or the road. 

5. We do not find this adaptation of the limbs so much in the amount of 
covering the bones may have on them, as in the size and proportion of these, 
and the suitable manner in which they are fastened together; as may be seen 
in those horses (blood) where tendon supplies the place of muscle, and most 
strength resides in the smallest compass ; and, as may be proved by the ob- 
struction to his paces, which is always observable in the horse burthened with 
very muscular shoulders. Equally true is it, that, after we have approved of 
the proportions of a pair of horses in respect to bone and built, certain powers 
of going or lastingness are frequently discovered to be possessed by one so 
much beyond his match, that we are compelled to admit those powers do re- 
side in something else than in his built. Superior health, sound wind, cour- 
age, give this strength, with speed, and lastingness ; the bones being then 
well cased together and strongly supported by their immediate covering, have 
full and fair play.* But wherever they be fundamentally ill-adapted to each 
other, in whatever degree this escapes our observation, the muscles and tendi- 
nous parts adapt themselves in some measure to that lamentable kind of form, 
but which no rilling up, or after -accommodation of the parts to each other, can 
completely eradicate, though it may he concealed from our view. The mus- 
cle that is so perverted rises up in the middle preturnaturally, as if some sprain 
or other had caused that appearance ; the contiguous parts, consequently, un- 
dergo greater fatigue than, in the event of finer symmetry, would have fallen 
to their share : and the extraordinary friction or working thereof, occasions, at 
a day more or less remote, the exhaustion of its powers (see Section 21), and 
the lodgement of acrimonious matter in the cellular membrane, which ap- 
pears in tumour, abscess, &c. This protuberant appearance of the muscle 
is most visible at the stifle [N. 30], and on the shoulder [M. 16], just above 
the elbow. 

A more minute inquiry, however, on those points would lead me away — 
too far from my main purpose, at present ; I therefore return to notice, in the 
first place, the structure of the legs of such horses as, by their untoward posi- 

* Firing is supp«eeu to restore derangement of the integuments, by causing inflammation 
and contraction thereof upon the bone, so as to embrace it more tightly. This is effected ty 
much nf the muscle being taken up into the system, or sloughing off in the cure ; as well as tha 
contraction of the flexor tendon (back sinew] and its sheath. 



DEFORMED LIMBS. 9 

don, entail on them the chances of producing some one or other of those evils 
that are known to afflict certain horses, incurably, to the end of their days. 
Thus, some are known to tread on the inner quarter of the hoof, others on 
the outside, without the real cause being ever ascertained, and remedies are 
frequently applied that have not the remotest chance of achieving any good, 
on that very account. Some horses " cut" in consequence of treading on tho 
outer quarter ; on the contrary, by punishing the inner quarter in treading, 
others contract a disposition to "quittor and ringbone;" both instances of 
mal-formation, or bad built (as I call it), produce splents, diseases of the frog, 
of the sensible sole, and of the coronet, as the case may be : how the various 
modes of wrong treading are brought on remain to be examined into hereafter. 
Meantime, it may not be amiss to observe that the right mode and make may 
be discovered by noticing t he proportions of those horses, that, by the acknow- 
ledged just symmetry of their bones, the agreement in size of one limb with 
another, and the faultless manner in which these are attached to the body, 
go tolerably free from any such diseases, until old age, accident, or the misap- 
plication of their powers, brings on disease. 

6. There are, then, three kinds of mal-formation, or bad shape, attendant 
on the limbs of horses, which I consider original faults, those others to which 
they give rise being but secondary ones. 1st. That wherein the leg is ill-form- 
ed in itself. 2d. When it is badly joined to the body. 3d. When the fore 
legs disagree with the hind ones in length or quantity. Each, being attended 
by its respective defect in going, as to safety, speed, or strength, and liable to 
incur one or other of the ills enumerated, as appearing on the legs and feet — 
is worthy of the reader's separate consideration ; although it frequently hap- 
pens that an individual horse is afflicted with all three faults at the same time, 
the two first being found together, subsequently producing the other also. But 
I have generally noticed that one of those faults sometimes accommodates 
itself to the other, amending it considerably; as, when a limb that is too long 
is set higher up on the body than is esteemed right construction, in the same 
manner as a horse lame of a leg may be passed otf for sound should the cor- 
responding leg of his body also fall lame.* Much the same is it with the 
third kind of disagreement, in the opinion of many people ; because it has 
existed in some celebrated horses, and they would have us believe that this 
very disagreement was itself the cause of the celebrity those individuals ar- 
rived at. This, however, was not the fact. 

7. The Phccnomena mare, unquestionably the first trotter of her inches in 
our days, never did her work in style : nobody could account for her achieve- 
ments upon the view, and 1 had always my doubts whether hers was a fair 
trot, though I won upon her. In the trot she had an unaccountable shuffle. 
She was low before, but had the gift of taking her fore feet out of the way 
of the hinder, which fell (in the walk) about half a shoe beyond that of the 
fore ones, the feet reaching the ground in succession. 

Laertes, a grey horse, hunted in Leicestershire, 1818, 1819, t of no par- 
ticular powers any where, and confessedly clumsy in the forehand, without 
much fire, was yet in the habit of taking the ordinary six-feet leaps with ease, 
ami clearing a ditch of twenty-five feet with pleasure, often exceeding those 
admeasurements by nearly a fourth. Eclipse is known to all of us (as matter 
of history) for having had a low shoulder, which gave his fore quarters an 
awkward appearance : but this was compensated for by the fine form of his 
hind quarter, which, being particularly strong and muscular, threw his body 

* Certain dealers are known to have intlii-tetl lameness on the foot with Jiis view. Hanii' 
tad disgusting as is the relation, 'lis no less true. 
1 At that time the property of Mr. Malicrly. 

3 



10 



ECLIPSE-MAKE OF SHOULDER. 



forward at every leap, in despite of his low fore quarter, — for running 13 no 
other than the leap reiterated. One leading characteristic, however, denoted 
all three horses to be of the right stamp in the main : they stood even on their 
leg-bones and the soles of their feet; that is to say, straight op and down, 
nearly, from the elbow [N. 16] to the ground before, and from the stijie-joim 
[N. 30] to the ground behind, respectively ; both these parts, viewed sideways 
in the plate, being placed nearly horizontal, as regards each other, on the line 
[N] ; at least, this was the relative position of the stifle and elbow, in the two 
first-mentioned animals, and of the third I do but presume that he was so, 
for " the history" of his form in this respect leaves us a little in doubt. 

But " the shoulder of Eclipse was a low one," say the published accounts 
of him ; yet, as this defect, real or supposed, consisted in the inclination of the 
shoulder-bone [K to N] above the elbow, by reason of the great freedom of 
the muscles which held it and the shoulder-blade hi position, he would, when 
stepping out with the tore leg, rise higher than when he stood still; a particu- 
larity that is reversed in horses whose shoulder-blades are set on more nearly 
upright than those of Eclipse were. This accounts for the vaulting manner 
he had, as we read in the printed accounts of his exploits ; and his running 
greyhound fashion, with his chest close to the ground, for he would thereby 
keep off the ground longer betwixt each leap, until the impetus received from 
his hind legs was nearer spent than it would have been but for thus holding 
up his fore feet. On referring to those parts in the annexed plate, they will 
be found thus drawn. 

8. Viewed in front, the fore legs, upon which the safety and ease of the 
animal's going chiefly depends, should, to be perfect, be widest next the chest, 
Fig. 3. approaching each other gradually, until the eye, hav- 

ing compared that part with the pastern, scarcely 
perceives the difference. Here, the leg, taken by it- 
self, is smaller, though the interval between the knees 
and the feet does not differ, on account of the width 
and flatness which ought to exist in the well-formed 
knee, yet, taken on the outside, considerably more 
breadth will be found above than below. Such a 
knee, when flat and finely marked at the joint, is al- 
ways well covered in a healthy horse, (see section 15), 
he then throws it out with great freedom, and takes 
a firm step fairly on the entire bottom of his hoof; 
but, should the leg be ever so good a one in itself, 
yet placed too high upon the chest, where it is held, 
..not by a socket or insertion of the bone, but by strong 
? elaslic muscle only, this throws the feet too near to- 
gether upon the ground ; the horse then treads on 
the outer quarter of his hoof, and wears away the wall ; and, when tired, is 
most commonly given to cut. Endeavours are used in shoeing to amend this 
fault, by paring away the inner crust ; but it is one of those defects in the 
built which no art can completely eradicate, and has been termed "pigeon- 
toed." 

Nor is the matter rendered any better when, by reason of the knees turn- 
ing ir., the toes turn out, and the horse then treads on the inner quarter ; and, 
however those of the one or the other description may have the reputation of 
great speed, it can be for a short distance only, because the action of such 
horses must be laboured and imperfect, particularly one of the latter kind of 
make. He must, consequently, fatigue himself more at every step, and tire 
sooner than one of the same size, and formed in every other respect similar 
but having legs that come nearer in shape to those in the annexed sketch [fjg. 




SHOULDERS lARGE.— ACTION. J| 

3]. That such knock-knee form is occasioned by weakness, is evident from 
the position of the knees, when the animal stands at rest. This he doea oy 
supporting himself at times like a dancing-master, with one foot before the 
other; and, no doubt, the twist with which his pace is always attended when 
going, occasions certain disorders of the feet, which he seeks to ease by shift- 
ing the weight alternately from one, to the other foot. He will, moreover, 
sooner "knock up," and ultimately "get done for" earlier in life, by reason 
,«f the origin of this species of malformation being seated high up on the limb, 
thereby incommoding the action of the shoulder-muscles: the elbow, at N. 
'4, by being pressed close to the ribs, having thrown in the knees, receives, at 
.very step the leg takes, a kind of double motion, which, of course, doublv 
affects the action ol those parts; and much fatigue, pain, and anguish succeed 
?ach other, until it communicates to the cavity of the chest, or other internal 
parts. Such animals have frequently the shoulders unusually muscular, hid- 
ing, in a good measure, the original defect from the eye and touch of a com- 
mon observer ; but it may, nevertheless, be ascertained to exist, by the symp- 
toms just now mentioned, as well as by the appearance of the protruding 
muscle before noticed at Sect. 5. To knocked knees and inside tread, let me 
add the circumstance, that such horses have a broken pace, kicking loose 
stones before them, with a certain rolling from side to side, to the great annoy- 
ance of the rider. All this arises from awkwardness, by reason of the shoul- 
der's bad position, whereby the leg being thrown sideways removes the foot 
in an increasing ratio from the centre of gravity, and, instead of its being 
thrown straight forward, describes part of a circle, more or less curved, ac- 
Fig. 4. cording to the amount of the original defect. 
_____^ The straight dotted line shows the space a well- 
formed foot, such as belong to the leg in our pre- 

^ ft. ceding sketch (3), would take, being on paper 

■^ ^^ just one inch ; the curved line shows the course^ 

m ^ or nearly so, the foot is thrown which belongs to 

tf „J^^ an il'-formed shoulder, contracted at the elbow : 

'' •-""** as this line is an inch and an eighth (1 in. \ ) in 

length, the horse so formed does an eighth more 
work than one with straight legs would do on going over the same ground. 

In addition to his other evils, a horse with such a shoulder (being muscular) 
is most liable to contract " fistula in the withers ;" but, if not so muscular, 
" strain of the shoulder" is likely to attend his twisted manner of treading, when 
hard worked. With such a built horse, "splents" are usually more tedious 
than with a straight-limbed one ; and strains of the sinews, i. e. of the tendon, 
as well as those of the coffin-joint, happen oftener, and appear with worse 
symptoms, in proportion as the limbs are more or less cross-built*. 

9. Long and sloping pasterns [Y, 13 — 16, and Y, 34 — 39] partly denote 
the Arabian, are handsome to view, and make easy goers ; but such horses 
soon tire, and, 1 may say, are generally weak, having the flexor tendon, or 
back sinew, considerably relaxed. The small pastern, or bone inserted at the 
hoof, always rises in a direct line from the hoof, both being about 45 degrees 
for saddle-horses, as at b, (fig. 5.) and the large pastern is then several degrees 
nearer to upright. These hoofs stand of an oval shape, and have small frogs. 
But some, as draught horses, have large frogs, the hoof round, and more 
upright by nearly ten degrees in early life, as at (c) in the annexed scale, in 
which case they are liable, if no change takes place, and they get older and 
weaker in the joints, to " knuckle over." But, getting aged, and the supply 

* I reserve umit a latter part of the volume what I shall have to say, respecting strain of irw 
t»ck sinew and of the coffin-joint, which I have thus named in conformity with the generaJ 
vulgarism, in order to make myself intelligible to the meanest capacity. — See f\oU a section of 




12 HOOF, ITS SHAPE AND MAKE. 

of nutriment for repairing wear and waste falling short, the horse becomef 
»mmice-foot«d. The wall or crust is then lower; and as the bottom of 
FiiT. 5. the foot grows convex, causing the am- 

<e mal to slip about, so the front of the 
**" hoof (a — e) grows concave, the toe (e) 
almost turning upwards. Horses kept 
for heavy draught have short pastern 
bones, the small one entering the hoof at 
the coronet (c) in early life, but after- 
wards changes, as I say, to (a — d) ; and 
this new inclination, it will be seen, 
must depress the bone, as the animal 
acquires the sort of hoof called pom- 
mice-footed, and causes a constant strain- 
ing upon the coronet ; hence, the crip- 
pling, insecure gait, horses of this de- 
scription acquire, even before they get 
old ; and hence those numerous disor- 
ders to which the feet are liable from 
this one origin. 

Contracted heels of this or any other species of horse, being destructive of 
Iks capability of going, should be guarded against as much as any other in- 
dividual misfortune to which he is liable: a disposition thereto constitutes suf- 
ficient ground for rejection. When this is the case, the interval or cleft be- 
tween the heels, at (rf) in the annexed scale, is found to be more or less tender, 
according to the progress of the disease ; the cleft will, in health, receive two 
fingers lain in, the part having in it nothing unusual in the feel. Soon, how- 
ever, the heat increases, the part hardens, and the cleft scarcely admits of a 
small finger ; the horse flinches as if you touched a sore, and nothing but time 
and proper treatment can restore him, if any thing can. Most commonly, 
however, the disease proceeds until the clefts of the heels meet and become 
rotten. Pressure upon the frog, is the certain preventive of contraction. See 
" Foot." 

When the pastern-bones (great and small) rise one above the other too up- 
rightly, the small one receives the whole concussion, and communicates th« 
jar to every minute construction of the internal foot. See Foot, section o£ 
The jarring of his pace is then very great, both to the horse and his rider. 
Such horses arc very liable to go lame occasionally, but they recover by rest. 
The ass and wild hcrse (poney) are thus formed ; but being hardy, and having 
less blood and less weight of body to carry about, suffer less by it than the 
horse. 

The just form or elevation of the hoof in front, upon which mainly depends 
its form behind, has been discussed by various writers, but remains yet awhile 
uncertain and unsettled. Mr. B. Clarke judges 33 degrees of elevation from 
the ground to be the best form of the hoof, and Mr. White quotes him with a 
portion of approbation, but most unaccountably refers to his " plate iv," on 
which an inscription tells us the tact is not so, but 45 degrees is the best pos- 
sible elevation of the hoof: whilst those which are higher {lower he writes it, 
or "33"), "approach too near the perpendicular;" the figure on the plate 
itself differing with the diagram on the page of his book (305). 

My ideas, however, on this subject are not so general; for 1 have found the 
best form of the hoof differ, according to the shape of the two pasterns, as 
ihey regard the hoof and each other; deeming that the best, in its particular 
case, where the small one follows the same declination as the hoof, and the 
large pastern ascends twenty degrees nearer to the upright, as before stated. 



CAT-HAMMED, HOW CONTRACTED. 



13 



The preceding figure (No. 5) shows the outline of three feet of different de- 
crees of elevation : 6 d describes the line of the coronet, or orifice, into which 
the thickest end of the small pastern-bone sinks, and rests upon the sprn.gj» 
substance attached to the inside of the huof, and which bone, we naturally 
expect, should ascend out of, and take the same direction as, the hoof, whence 
it springs. Any departure from this rule of nature is clearly an approach 
towards disease. In the paragraph above, I showed what mischief might be 
derived from an upright small pastern, such as would suit the outline hoof 
(c); of course, this elevation, or a greater, would be a mis-shapen hoof as 
well as pastern. In like manner, we know that the pommice-foot is out of 
point and diseased, and it follows that the best possible elevation of the hoof 
must necessarily lie in the medium of those extremes, which we know to be 
diseases in themselves : this it is to determine a contest mechanically, without 
once adverting to the well-known circumstance of the health and free use of 
its heels, which attends the horse whose hoof is, at any time of life, near 45 
degrees of elevation or depression. Did we require more arguments to prove 
this to be the proper elevation, a conclusive one could be found in the well- 
known circumstance of those hoofs of horses which are very upright in early 
life becoming the lowest when the animals get old ; whilst those hoofs which 
come near the standard of excellence in youth (45 degrees), retain the same 
form, as nearly as the injuries of shoeing admit of, to an extreme old age. 



10. So far as the foregoing observations on the fore-legs apply, they do be- 
long, in every particular, and with equal reason, to the hind legs also; with 
the exception, however, of what is said concerning the elbow of the fore-leg, 
and its adhesion to the chest, for which we must now substitute the stifle of 
he hind-leg [N. 30] ; and add, instead of the kind of defect described as being 
occasioned by the contraction of the part, it is here owing to the expansion 
or spreading of the stifle from the sides. This throws the houghs together, 
and forms " cat-hammed horses," as they are termed ; the mode of going such 
animals are constrained to adopt, the circle their Fig. 6. 

hind feet describe, at every step, the additional 
fatigue they undergo, the awkwardness of their 
tread, and the consequent diseases communicated 
to the sole, lately described (in sec. 6.) as pertaining 
to the fore-leg, — most undoubtedly afflict the hind- 
leg also, with the additional fact, that this one is 
more liable to "grease." At rest, if an animal so 
built does not place one foot before the other, his 
houghs not unfrequently touch each other, — po- 
ney's and low horses more particularly so ; and it 
seems worthy of remark, that this species of mal- 
conformation seldom appears on the fore and hind- 
legs of the same animal. Indeed, I can not recol- 
cct having seen one instance, and I am thence led 
to conclude that this twist of the legs is a contri- 
vance of Nature to accommodate itself to the dis- 
proportionate length of legs before or behind. But, 
when it so happens that the strength of the parts 
resists this bending of the hough or of the knee, 
such horses walk higher behind than before, and 
vice versa, i. e. when one pair of legs seem to have 
outgrown the other pair; a defect which, though 
3* 




% 4 FORE LEOS SHORT.— LEAPING. 

often overlook cd, is no le?g deserving of notice. The wound termed "over- 
reach" is inflicted by the hind-leg of this formation upon the fore one. " Forg- 
ing" is, likewise, occasioned by the hinder toes striking the shoe or shoes of 
the fore-feet ; and is sometimes brougnt on by injudicious shoeing on feet of the 
very best construction, and a loose rein ; it is, therefore, to be corrected only 
by the contrary practice, keeping the hind-toes short, and the heel of the fore- 
foot low, and driving with the reins borne up. By these means, the fore- 
hoof will spread at the heel, and the animal be enabled to take it out of the 
way in time for the hind-foot to occupy the identical spot on the ground it had 
just quitted; for very few horses have the greyhound tread of Eclipse beforo- 
noticed, wherein the hind-feet tread much wider than the fore-feet. Neither 
is such a gift desirable to any but racers, perhaps: nor is it, indeed, compati- 
ble with the duties the generality of horses have to perform. 

The great additional labour horses with houghs so formed undergo, added 
to the pain and anguish of continuing it, occasion irritation of the whole hind 
quarter, that communicates itself to the region of the kidneys and intestines, 
and superinduce inflammatory complaints, which frequently terminate unfa- 
vourably. Constitutional diseases appear on the leg and foot behind oftener 
than before; and those of the Coronet, with Curb, Thorough pin, spavin, 
strains, windgall, scarcely fill up the catalogue of evils caused by, or receiving 
aggravation from, too much expansion ot the stifle, with its attendant, the 
cat-hammed hough, and, consequently, a twisted tread of the hoof. No doubt 
exists in my mind that Eclipse would have been a cat-hammed horse had he 
been raced at two or three years old, as our practice now is: both he and 
Flying Childers were five years old before they started on the turf. Heavy 
long-legged children of our species, in like manner, become knock kneed men, 
by being put on their legs too soon ; this form of their knees deprives them 
of calves to thin ill-formed legs, and the thigh, too, seems wasted, when the 
deformity is great. 

11. When the fore-legs are shortest, the horse, whilst going, nods his head 
up and down a good deal, as he does when these are either weak, tired, or 
tender of foot : when they are very feeble, without any other ailment, he car- 
ries the head high constantly; but he works his head from side to side when 
the same subjects of complaint assail the hind legs and feet. Poneys being 
ever out of point in one or other of these respects, afford unerring proofs of 
those remarks. The value and advantage of the straight position of a horse's 
houghs are never more apparent than when he rises upon his haunches to take 
a leap, a service which never was performed satisfactorily by a cat-hammed 
horse, because he seems to hesitate about what shall be the distance between 
his feet at the precise moment they are to leave the ground: a blunder which 
is most visible in the standing leap, when the feet are seen first to straddle to 
their utmost; in an instant they are brought so close together as to lose all 
.purchase, and he goes over from an intermediate spot, the whole transaction 
occupying as much time as does the counting of one, two, three, and away ! 

The motions of the head are always good indications of pleasure as well as 
pain. A horse will frequently throw up his head, almost in his rider's face 
(as if to rebuke his barbarity,) when he has been hit on the head or ears. (See 
Section 16.) He looks at his flanks dolorously when affected by a dull pain 
in the intestines ; if it be sharp pain, he turns about quicker : he thrusts his 
nose towards his chest, when pain assails his lungs generally ; but when one 
lobe only is affected, he turns his head only to that side. If a horse be girthed 
too tight he will sometimes (justly) bite his tormentor, for this operation re- 
tards the action of the muscles between the ribs and of the ribs themselves, so 
that the lungs do not get room to play. (See Section 31, and Introduction, 
?age 4.'j Old horses contrive to avoid this punish.nenf by " holding tbeir 



LEADING LEG. FOUNDER. GROGGY. \* t 

vrind" (keeping the lungs filled) during the girthing; a fine proof this of Na 
lure's dealings, for which they usually either get kicked under the belly, or 
hit al>out the head ; hut both kinds of punishment are the harbingers of further 
disease, viz. the first of the blind gut, as described at Section 48 and 49 ; and 
the other leads to poll evil, as descrilxxl in Book 2. 

A horse is frequently found to have contracted lameness in the fore-leg 
without showing any visible sign of its exact situation, and applications to the 
shoulder is the usual remedy in the hands of the generality of common far- 
riers. Some of them imagine the strain is situated lower in the leg ; but they 
are no nearer the fact, though they are to the spot. A defect in the conforma- 
tion of the limbs occasions the foot which leads to come upon the ground with 
more force than its fellow: the concussion of the hoof is greater, and is un- 
equally placed when the leg is a-twist than in the upright form; the leading 
tires sooner, and the sensible sole becomes inflamed when the horse is con- 
stantly urged to step out with it, the affliction barely showing itself between 
the frog and the toe, if any where. If a horse receives the impulse to proceed 
from the right hand or heel, he will step out with the fore-leg of that side, ac- 
companied by the hind-leg of the near side; but his rider, or driver, should 
early teach him to change the leading-leg, by sometimes touching him upon 
the contrary side. It is worthy of note, too, that the horse which executes 
this change with the least trouble, and oftenest, has most power and command 
of his limbs. [See Index — Fever in the feet.] When both legs before are at- 
tacked, the horse exhibits a crippling uncertain gait, not unlike that of a 
drunken man, whence the term "groggy" has been applied, and. if he is not 
timely indulged in rest and a run at grass, he is a ruined horse, and Incomes 
soon what is termed "foundered," of which disorder there are several kinds. 
The mistaking one kind of founder for another generally costs the animal his 
life, sooner or later, and the studious inquirer had better turn to the next 
Chapter (at sect. 21. paragraph 3), where he will find a few words on chest 
founder, many of the symptoms whereof are not unlike this of the feet. 

Horses full of feed, and requiring purgative physic, stand with the legs 
stretched, more than our second cut, at page 7, — inordinately at times. Old 
Gibson attributed it to vice, and a disposition to kick, when a horse holds his 
toe scarcely resting on the ground ; this is not always the case, for his fore- 
leg is as frequently so held a-trip as his hind one ; and I consider it the token 
alike of either sore feet, or of incipient founder. 

12. Besides the disproportion the fore and hind legs bear to each other, 
another series of defects in construction exists between the length of the fore 
limbs and that of the trunk, being sometimes most apparent at the bdly and 
flank, at others on the back, its tendency always depending on the turn taken 
by the latter. Although this is the old English way of judging of long car- 
cased horses, Lafosse (an old French farrier) took the measure of proportions 
more properly from the breast-bone to the buttock, in the annexed plate being 
from the parallel line 11 to 38; then comparing this with his height, he tells 
us " a good horse, as we can learn from experience, should be a tenth longer 
from the breast to the buttock than he is high from the top of the shoulder to 
the ground." The latter admeasurement will be found upon the annexed 
plate to extend from the line [D to Z] and, with the former, will compose a 
square rather wider than high, — the integuments being removed from the 
bones on all sides. My notions of just proportion, however, differ from the 
French standard, though they do not run into the contrary extreme ; for I can 
not help thinking inordinate length of body, as compared to a horse's height, 
a very great defect as regards his health, that form being invariably attended 
with meagre, washy flanus, and a painful manner of going. But the Flan- 



16 



ROACH BACK, AND HOLLOW BACK. 



ders and Norman breeds have all this tendency; and they are invariably of a 
sluggish nature, when the belly, also, hangs low. 

The major part of our horses of this built have their sides falling in, more 
or less, towards the hind quarter, some few of them to such a degree that the 
flank appears as if it were fastened to the loins. These are remarkably poor 
feeders, have a good deal of short-lived vigour, without the gift of keeping it 
up at any kind of thing. Nutritious food, but less in quantity, does for horses 
which arc out in the first-mentioned point all that can be done, and that is 
very little : those of the second species of bad form can not bear long journeys, 
nor long privation, or they contract flatulencies and spasmodic cholic. 

Another species of disproportionate length, as compared to height, consists 
in what is called "high mounted," the limbs having then much more length 
than the body; a defect that is rendered still more apparent when (as gene- 
rally happens) the horse is also roach-backed, like the first sketch of back 



Fig. 7. 




bone in figure 7; and it is still more striking when a little man is mounted 
upon it with a saddle that is ever sliding forward upon the withers. Such a 
form always denotes weakness of limb, and want of freedom in the fore-hand ; 
nor can a horse of this built take a long step, or trot well, or thrive in the field, 
by reason of the difficulty he has in reaching the grass, which induces him to 
bend one knee forward, whilst the other leg is drawn back under him. A 
ludicrous story is even told among horse-dealers of a horse so formed having 
starved itself in the fields, while the food lay within an inch of its nose; and 
though such stories are no argument, they, nevertheless, convey the general 
feeling of the narrators, which is seldom completely wrong. 

13. But a horse, may be shcrt in the carcase, which is not exactly "high- 
mounted," in my view of the term ; since much will depend upon the shape 
(or bend) of his back-bone, to bring him under the one or the other descrip- 
tion. We h;.ve seen what sort of character a roach back bestows on a horse, 
the direct co ltrary form, or hollow back -bone, [see the lowermost sketch in 
the last cut (cj] is no better, though built upon long limbs, horses with this 
shaped back being in all cases weak in the loins ; and, therefore, are they more 
liable to contract inflammation of the kidneys, and to resist the cure longer 
than those of any other shaped back whatever. Yet are they prefeircd by 



SHORT BACKED ; HIGH MOUNTED GRINDING. 17 

timid horsemen, principally on account of the easy seat a hollow baric affords 
Great caution in administering strong repeated diuretics should be impressed 
upon us at the sight of a very hollow-backed patient. See Sections 53 — 5(i 
When the bend in the back-bone, or " hollow back," is restricted to the fore 
part of the animal, the loins being well filled up, his built in other respects is 
less material, to be "short in the carcase" being then an advantage; and it is 
much greater when the bend is confined to a gentle curve, scarcely distin- 
guishable, just behind the withers. [See middle sketch in the last cut (b)]. 
This is considered a straight back, belonging to a light made, compact horse ; 
he is invariably ribbed home ; and, as there then exists but a small space be- 
tween the last rib and the hip-bone, as seen in the plate at 30 to 32, so is it 
always accompanied by the deep chest, good hind quarters, and wide loins 
(i. e. not pinched together), and his ribs finely curved. Horses so formed are 
always healthy, and esteemed at first sight super-excellent, being supposed, 
with justice, capable of doing more work than those of any other built what- 
ever. But the gift of leaping or of great speed do not always belong to horses 
of this form, however perfect in other respects, though health, vigour, strength, 
and lastingness do. Such horses always feed well and retain their condition. 
The inquiring reader would do right to turn back to what is said under Sec- 
tion 10, and draw his conclusions from what is there stated. 

14. Low-buttocks generally accompany roach backs [see sketch a.] and are 
always attended with another fault — "hind legs too straight," and incapable 
of stepping out. A horse so formed can execute no pace tolerably, and trot- 
ting worst of all. In the drag, such a horse steps short, and is always upon 
the bustle, as if his legs were tied. A large head, with short thick neck, de- 
notes a sluggish horse, heavy in the hand, and usually "carrying low:" these 
are faults generally attending his entire breed. When the neck is longer, the 
case is not bettered, for then the animal is of the long-bellied kind, with thin 
flanks and washy. As a small light head, but wide at the forehead, with ex- 
panding nostrils, and bold prominent eyes, denotes (blood) strength of body, 
and vigour of constitution, so the contrary may be looked for in horses which 
have narrow foreheads, small or sunken eyes, and small arid nostrils. I 
never saw a fine well-turned head that did not belong to a good set of legs, 
well fixed upon the body ; the correspondence goes still further, inasmuch as 
the quantity of white in the face is commonly attended with a proportion of 
white upon the heels, thus : a star, one white foot ; a blaze, two white feet ; 
white face, four white legs, &c. Horses with large jaws are given to keep 
open their mouths while at work ; and, when aged, grind their teeth more 
than is necessary in feeding. The manner of breaking his food being, with 
fhe horse, different from that of other animals, viz. by rubbing his under teeth 
from right to left against the upper ones, — a motion to which the term "grind- 
ing his corn" has been applied, — an old horse will sometimes continue it when 
he has nothing to eat, thereby wearing away his teeth ; a circumstance that 
occasions imperfect mastication and its consequences,* besides subsequently 
leading us into error in examining his age. Hard-mouthed horses, and those 
which champ the bit much, fall into this idle habit. 

Flat, or narrow-chested horses are subject to those attacks which lead to 
consumption (see Section 36), and, consequently, are liable to show bad con 
iition ; or, it may be, that disorders of the chest do contract its capacity. In 
some horses on the contrary, the cavity of the chest seems too great for its 
contents; they are short-winded horses of one description (there being several) 

* Indigestion, flatulency, cholic, <fcc. are all produced by animals swallowing their ixti un 
Gioken. 



18 STALLIONS AND MARES, ADAPTATION. 

that are afflicted with these kinds of mal-con formation, or disagreement in size 
between the parts containing and those contained. 

15. My purpose in making this exposition of the ill-effects produced by 
mis-shapen limbs, &c. on the horse's health and usefulness, would be incom- 
plete, were the original causes thereof left unnoticed. The most remote, or 
more general one, resides in the breed, or the manner of breeding the animal, 
whence, we are sometimes led to say, "what is bred in the bone will never go 
out of the flesh." As regards the kind of stock from which to raise a supply 
of young ones, breeders may undoubtedly suit their own fancies; hut it must 
be seen that a brood mare which receives too much of the horse for her capaci- 
ty, will produce a foal all father, as it is called, being at the same time larger 
than she can conveniently carry; it then bids fair from the beginning to be a 
mis-shapen animal. This happens oftener than is commonly imagined ; but 
it is easily prevented by adopting a horse for her whose strength comes tole- 
rably near that of the mare. Disregard of this precaution is found to produce 
the first foal much smaller, though more lively, than the next and subsequent 
ones, especially if care be taken in the latter case to give her a horse more and 
more vigorous as she becomes more roomy. For it must be clear to any body 
[upon mechanical principles again] that if the fetus, growing too large for 
the cavity in which it is generated, originates too much bone, it must determine 
towards some particular part of the young animal ; and the colt will be brought 
forth with that deformity, and carry it through life, after plaguing two or three 
of its owners with fruitless endeavours to physic off its ills. 

I say nothing whatever of the cross to be adopted ; that, being contrary to 
my plan, would carry me too far away from my main subject. But I may 
observe, in passing on, that no breeder in his senses would think of employ- 
ing a horse to raise stock that has served half a dozen or more mares in the 
course of the day ; and yet nothing is more common, nor more inevitable when 
the payment for covering is low (say a guinea or two), than that the small- 
ness of the sum must be made up by the number of mares served, the price, 
keep, and attendance, upon stallions being expensive. This error must be so 
palpable to any man who calls himself a father, as to render any further argu- 
ment upon that topic utterly unnecessary. Some twenty-five years back in- 
to the last century, I recollect reading a well-attested account of a celebrated 
horse's dying in consequence of twelve or fourteen successive efforts in pro- 
creation ; and if such be the deplorable case with the parent, what strength, 
bottom, or lastingness, can be hoped for in the progeny so begotten? Never- 
theless, 1 am of opinion that a vigorous horse which may have been freely 
engaged (if early in the season ^ may be in a better condition for raising large 
and lively stock, than under any other circumstances whatever, except recent 
exhaustion. Aged stallions produce hard-mouthed foals, and further pro- 
claim the ill-adapted ages of sire and dam by extraordinary hollowness over 
the eyes. 

Much depends on the country, the climate, or kind of land, in which the 
gestation or breeding may be carried on; and it may be presumed, that no one 
in his senses would choose such a situation as is known to be disadvantageous 
to the particular kind of breeding he may have in contemplation to pursue; 
whilst those who may already be so placed, have no right to complain when 
they engage in a branch of business thus ill adapted to their plan o*' farming, 
*nd they get disappointed. As both objections lie at the option of the parties 
concerned, they require no further remark; but another point of consideration 
well worthy our careful attention is, the treatment the mare ought to experi- 
ence at our hands while she is breeding; this being a matter of some moment, 
and within every one's control, should not be neglected. Though a brood 
mare in foal requires no pampering at any period, yet it is clear thut, from the 



MOUNTING COLTS: WELL BRACED LIMBSL \ i 

third or fourth month, she should not be worked so hard as usual, and from 
this period to the day of her foaling, the duty to be required of her should be 
less and less every week. Nor, on the other hand, is complete idleness be- 
fitting her situation: in cases where she has not been used to hard labour, a 
run at grass, in a paddock, with access to an outhouse or stable, as it leaves 
to her option the quantity of exercise her strength is capable of sustaining, 
would be found most conducive to the best purposes of nature. Her food 
should be of the first quality, and regular, and, though full enough, should not 
be too much. Occasionally, she may be off her feed, during the "time," but 
she does not therefore require " physicking," nor coaxing to eat. Great care 
should be taken that her body is emptied regularly, that no derangement takn 
place either way : and that if opening physic is required at all, aloes is not in 
her case the best that can be prescribed for that purpose, since they act most- 
ly upon the intestines lying immediately in vhe vicinity of the foal. An 
opening draught or drench should be substituted for the pill, as its operation 
begins sooner. 

A very general cause of mis-shapen limbs is the placing upon younkers too 
great weights at first, whereby the houghs or the knees are thrown together 
particularly when the animal is constructed with the fore and hind legs dis- 
proportioned to each other, as noticed at sections 9 and 10. Splents and 
sprains are the inevitable consequences of mounting colts, &c. too early in 
life; and hollow back is oftener induced by this premature error than existing 
originally. As if all this were not enough, many breeders nearly starve their 
young ones until they are brought into use; whereby they become deficient 
in solidity of bone and quantity of muscle, if they do not imbibe some internal 
or constitutional malady, and the event of their limbs growing mis-shapen is 
no longer left to chance. 

16. Notwithstanding all that has been said and done, little would avail the 
finest proportions of the bones towards the formation of fine- shaped limbs, 
least of aii to symmetry of the whole horse, but for the seemingly adventitious 
circumstance of the covering with which they are immediately invested} and 
which, embracing tightly several bones, and connecting them together, con- 
stitutes a limb. Some of these coverings are confined to the joints only, hold- 
ing them in position as near as the Creator designed them, unless accident 
(of parentage, of birth, or misusage), as before described, should induce them 
to a perpetual strain, and they enlarge at these joints in spite of the next or 
universal covering of the bones : this is membrane (of which more shortly,) 
the uses whereof on the bone may be illustrated by taking a stocking of good 
length, and having filled it with pebbles of its own size, and tying the end 
tightly, a stick or club is produced of some degree of flexibility resembling a 
limb and its joints. If the tying be not performed well, by bracing the stock- 
ing to its utmost, the flexibility of certain parts (or joints) of the limb will he 
greater: it wiil possess less strength at the joints when bent, and be liable to 
give way or break unless supported by some other covering. It is easy to per- 
ceive that the horse which has those coverings in the highest perfection would 
move his limbs more correctly after the fashion they were designed for, than 
he which constantly strained them out of their places. He who was endowed 
with the first-mentioned quality in perfection would be considered a sinewy 
fight-built horse; the second kind I have already depicted in section 10, where 
the houghs are described as keeping those integuments in a perpetual state ot 
derangement, straining or twisting them in such a manner that constitutional 
enlargement at the joints is the consequence. 

At the ends of all bones, a yielding substance, in appearance like bone it 
self, prevents friction, and by its elasticity rives a spring to the animal's steps. 
The ease of a horse's going mainly depends upon this substance, which re 



20 SINEW Y HORSE. CARTILAGE. 

ceives the name of cartilage, and is liable in some measure to be absorbed 01 
taken up into the system, or, in cases of diseased joint, to become stiff and 
bony. Consult sect. 23, &c. on those points of information. We may notice 
this absorption in very young animals, whose bones are all substituted by 
cartilage ; until the blood furnisheth the means of forming a more substantial 
frame, such as I have been describing ; and teaches the validity of some re- 
marks I made in a preceding section (15) on the kind of attention we ought 
to pay to our brood mares while the fcetus, or unborn animal, is being formed 
in the womb. 

Not only between bones, and embracing ever joint, but at the termination 
of the four legs in their horny feet, is this springy substance to be found, the 
whole being liable to wear out, to contract or to harden with age or disease. 
Besides this casing of the joints in cartilage, the ligaments connect or tie the 
bones together. These ligaments are seldom troubled with any ailment but 
that of great lassitude when the animal is tired, and occasionally to sprain. 
This accident takes place when the horse steps aside upon uneven ground, 
and the ends of the bones press laterally upon the ligaments. It follows, of 
course, that mis-shapen horses whose feet are always constrained to take an 
uneven tread must be subject to a constant strain, and must be more liable 
than others to incur permanent accident, — every step forming a trivial one. 

But the ligament demanding the student's most serious attention is that 
which suspends the neck bones, on the same principle as our old fashioned 
lamp irons are suspended by a small one from above, oidy that the ligament 
lies closer, and covers the intervals of the upper side, as at a — 6 of the annex- 
ed sketch.* So placed, and passing from the skull to the backbones, to both 

of which it is fastened, it has the power, at 
the will of the animal, of bending down or 
I drawing up the head, which would, in fact, 

but for this support, fall to the ground. Horses 
in their last moments, when that will may 
be supposed to have left them, always ca^t 
back their heads considerably, by reason of 
the contraction of this strong ligament dur- 
ing the paroxysms of departing life. At a, however, where is the seat of 
poll-evil, it is usually thin, the cavity there found between the bones being 
mostly filled with muscle (s. 27); but this does not happen invariably, as some 
horses have little or no cavity to be filled with ligamentary substance, or with 
muscle. Our frontispiece is the portrait of a subject of this latter kind ; but 
the reader is referred to some subsequent observations and cases on " poll-evil '■' 
for more detail on this hitherto-neglected point of conformation. 

17. At the joints formed by the bones and covered by cartilage, the whole 
are surrounded by a strong membrane, which wraps the bones tightly, and se- 
cretes an oil at the joints for its further defence from the effects of friction. 
Of this secretion, and of the membranes generally, some further notice is given 
in the second chapter at section 22. 

This strong membrane is not, however, confined to any particular part, but 
continues its close attachment, or embracement of the bone, over the entire 
frame of the horse. Throughout its extended course it serves as an excellent 
holdfast for the sinewy ends of the muscles (see sect. 27), which are attached 
to it above and below joints, whereby they act as levers to raise the lower bones 
of the limbs, as described hereafter. 

* Called by the learned " cervical ligament " and " the cervicular." In operations for tha 
poll-evil this ligament is frequently divided by the unskilful farrier cutting it aeroas rather it aft 
lengthwise, which is the only right practice. 




ftlEMBRANES. THE HORSE'S INSIDE. ORGANS <j\ 

According to the parts this membrane may cover, it has received from the 
^warned in hard words and many, a separate name for each, as it that course 
wo Jd further the cause of science; and whenever they speak of it as being 
found upon the joints, and skull, or the bones generally, they term it perichon- 
drium, pericranium, and periosteum, as the case may be: why, no one ex- 
plains. It has been considered insensible, because in health it has not ( »> 
sense of feeling so fine as other parts of the system, which are furnished witf 
more nerves (s. 30) ; but, the very few of these fine organs with which the 
membrane of the bone is furnished, renders the pain occasioned by disease, 
whenever it may be attacked, the more acute; when flying from one nerve to 
another, those well-known shooting pains are felt (by us) that are universally 
mistaken for pains in the bones themselves. We do not go too far in infer- 
ring that the horse is similarly affected. This takes place in splents and spavin, 
when the bone enlarging forces its way through this tightly-braced membrane, 
and causes inflammation, temporary lameness, and, at length, those well- 
known appearances 1 have just named. In the living horse this membrane is 
red, by reason of the fine blood-vessels with which it abounds ; but in the dead 
subject, the supply of blood being withdrawn, it then turns white. 



CHAPTER II. 



Concerning the Horse's Inside, of its Conformation, the Functions of the 
Organs of Life, and the Diseases to which each is liable : together with 
Outlines of the Principles upon whicli the Cure is to be effected. 

18. Such, as I have endeavoured to teach, being my view of the external 
frame or structure of the horse, which I have termed its built, I come, in the 
next place, to speak in a more particular manner of his inside; noticing, as 1 
pass on from one part of him to another, the seats and causes of his diseases, 
with a view to their cure, but referring you to the second book for the separate 
treatment each requires. In the third chapter will be found my reasons for fol- 
lowing up the principles herein laid down, by a line of practice, at variance, in 
some material points, with the present mode of treating the animal in health 
as well as in disease. 

Organs. — But, before I proceed to describe those several part? of the horse's 
inside, there appears to me an absolute necessity for previously making the 
unlearned reader better acquainted with a few general topics, that we may 
proceed with the details smoothly and more intelligibly together; viz. the 
names, uses or offices and powers, of that infinity of small organs which lio 
spread over most parts of the body, and belong in common to several of these 
parts in nearly equal degrees. The large organs, having the power of carry- 
ing on the animal system, first, as regards digestion, secondly, those employed 
in the circulation of the blood, and third, those of respiration, are too well 
known to the sight and touch to require explanation here; yet are they (the 
heart, kidneys, lungs, liver, &c.) composed or made up entirely of those minor 
organs i mean first to describe. But the precise way in which these act in 
and upon the large ones, the great share they hold in further *.ig the system of 
animal life, and the eminent rank their services maintain in restoring health 
when the system is any way disordered, has not received, in the practice of 
horse-medicine, that share of serious consideration the importance of the sub- 
ject imperiously demands. To these points, then. 1 shall shortly call the 
•reader's undivided attention ; meantime, as some cramp words and phrases an* 
4 



22 FUNCTIONS. SECRETIONS. 

applitd by most people (writers and others) to those offices of the animal's or- 
gans, they stand in need of previous explanation. 

19. Each kind of organ, whether small or large, was designed by the great 
maker of all things to perform some office towards the preservation of the 
animal in health. When such office is performed properly, as ordained, the 
organ is said to " perform its functions well." For example, the heart is 
given for the purpose of sending the blood through the arteries, all over the 
body ; but when the pulse beats low or irregularly, that organ is said to " per- 
form its function badly ;" when it ceases to beat, this function is lost or gone. 
So, certain of the organs are said to secrete something or other that is liquid ; 
the doing this is their function ; the power of doing so, that of secretion ; and 
the article secreted or collected together, is called the secretion of this or that 
organ. Thus, the kidneys secrete urine, and it runs off (sect. 53): the glands, 
under the jaws, secrete spittle (saliva), which passes off with the food by the 
intestines ; therefore are they properly considered as excretory also, seeing 
both the secretions aredrawn together for the express purpose of being so sent 
away, this last by the grand canal (or gut), as the first mentioned is by the 
bladder, and the perspiration is through the pores of the skin. But some se- 
cretions are found that have no outlet visible to us weak mortals, though they 
find their way through the skin, sensibly enough at times ; and this then be- 
comes the sensible perspiration or sweat, but when we do not see it, this 
third species of evacuation is termed the insensible perspiration; and in 
health, one of the two is always in action, — in disease not so. 

"When, however, it happens such functions are obstructed, or, on the other 
hand, too much of either secretion is furnished to the system, then disease be- 
gins; as does, also, our duty of finding out what part of the vast machine has 
ceased to perform its office properly. For, without this previous information, 
no man can possibly know how to apply the remedy in restoring the disor- 
dered organ to the proper exercise of its function ; nor can any one hope to 
arrive at this desirable point of veterinary knowledge, unless he has acquired 
the means of ascertaining where, when, and in what degree the mischief has 
taken place, by patiently examining the action of those organs while in health, 
and comparing their appearance, after death, with the particular symptoms 
which preceded that event. 

20. Secretion. — Although, as I say, the secretions just spoken of are im- 
portant in themselves, and of several sorts, as bile or gall by the liver, urine by 
the kidney, &c. yet the chief object of our present, notice is the secretion of a 
fluid, more or less watery, which pervades the whole system. It differs in 
quality a little, and very little any where, being adapted to the nature of the 
parts requiring its aid : 1st, In softening and enabling them to move freely 
over each other (as, between the ends of bones); 2d, Acting as a defence 
against injuries from extraneous bodies (as on the inner coat* of the intes- 
tines) ; and 3d, To prevent the parts from growing together (as the liver to 
the midriff), &c. Misfortunes these which invariably happen when the sup- 
ply of this fluid falls short of the quantity required for a long while together; 
and this is the case whenever the animal is worked until the fluid, at some 
part or other, is exhausted : a circumstance that strongly bespeaks the pro- 
priety of allowing the worn-up poor creature more frequent supplies of water 
although this be done in smaller quantities. Inflammation, or fever, which 
is occasioned by suddenly checking the secretion , eventually exhausts this 
moisture by its great heat. Both those disorders are therefore referred in the 

The surgeoas of human practice will observe, that I here transgress the iky.trine of the sur- 
faces ; but they will please to recollect that my object is to make myself u riders: orx' 1 v a certain 
Class of eaders, of which they compose a very small art. 



USES OF SECRETIONS: REDUNDANT; AND DEFECTIVE. 23 

sequel to the same origin ; the first being local, or pertaining to some particular 
organ or part, whilst fever pervades the whole system, and the solids in par- 
ticular. The total absence of perspirable matter marks both diseases 

On the other hand, when too much of this fluid is secreted, and remains 
unabsorbed, disease ensues: upon the heart it forms " dropsy of the covering 
of the heart ;" on the covering of the lungs it becomes "dropsy of the chest;'-' 
in the membrane of the belly it forms " ascites," or dropsy of that part, and 
usually falls into the scrotum. The powers of medicine have hitherto proved 
of no avail in the first description of ailments; and are but partially applicable 
to the last mentioned ; the operation of tapping too frequently disappoints our 
hopes, to induce us to rely upon it as any other than a temporary relief, and 
it is, therefore, seldom or ever applied to the horse. Thus, in whichever way 
we view this important secretion, its eminence must strike us as quite equal 
to any other. Whenever obstruction in this part of the system takes plave 
in the horse, the consequent adhesion of the parts being invisible, he gets 
worse used by his inexorable master for his inability to perform his usual 
work, and he soon falls a victim to the lash, the spur, and the bit. At the 
joints, this fluid is considered to be an oil (cynovia); at the heart it is con- 
fessedly nothing but water : whilst it partakes of a mucous, or slimy nature 
at some other parts of the body. This is the case with the membranes of the 
throat and gullet ; on those of the nostrils, the heat of the horse's breath con- 
verts it into a " viscid mucus ;" when the secreted watery particles come off 
by sweating, it assumes a white or milky appearance, after a little time ap- 
pearing thicker and more slimy as the sweating continues, and the watery 
particles becoming less and less, its fluidity is also lessened. See membranes, 
sect. 26. 

21. In all animals, the secretion of this watery fluid is carried on by the 
membranes, which are thin films placed between the various organs, over the 
bones and among the fleshy parts. These not only secrete, but sustain the 
fluid in its place, for the purposes above mentioned, and being of various tex- 
ture or fineness, the fluid that is so secreted and held to its purpose by each, 
partakes more or less of water, is more or less slimy, or consists more or less 
of an oily nature, according to the use it may be designed for. Each kind of 
membrane, and its proper secretion, has received a learned name, — the first 
being called serous, the second mucous, the third fibrous ; but, having re- 
soived to abandon learned words, whenever the thing can be understood as 
well without them, I find less occasion for introducing them here than is ge- 
nerally practised. For, the peculiar nature of the horse having assimulated 
together, by its action, the three kinds of secretion more so than is the case 
with other animals ; and its habits contributing as much more to the hasty 
calling off of one kind of fluid from certain parts to the assistance of another 
part, which may have been exhausted of its kind ; and as the treatment of the 
horse in all cases of a disordered secretion of these fluids is the same through- 
out, the action of medicine upon one always affording the assistance to ano- 
ther (as I shall prove shortly), there is no such necessity for carrying the 
distinction farther in horse -medicine, although it may be so in the human 
practice. 

Perspiration is always at a great height in the horse ; it is one of the 
chief means of cure in most of his disorders, and consists in drawing the 
watery secretions from all parts of the body. These pass to the surface 
•eadily, coining through the membranes from the joints, the solids, the bowels, 
and their coverings; as may be noticed in the case of hide-bound, apon open- 
ing the animals that die in this state of exhausted nature; the mesentery 
canal (hereafter described) is invariably discovered with yellowness, being, at 
times, almost orange colour; but I have as constantly found the lacteals of a 



24 EFFUSION. INSENSIBLE PERSPIRATION. 

fine coated horse shine through as white as milk. Again, on over-working 
the horse, so much of the joint-oil is sometimes drawn off by perspiration, that 
he becomes stiff in the knees, for want of that softening quality which kept 
the parts supple ; we feel the same ourselves upon such occasions ; and in 
taking off the knee or the hough of a permanently " stiff-jointed" horse, 1 have 
invariably found the joint -oil affected ; in very bad cases it no longer existed. 
During life, the escape of this oil, by reason of wounds (as bad broken knees), 
leave the joint stiff. Further comment on its uses is unnecessary ; but those 
facts should teach his owners a practical lesson of moderation. 

On the subject of absorption of these secretions, I noticed many years ago, a 
very ingenious reason assigned for " lameness of the fore legs, of English 
horses particularly," in the great work of La Fosse, the elder, on what he 
calls " Hippo-pathology, " or the diseases of horses. He says, " The fluids 
which did lubricate the parts (the shoulders) and keep them supple, oeing 
reduced in quantity, the food flying off by sweat, the remainder gets thicker in 
consequence, and the solids of his limbs become stiff and dry." It happens, 
mostly in the fore limbs, and he calls it a cold or chill, and says, page 267, it 
resembles a "stroke of the shoulder," — " Ckevalfroid et pris dans les epau- 
les. :> A species of founder, that is clearly not to be cured by external appli- 
cations, (as the oils, firing, &c). but by restoring to the part the function of 
secreting a sufficient supply of the fluid which had been so exhausted. In 
these few words are included the whole secret of my method of cure in such 
attacks; and, in this case, gentle sweating is that remedy which is best calcu- 
lated for restoring the function. 

22. When the skin does not permit evaporation, and sends forth the secre- 
tion by perspiration, disease has begun, the hair looks staring near the part 
uffected, and not a stable-boy exists, who, when he sees a horse with a rough 
coat, can not tell that "something or other is the matter with him." This 
arises from want of moisture within ; the skin itself not having the power of 
secreting or drawing towards it, by effusion, the moisture which is necessary 
to keep it supple, it shrivels up, and this important evacuation, which is 
second only to the urinary, is then stopped, so that even the insensible perspi- 
ration ceases. Some idea respecting the amount of this insensible evacuation 
may be formed, by placing a horse, that has been exercised, between ourselves 
and a well white-washed wall upon which the sun shines: when the shadow 
of the insensible perspiration may be seen upon the wall ascending in tolera- 
bly thick volumes, something very like steam from a boiling pot. Indeed, the 
insensible perspiration is, when compared to sweating, the same as warm 
compared to boiling water. 

Yet, although we do not know the exact workings by which this internal 
effusion (as it is called) of the watery particles from one part of the animal to 
another takes place, we do know, accurately enough for our purpose, that 
abundantly perspirable matter lies in and upon the intestines; as any affec- 
tion of the heart, arising from the organs of sense (sect. 30), causes a sudden 
suffusion of blood in the skin, and induces heat and irritation there;* so do 
the intestines send forth their watery particles upon the slightest occasion, to 
the same place of exit, in order to moisten and render it more supple. 
Whether the very transparent membrane, called peritoneum, which sustains 
the bowela, or that other large part of it which covers these and all parts of 

* rear, for instance, of the dealer's whip often occasions the skin to contract and expand, so 
n* to cause the tail to shake with every alternate vibration of the heart; and I once rode with a 
Jot, a right-out journey of forty-four miles, who whipped and spurred his horse to such a 
earce, that the hairs actually fell oft" from his tail, except a few at the end, an occurrence that is 
eually ascribed 'o scrophula on the horse's hide ; a disorder it misht have also laboured under, 
" Wight 1 know .0 i^i contrary. 



PERSPIRABLE MATTER. SS 

; he inside, is most concerned in this secretion and effusion, is not worth the 
trouble of inquiry here. But, in addition to what is said in the last section 
respecting the colour of the lacteal duct, as it passes along the mesentery in 
cases of hide-bound. I may be allowed to observe, that we may daily witness, 
the sensible perspiration from young and healthy horses to contain more of wa- 
ter than is found in feverish, old, or generally unhealthy animals; and fcfc»t 
with these the sweat is more frothy, or becomes so much sooner, his mooth 
gets clammy, and his tongue dry and hot underneath, with less work than 
they; and that horses so affected are always found insatiably craving after 
water. Moreover, as regards the connexion that subsists between one part 
of the animal and another, 1 have many times found purging physic, given in 
the usual doses fail of the effect intended, and come offin the shape of profuse 
perspiration. Not only in those large and decided doses that are intended to 
produce much effect, but even milder ones, as alterative-laxatiyes often turn 
out of their course, and, as well as diuretics, not unfrequently disappoint us in 
the same way, the latter also coming off by the skin instead of urine.* It fol- 
lows, of course, that the less sweating a horse has got, the more he must stale, 
and accounts for the profusion of the latter kind of evacuation in winter, when 
he scarcely ever sweats, and perspires, but little, comparatively speaking. As 
a farther proof of this connexion between the secretions and evacuations, let 
any one notice a horse when he- first stales in consequence of taking a diuretic, 
and he will find a transparent water hanging in little globules at the end of each 
particular hair ot his coat all over his carcase. 

23. We come now to speak of glands, nerves, membranes, absorbents, (be- 
ing 1st, lymphatic, 2d, lacteal,) and muscles, which are the names writers and 
practitioners of eminence have agreed upon to speak of those numerous minor 
organs that are employed throughout in carrying on the functions of animal 
life, and the uses whereof I shall come shortly to explain. The reader is al- 
ready aware of the sinews, of three kinds, that more immediately cover the 
bones and keep them in their places (sect. 16, 17), to which if we add the bare 
mention of the muscular, or fleshy parts, and refer to the "circulation of the 
blood" (sect. 37 — 44), for a description of the veins and arteries, he will have 
before him the names of all the integuments of a horse's body beneath the 
skin. Detailed particulars respecting all these follow next in their order; the 
larger organs of the inside being reserved to the subsequent sections of this 
chapter. By this course of proceeding he will be better enabled to comprehend, 
as we study those things together, why and wherefore these were given to the 
animal, and what functions each has to perform in health ; or these ceasing, or 
being obstructed, we shall be led to consider in the next place, what species 
of remedy is proper to be applied for removing such obstruction, and thereby 
of restoring health ; for he may rest assured, that not the least atomy of mat- 
ter has been conferred upon the animal form without intending that some good 
and demonstrable end should be answered by its creation. In addition to all 
which, there are many causes, incessantly operating towards the simply grand 
purpose of prolonging life, and of providing for the waste which is constantly 
going on in the animal system, that are far removed from our sight, and others 
almost surpassing our comprehension, but which are nevertheless known to 
exist by their effects; but, of all these several matters, more in their proper 
places ; one instance of the insufficiency of human knowledge having been 
already adduced in the preceding section, as regards the unknown mode in 
which the watery secretions penetrate from one part of the body to another. 

* Tears or any other evacuation of the water that moistens the animal system, are liable to the 
■ame kind of compai alive remark. In man, when excessive salivary secretion attends the 
toothach, the glands of the mouth and jaws carry off so much water as to affect the quantity oi 
urine voided, and we may infer that a diuretic would reduce the inflammation of the jawa So 
much /or the comparitivs practice: but uot worthy of rejection on that a< count alone. 

4* 



26 S\ MTTOMS— HOW LEARNED. THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN. 

24. All those important points of knowledge in the first principles of our art 
lie within the compass of every man's capacity, who can read ; they are cer- 
tainly open to his inquiries; and he who is constantly among horses can nof 
fail to learn (after studying the subject in the manner I now propose) to mak< 
himself as well acquainted with the symptoms or signs of approaching disease* 
as the generality of veterinarians. He certainly may render himself much 
superior to the old, ignorant set of farriers, who were bred up in the days ot 
stupidity that are just gone by — never to return. Let such an inquirer after 
knowledge bring to the task industry, patience, and good common sense, and 
he may soon acquire knowledge enough of the outlines of the art to be able to 
pronounce when a pretender is at work, or when it is that a man of judgment 
and real sound learning in his art has undertaken the treatment of this valua- 
ble animal in the distressful hour of sickness. On this head I am not ashamed, 
after the lapse of nearly half a century, to own that I once wept over the suf- 
ferings of a sick animal which died of the medicines administered by a stubborn 
self-willed farrier, who could read, and write, and talk, give a drench, and 
drink himself — and nothing more: he could not think, of course could not 
compare one disease with another, nor mark the difference that exists between 
two or more that are frequently and fatally mistaken for each other. And 
here, once for all, J can not refrain from thus early insisting most strenuously 
on one point, which therefore 1 shall not have to repeat when I come to notice 
certain barbarous practices perpetrated by some such men, and the not unguilty 
practice of other physic-giving horse-doctors ; and this is, in short, whoever 
of them dares to undertake the administering of medicines to this incompara- 
ble animal without paying especial attention to the subject matter that is 
handled in this chapter, commits an unpardonable act of inhumanity on his 
suffering patient, and of gross dishonesty towards its owner. The remedy 
for a disease is not always to be found in medicine ; preventives never. Pur- 
gatives are not only the most obvious means of cure, but the best, the least 
dangerous, and those which promise in the readiest manner to dispose th 
most vital function to resume its wonted action. Alteratives are the safest anu 
most effectual remedy for valuable horses, and those which can not be spared 
from labour ; they are indispensable in all cases of vitiated blood, and where 
found ineffectual nothing else can be of service. Bleeding is the very best, or 
the very worst auxiliary we can employ; its efficacy and precise periods of 
utility may be learned in the sequel (see sect. 37 to 44), where " the circula- 
tion" comes under consideration, also in the first pages of Book II, where the 
pulse is justly made a subject of primary consideration. 

25. For the sake of making myself more clearly understood, 1 shall, when 
explaining the formation and functions of the horse's inside (i. e. as much 
of it as will answer my purpose), consider it under two distinct heads; 
namely : 

1st. The fore part, or throat part, as it is called from its neighbourhood to 
the throat, or gullet ; and, 
• 2d. The hinder part of him, being his belly, properly speaking, &c. 

Both of these parts have obtained learned names ; but that is no business 
ef ours. 

The fore part of a horse is that which lies between the rider's two knees, 
within the chest and true ribs. To the farthest of these is attached, as well 
as to the middle of the back bone, a natural division of the two parts, stretched 
tightly across his inside, like the head of a drum ; and it is also fastened to his 
breast bone, but admits of the gullet to pass through, as it does of the great 
vein and great artery which carry on the circulation of the blood of the ninder 

Eart. With these exceptions it is air-tight, and it bears resemblance to the 
ead o f a drum in another particular — it is membraneous, except raund the 



MEMBRANE. 87 

edge next to the ribs, &c. where it is found somewhat fleshy. From its situa- 
tion in the middle, this natural division is termed the midriff, or skirt, and ap 
pears to have been designed for keeping back the stomach and bowels of the 
hinder part, which a* it is, when full, press it out of shape, not unlike that of a 
watch glass, and would, but for this barrier, interrupt the action of the heart 
and lungs. But by the present contrivance, as we shall see presently, this 
pressure from behind soon recedes, the midriff returns to its level, and the 
ribs, no longer contracted towards each other by the aforesaid pressure, ex- 
pand, thereby enabling the lungs to perform their function, of drawing in a 
fresh supply of air. Upon this principal agent in the function of respiration, 
see more in detail in the 35th section of this chapter. 

26. After this necessary preamble, let us proceed, as before proposed, to 
consider the construction of 

The Membranes, 
, Muscles, 

Glands, 

Absorbents, (i. e, 1st lymphatics, and 2d lacteals,) 

Nerves.* 
Of these the most universally dispersed over the frame, those which occupy, 
defend, or embrace every part, are the membranes. As well behind as before 
the midriff, not only inside, but on the outside and every part of the animal 
are these skinny films placed, for the purpose, 1st, of keeping those parts which 
they encompass in a compact state; 2d, to secrete a fluid for protection (see sect. 
21); and 3d, to prevent those parts from rubbing against and injuring each 
other, or adhering together. The better to accomplish these purposes they are 
admirably calculated for the secretion of a fluid, as 1 observed before (sect 20); 
but whenever the property of secreting such fluid is suspended, then disease 
begins, and according as the secretion may prevail, being either too little or 
too much, will be the kind and quantity of disease. Hereupon may be calcu- 
lated the importance they hold in the animal system: but of those matters I 
have already spoken higher up. 

Membranls. — To appearance they are nearly transparent, web-like, and 
of a strong texture ; some are simply film, having more or less of feeling ac- 
cording to their uses, and are those which, being interposed between one or- 
gan, or part, and another, prevent the interruption which would otherwise 
ensue; as the midriff, for instance, which 1 have just above adverted to (see 
sect. 31 and 35), which is the thickest of all, or the loose membrane that covers 
the lungs and divides them into two parts, so as each may act separately (see 
sect 32). The second species of membranes are finer, more transparent, and 
paler than the first mentioned, and possess the quality of containing in their 
cavities, resembling sponge, the matter deposited within them by the arteries 
for the purpose of repairing waste and adding new flesh ; these we term cel- 
lular membranes, from their sponge-like texture, and they are, moreover, so 
infinitely thin as to pervade all over the solids, or fleshy parts, without being 
in every case visible to the eye. They are nevertheless proved so to exist, 
from the circumstance of those being greatly distended, when the subject dies 
of being " blown," as 1 have shown lower down (sect. 35). Then, not only 
the forehand, but the hinder quarter, even down to the hocks, become inflated 
with the wind, which, by reason of the animals being strangled, the lungs had 
no power to discharge, and the cellular membrane admits it into its cells or 
cavities. Any one may perceive this membrane and its numerous cells to 
advantage in a buttock of beef, or leg of mutton, after being dressed ; upon 
taking a slice between the fingers and straining it nearly asunder, tiic mem 

' For ligaments, cartilages, tendons, &c. see sect. 16 17. 



28 DISEASES OF THE CELLULAR MEMBRANE. MUSCLE. 

brane. appears, but more evidently at the corners where two or more muscle* 
meet ; and in summer time, particularly with over-driven beasts, the mem- 
brane, between the muscles will be found charged with a dull brown sort of 
matter, that may be, and frequently is, scraped away with the knife. Another 
familiar illustration of tbe uses of the cellular membrane, first mentioned by 
old Dr. Bartlett, of Windsor, in 1764, is that of "the inside of a shoulder of 
veal, which butchers blow up with a tobacco-pipe, or quill, to delude their cus- 
tomers." When the animal becomes adult (or full grown), the membrane 
that is so capable of being blown up is filled with meat, and shows the im- 
propriety of pushing young animals in their work, before those solids have 
I cached maturity. 

When once divided, membrane of either species never again unites, but in 
case of a healed wound the granulations of new flesh hold the divided parts 
of membrane to their respective places ; the obstruction thus occasioned in 
the deposite of blood causes pain upon change of weather, when the new flesh 
either expands or contracts, as it may be effected by heat, cold, or humidity. 
In the human physiology, another kind of distinction is made between the 
kinds of membrane (as 1 said before), tending to show whether their respective 
secretion is more or less watery, slimy, or oily ; but this view of the affair is 
not applicable to the physiology of the horse. My reason for abandoning that 
course was given at section 21. 1 may, however, here aptly observe, regard- 
ing that species (the slimy or mucous) which lines the nostrils, throat, and in- 
testines, that its chief disorder is a cold, which shows itself in the cessation 
of the secretion; soon after this, the parts being inflamed, throw forth a thin 
acrid discharge, which is greatest when the inflammation arrives at its height, 
sometimes producing a little blood, either upwards or downwards ; when the 
inflammation wears off, these appearances are also lowered by the mucus be- 
coming more and more thick, until it reaches its usual consistency. The cure 
is to be effected by lowering the inflammation ; but this is most frequently ef- 
fected by the natural discharge of the mucous matter just spoken of. 

27. Muscles are fleshy bodies of various sizes and shapes, according to their 
uses ; reddish, of a fibrous texture, easily separated, but more stringy at some 
places than at others : the last-mentioned are termed "coarse parts," or pieces, 
in the animals sent for our sustenance, and are those where the greatest strength 
lies. These fibres formed into bundles, and surrounded by the cellular mem- 
brane, are visible to the eye, if there be not attached to each fibre a continua- 
tion of the same membrane that is not visible. Several of those bundles, 
being further enclosed by a stronger membrane, form a muscle; each whereof 
is attached by its two farthest extremeties to some other, or, to two different 
bones, upon one or the other of which it acts as a lever. A muscle accom- 
plishes this motion of the bone by expanding its belly or middle part, and con- 
tracting it towards the centre; whereupon the bones to which the muscles' 
ends are so attached are drawn towards each other, and that which is farthest 
from the trunk is drawn forwards or backwards, at will. Thus, if we wish 
to bend our elbow, the muscle which is situated just above that joint, inside, 
contracts in length, and expands in breadth, till the fore-arm is brought up to 
touch the muscle itself. Fighting men (boxers) exhibit this muscle, as indi- 
cative of their strength ; and horses of good action show the same sign at every 
movement, whilst with those that are over-fed, the muscles are concealed in 
fat, that obstructs their movements ; whilst, with those which are impoverish 
ed, the muscles dwindle away, hang slack, and ill support the wonted action 
of the bones. When much compulsory exertion, in hot weather, has exhaust 
ed the secretion? that keep these parts supple, aridity and stiffness follow, and 
the action becomes impeded, difficult and uncertain. 

AH muscles of the limbs are long and narrow, when quiescent; those of 




TENDON: MUSCLE— ITS CONSTRUCTION. 29 

the body are more wide than long; in a good measure, squarish, oval, or tri- 
angular, according to their uses. They have been compared, with good reason 
to the shape of flat fish, some being long and narrow, like the sole, others 
wide, like the plaice. At their ends, muscles often terminate in a much stron- 
ger substance, closer in texture, inelastic, bending with facility, and insensible, 
answering the same purposes, but occupying much less room than muscle. 
These are tendinous, and tbe horse which is well kept, having the tendons 
strong and vigorous, is bold, strong, and "sinewy," moves his limbs with 
agility, and gets over his work to admiration, by picking his feet off' the ground 
well and replacing them (as you see while he is going) within a hair's breadth 
of the spot you may mark out for them to pitch upon. On the legs, tendon 
supplies the place of muscle, wholly so in blood-horses, less in the cart-horse 
breed. Muscle is constituted of blood deposited in the membrane, innume- 
rable small arteries, some of which are scarcely visible, terminating within 

each muscle, by a kind of doubling up, or curl, 
as shown in the margin ; within each of these 
a correspondent vein is twined, and the whole 
being covered with the finest membrane, con- 
stitutes a gland. Herein it is that the veins 
commence their share in the work of circulat- 
ing the blood afresh, as we shall see in the se- 
quel, and the lymphatics obtain the watery particles into which the morbid 
matter of those solids are converted: those figures receive the name of "glands." 
In blood-horses (natives of hot climates), as we have seen, tendon supplies 
the place of muscle, or flesh, upon the limbs particularly, which are always 
finer than those of other breeds; this accounts why our fleshy horses in sultry 
weather, or hot stables, feel the greatest lassitude, even to weakness, whilst 
those of full blood seem invigorated by the same circumstance. When, how- 
ever, the atmosphere of the stable be moist as well as hot, both breeds suffer 
equally in one way or another; laxity of fibre and profuse perspiration, with 
weakness, follow, and this producing an obnoxious effect upon the excrema- 
tory organs, occasions in stables those stinking ammoniacal vapours that de- 
stroy the lungs, by disposing them to contract inflammation. 

28. Besides the Glands just alluded to, they are situated in and about tm> 
solids and more secluded parts, and so small and concealed as to be scarcely 
exposed to the sight or touch, unless when inflamed and enlarged by disease, 
other larger and more evident ones occupy the hinder part of the animal, of 
which 1 shall speak in their place. They are, 1st the liver; 2d, the kidneys; 
and 3d, the testicles ; the functions of each being tolerably well known. See 
sections 52 — 55. All glands, of whatever size or shape, are employed in se- 
cretion, taking up and separating from other matters that quantity of watery 
particles which is constantly escaping out of one-part of the system into 
another, by means of the cellular membrane, as described at sections 21 and 
22. The smaller glands, just now described, have each a small tube attached 
to it, which seems intended to hold the acrid, or otherwise noxious, matter 
which its lymphatic had refused to take up, as being at variance with its func- 
tion ; here it remains concealed, until the proper occasion arrives for carrying 
it off, which may be found by one of the three natural evacuations; but these 
failing, it is clear disease of one sort or other must ensue. Perspiration seems 
to be its most natural mode of passing off, unless the demand for that kind 
of evacuation happens to be low, and then it is drawn to the kidneys, (sect. 22). 
But, if the discharge by dung has been so copious as to afford too little of this 
acrid matter (essential probably in a certain degree) by means of the absorb- 
ents of the intestines, then, and in that case, it is taken up once more. Wheu 
the animal's spirits are low, the absorption imperfect, and this offensive matUr 



20 ABSORPTION AND CIRCULATION. 

lies a long time in the tubes of these small glands, a general languishmcnt of 
the beast takes place (called lentor by the old farriers) ; he perspires upon the 
least exertion, becomes unnerved, shows a rough hide, and refuses his meals. 
This constitutes " low fever," when the whole animal system is affected. This 
state of things, which is very common, points out the impropriety of now re- 
sorting to diaphoretics (sweating powders) ; for it has been neglected so long, 
that tired nature, being offended thereat, refuses to part with those particles 
which occasion the greatest injury. " By the urine," be it said. This way 
offers the same difficulty, and the answer resolves itself into my plan of open- 
ing the principal evacuations first. (See what I shall offer concerning bleed- 
ing and purging in a subsequent page.) So much, however, seemed necessary 
to be advanced here, that the reader, who reads straight an end, should be at 
no loss as to what lately passed between us concerning secretion and effusion 
at sections 21 and 23. Of all the smaller glands, the best recognised are those 
termed salivary, situated near the jaws for the secretion of spittle, wherewith 
to moisten the food while descending into the stomach, and thus assisting di 
gestion in its first stage. The strangles and vives are disorders of these 
glands: the swelling at this part is a corresponding symptom of glanders, and 
sometimes attends farcy. But the largest of these minor glands is situated in 
the solids, and lies within the buttock, concealed near its centre, into which 
passes an immense quantity of blood for its size, since it is found in the dead 
subject most disposed to putrify, especially when the animal has been driven 
hard, as is the case with all the cattle killed in London for food. 

29. Lymphatics are one of two species of absorbing vessels ; the other 
species (the lacteals) being reserved for description under the head of "diges- 
tion," at sect. 44. They are small tubes, with mouths that suck up or absorb 
the thin watery particles of the solids, one or more being placed on each gland 
of these parts. Some idea of the important nature of this part of the animal 
system may be formed from the circumstance that mercury applied to a glan- 
dular part of the body undergoes immediate absorption by the lymphatics, and 
is conveyed by this means through the jugular vein to the blood. Persons 
who may be unfortunately ordered to rub in mercurial ointment on the thighs 
will feel a fulness under the left ear in the course of a few minutes, according 
to the previous state of their bodies. How mercury acts upon the second spe- 
cies of absorbents — the lacteals, remains to be seen hereafter. The tendency 
of both is towards the heart, or rather the left collar-bone; increasing in size 
and diminishing in number, until the lymphatic duct meeting with the milky 
juices of its co-absorbent in the thorax, the mixture soon becomes blood by 
the action of air in the lungs, as described at sect. 39. As the lacteals, it will 
be seen, absorb only nutritious juices, so the lymphatics absorb none but of- 
fensive ones, as the matter of diseases, wounds, spavins, broken bones, ulcers, 
and the useless part of the deposite made by the arteries as said at section 
27 ; these being mixed, pass through the heart, there receive fresh vital pow- 
ers, as hereafter is described, and thence to the liver, there to be purged of its 
bad qualities, which, passing incessantly into the intestines js soon eliminated 
with the dung. At least, such is the natural course in health ; a change takes 
place when these organs do nut perform their functions aright, and we can 
perceive this misfortune in the dung, when the absorbents are at fault, par- 
ticularly in the yellows The importance of stimulating the lymphatics in 
all disorders of the outer surface, as mange, surfeit, farcy, &c. must be evi- 
dent: as it is, also, in cases of tumours, as poll-evil, fistula, &c. 

30. The nerves, like the glands, run in pairs, mostly, to all parts of the 
body; they are the organs of sense, communicate immediately with the brain, 
and are thus principally concerned in the function of voluntary motion. That 
the horse entertains likes an'. 1 dislikes is certain ; he has a memory too, both 



THE NERVES. RESPIRATION. TIIE LUNGS. f J 

for persons and places, as every one knows ; he must, therefore, have percep- 
tion, and he is kind and docile in his nature, which entitle him to a kinder 
return from his master than he usually receives. I have often lamented that 
he was not endowed with one more faculty, even in the smallest degree, that 
he might distinguish hetween those who really love him, and those empirics 
who make a profit of his sufferings ; he would then be induced, probably, to 
kick some among them, as an example to all the rest ; and 1 never hear of one 
of those fellows, or their employers, being unhorsed, but I think of retributive 
justice. So, when the horse is girthed up unmercifully, in such a manner as 
to obstruct his respiration, he frequently attempts to bite the operator — and, 
" serve him right," I say. As the nerves of a horse are the seat of no dis- 
tinct disease, 1 shall content myself with adding, that they consist of small 
cords, white and roundish, like thread; and are certainly the vehicles of pain, 
which vibrates from one to the other, pleasurable sensations being conveyed 
by the same means to the sensorium, or brain.* The nerves 9 r e closely con- 
nected with the circulation, and with the brain, where they originate. 



31. Respiration is the act of drawing in the air by the expansion of the 
lungs, the cells whereof thereby become filled to their utmost, the ribs are dis- 
tended, and the midriff pressed back upon the stomach, liver, &c. This is in- 
spiration ; the expulsion of the air, forming the re-action, being termed expira- 
tion ; both together constitute what we call breathing or respiration, and the 
matter was before introduced (in section 8,) when I noticed that powerful 
auxiliary of this function — the midriff. Now, as I have always attached much 
importance to the act of respiration, seeing its close connexion with the for- 
mation of blood, and the almost constant state of disease in which are found 
the organs that contribute to this great function of animal life, I shall enter 
into more minute particulars respecting these, than 1 have thought necessary 
for any of the preceding organs. By this course, the reader will be enabled 
to form more distinct notions respecting the forming and " circulation of the 
blood," and its concomitant, the formation of chyle, commonly called "the di- 
gestive powers" — both of them functions most essential to health ; but un- 
happily, both together become, by contravention of those powers, the fruitful 
source of numberless ills, we thence call constitutional or bodily disease, as 
fever, abscess, farcy, &c. To this point tends all that I have hitherto said con- 
cerning the inside of the horse; and the inquirer after veterinary knowledge 
will find his labour in studying this portion of it amply repaid, by the just prin- 
ciples upon which he will subsequently conduct his practice. 

32. The lungs, or lights, are two well-known spongy bodies (called lobes), 
having at their conjunction a small lobe nearer to where the pipe enters that is 
to inflate them. At the same place is fastened the ends of a thin membrane, oi 
rather two membranes, that enclose each one of the lobes : this membrane is 
termed the pleura, and seems designed to admit of one lobe performing its 
functions whenever the other may at any time be diseased Between the two 

* Conscience (consciousness), which agitates the nerves by the faculty of thinking, when ap- 
plied to the evils that are in the world, does sometimes cause the accession of fever to those deli 
cate organs in human nature; but brute animals being denied those powers (or of memory, 
except as regards the means of prolonging life) are little likely to contract " nervous fever;" 
although that state of fretfulness some high-bred horses are prone to, partake of a good many 
symptoms of the human ailment, and may lie cured by the same meaas. Sedatives, quiet, anc? 
a cooling regimen are those means. The loose stable recommended by John Lawrence, and 
Cow much adopted, contributes much to sooth the fretful horse. When the same fretful! ies» 
or despondency comes over a horse, one of condition, or whose condition has been recerj.lv iw 
ouced ho acquires slow fever. See what is said under this head in Book IL 



3£ THE PLEURA. THE WIND-PIPE. 

lobes, the membrane (pleura) is double, and, from its situation in the midd!s 
(in medio) is called mediastinum : it forms a passage for the great blood-vessels 
running near the spine, and it is very liable to contract disease, which shows 
itself in "thick wind," or rather short wind. Sect. 36. In the pleura, then, 
are wrapped up, as in two silk handkerchiefs, the two lobes of the lungs, the 
upper part of that membrane being fastened to the spine and ribs ; and on its 
surface is generated or secreted some of that fluid 1 before spoke of (sect. 20, 
21), which is designed to keep the parts moist, and prevent their adhering to- 
gether. His powers of secretion, however, and those of this organ in par- 
ticular, often fail in the horse, in consequence of his very great exertions, com- 
bined with the heat of his blood, exhausting more than the secretory power 
can supply; and we frequently find the pleura growing to the ribs, the lungs, 
or the midriff, by reason of its wanting a due portion of this fluid : from the 
same cause (a defect in the secretion), we sometimes find the upper orifice of 
the stomach partially attached to the midriff, evidently caused by inflamma- 
tion of the parts. But whichsoever of those misfortunes attend the horse, he 
is invariably " hurt in his wind," suffers much pain at the commencement 
of a journey, and subsequently, if pushed hard, dies of a locked jaw, through 
excessive suffering. Disorders of this nature were hitherto unknown to fur- 
riers of any description, being mistaken for the worms by every one who has 
written a book upon horse diseases; and, by the most eminent veterinary au- 
thor of modern times, the last stages of this mal-conformation are vaguely no- 
ticed by the erroneous term of " debility," and "general debility," which may 
mean anything amiss. Whenever the animals that are slain for our suste- 
nance turn out to have been so affected, their flesh is rejected by the Jews, 
under the denomination of trifler ; for the whole animal system is entirely af- 
fected by the horrid circumstance ; the secretory functions in general refuse to 
perform their share in the production of good and sufficient animal matter, and 
lentor, or slow fever, is the consequence, as mentioned higher up, in Sec- 
tion 28. 

33. The wind-pipe, as its name imports, is the pipe or tube for conveying 
to the lungs the air which every act of inspiration draws through it. Extend- 
ing from the throat to the lungs or lights, at their conjunction this tube di- 
vides into two branches, one penetrating to near the bottom of each lobe, and 
these again, having a dozen holes a-piece in their sides, inflate an infinite 
number of little tubes, or pipes, which compose the lungs much in the fashion 
of sponge. Except eight blood-vessels, which enter the horse's lungs, the 
intervals are filled with cellular membrane, and these being also connected 
with the same kind of membrane in all other parts of the body, accounts for a 
phenomenon, 1 shall take occasion to notice shortly (sect. 35), in the case of a 
blown horse. At his upper end, the wind-pipe is composed of strong cartila- 
ginous plates, connected together by ligaments, and put in motion by small 
muscles for producing the sounds expressed by the animal. Next to the 
throat these cartilages, which are there strongest, forma curious kind of cham- 
ber, termed epiglottis, over which is a lid or valve, placed there to defend the 
passage into the air-tube, from the entrance of victuals, drink, &c. For, upon 
tne descent of any such substances, this valve shuts down like a trap-door, and 
they pass over it. No sooner, however, are they gone past, than up rises the 
valve again, lying back towards the mouth upon the palate, and being very 
large in the horse, accounts for the gulps with which he takes in water, and 
his peculiar mode of feeding. For the same reason it is, that the horse 
breathes only through his nostrils, between which and the wind-pipe there is 
close affinity in some diseases, and accounts for his incapacity for bellowing 
like the ox, or vomiting like man. At this spot it is, that certain savages in 
human shape press the finger and thumb with brutal force, in order, as it in 



COUGHING. A COLD, ITS PROGRESS. 35 

called, " to cough him." No certainty, however, lies in this imagined tost 
of his wind ; for, although a thoroughly broken-winded horse will not ccugh, 
yet one which is partially affected will do so in most instances; whilst the 
soundest horses do most obstinately resist the coughing ; and in a few, the cir- 
cular cartilages so well defend the muscle, as to defy the inhuman effort, and 
seem to rebuke the ignorant attempt "to prove the goodness of his wind." 

34. Farther towards its lower extremity, the wind-pipe becomes more mem- 
branous, but less sensible of injury, and the cartilaginous rings gradually lose 
their form : they no longer describe a circle, being composed almost wholly 
of strong elastic membrane, that it may bend out of the way when the gullet 
is distended with swallowing. Its internal surface is lined with a membrane, 
which incessantly secretes a quantity of the mucous fluid spoken of in sec- 
tions 20 and 21, hereby defending its coats from the action of the air in pass- 
ing to and from the lungs. But this secretion being exhausted, sometimes by 
the very great exertions of the animal, he then coughs so as to shake his en- 
tire frame, as if to incite the membrane to make fresh secretions of fluid for its 
defence; or, in default thereof, the cold air still rushing in at each inspiration, 
he contracts a permanent cold, or catarrh, which, if suffered to continue, in- 
creases and runs along the membrane to the lower branches of the pipe, and 
ultimately communicates its baleful influence to one or both lobes of the lungs. 
If the attack be trivial, small green spots are found on the surface of the lungs, 
which afterwards form ulcers, increasing in size and number, according to the 
number of small tubes or cells that may be affected. These tubes lose their 
functions in consequence of the first attack, the animal's wind becomes worse 
every time he is hard pushed, and the cells burst into each other, until, per- 
haps, one lobe or half of his lungs is rendered useless. In process of time, it 
turns black as one's hat, infects the other lobe, and mortification ensues, 
which is rather accelerated by the cordials with which the poor creature is 
usually punished, and it dies. 

But when it so happens, that too much of the fluid is secreted in the wind- 
pipe, the animal snorts or coughs it off by a sudden natural effort; wherein, 
the midriff being made to press forcibly upon the lungs, by the sudden con • 
traction of the muscles of the lower ribs, out flies the wind through the nos- 
trils, carrying with it whatever may have adhered by the way. Whenever 
this is the case, the membrane that lines the nose inside becomes irritated, and 
fresh accession of its own secretion, thickened a little, is the consequence; in 
flammation of the part, ulcers, and a running of foul matter ensue — and this, 
if the blood be not in a good state, soon becomes that obstinate malady — the 
glanders. 

An instructive experiment may be made upon the pluck of a sheep — the 
relative situation and functions of these parts in all quadrupeds being the 
same, except that the sheep's lights, compared to those of the horse are not 
so long in proportion to their thickness. Take a pair of bellows, and having 
introduced the nozzle tolerably well into the windpipe, tie it round with a cob- 
bler's end ; then, blowing hard with one hand, while the other is employed in 
squeezing the pipe, to prevent the escape of the air back into the bellows, you 
may form an accurate notion of the effect of inspiration. The lights or lungs 
at first give out the whole of the air which has been driven in, and may be in- 
flated to an enormous size; but, if much force is used, the cells burst into each 
other, some appearing on the surface thin and transparent, and refuse to give 
back their wind ; this forms " broken wind" of one description, and is that 
wherein the expirations are slower than the inspirations — the pleura being 
then affected in its thickest part, and the midriff also Out of the first part 
of this experiment may, likewise, be derived a more accurate knowledge of 
what is termed " second wind," among sportsmen : when the animal (or man") 
5 



o4 MIDRIFf PALPITATION. INFLAMED LUNG* 

has made groat exertions, so as to fill all the cells of his lungs to their utmost, 
and then relaxes from the labour, he finds himself renovated, the cells being 
rendered more capable of distention a7id expulsion, when each inspiration and 
expiration also occupies more time and less labour. 

Sporting men, who are fond of our bear-baitings, Pecora-fights, and mon- 
key scratches, may daily witness a practical natural illustration of the same 
doctrine, in the conduct of the bear towards his antagonist. Seizing the de.g 
between his paws, he squeezes him up till he gasps for breath, when Bruin, 
being muzzled, rams his nose tight into the dog's mouth, and, blowing with 
all his might, you may hear the wind whizzing : the dog swells all over, by 
reason of the air entering the cellular membrane, and he dies unless timely 
pulled off. A dog which has " had a hurt" of this sort seldom regains his 
proper wind ; he must be "a good one" to face, the bear again, "as long as 
he crawls." Such is the polished language at those elegant places of town 
amusements. 

35. The midrift has been already mentioned (ss. 25 and 31). It is term- 
ed diaphragm by the learned in hard words ; and we have seen how materially 
it is engaged in the business of respiration. But for the action of this drum 
head-like membrane, neither the lungs on one side of it, nor the stomach, 
bowels, and liver on the other, would obtain their full degree of motion, which 
is thus kept in tune, as it were, by those organs acting alternately upon each 
other ; the action of the heart, too, is in unison with that motion ; but when 
through agitation (occasioned by great exercise, affright, &c.) it does not 
keep time, the temporary disorder, termed palpitation, is the consequence. 
We may infer that, when the lungs have discharged their contents, the lower 
or thinnest end of that organ, falling upon the muscular border of the midriff, 
is by it repulsed and excited to action. Any man can feel, when he has ex- 
pired all his wind, a kind of throbbing internally, lower down than the heart, 
until he inspires a fresh portion of air. When the lungs are in such a state 
of supineness, those of the horse are about three or four inches thick at the 
conjunction with the windpipe, and ten to thirteen inches from thence to each 
extremity, according to the size of the subject; but, when fully inflated with 
air they together fill up the whole cavity of the chest, obstructing in a trivial 
degree the vibration of the heart: then do they reach to the enormous differ- 
ence of twelve or thirteen inches in thickness, and somewhat more in length. 
At least such were the dimensions of this organ in a horse which was opened 
by me in May, 1820: he was of the cart-horse breed, under sixteen hands, and 
healthy in other respects than having been blown by eating too much corn ; 
whereby nature was compelled to leave the lungs quite full at the moment of 
his death. The same subject is alluded to in the 2Gth sect, where 1 intended 
to illustrate the formation and functions of the cellular membrane. 

"No part of the animal has been formed in vain," as 1 before observed 
(s. 23) : quadrupeds and bipeds both press the earth which gave them birth 
and which affords them the means of prolonging life ; accordingly this order 
of beings is furnished with a midriff, but fishes and insects, having no such 
occasion for this organ, are without it : neither have birds a midriff; but Mr 
John Hunter was of opinion, that, the want of it is supplied by the hollowness 
of the bones, which not only increase their buoyancy, but the air contained io 
them re-acts upon the lungs in the same manner as a midriff would do. 

36 In health, as in disease, the midriff is liable to be affected by its neigh-' 
hours, both before and behind it, the stomach often communicating its state 
of feeling to the lungs through the midriff; for it is by this medium that me 
dicines impart their beneficial effects upon the lungs, as may be experienced 
upon our swallowing cold water at a time when our lungs are heated — 
'hr relative situation of those organs being much alike in man and in thp 



NAUSEOUS EFFLUVIA. SIGNS OP DISEASE. APPEARANCE. 35 

norse. Immediately hereupon, a sensible difference takes place in the num- 
ber of respirations, and the quality thereof is also changed from a hot to a 
cooler temperature ; well be it, if the suddenness of the check do not occasior 
inflammation of the lungs: again, whoever swallows spirituous liquors feels an 
immediate disposition of the lungs to repel the heated air of the cells which lie 
contiguous \.j the midriff; the first breath which escapes the mouth being 
less heated than that which follows and finishes the expiration, and imparts a 
sensation wholly different from the vulgar belchings of an overcharged sto- 
mach. These come up by way of the gullet, and carry forth a nauseous effluvia; 
whereas air from the lungs is ever sweet, unless this organ be already in an 
advanced state of decay. This state of the case leads me to make one practical 
observation, which shall not be set down, as more curious than useful ; out 
of seventeen subjects, which successively fell to my lot. to examine as to the 
immediate cause of death, only two, tolerably sound at the lungs, presented 
themselves; which I take to be the fair proportion of sound horses, as respects 
the lungs of all that live or die. All those cases occurred from February to 
May, a season when such an affection might not be considered most prevalent. 
Hence, (my reader may smile!) I conclude from all that has been said, that a 
tolerably good guess at the state of a horse's lungs may be formed, by smelling 
at his breath after a canter, in like manner as our Smithfield dealers smell the 
animal's nostrils in order to detect the glanders. 

From what has been said, it follows, that a diseased stomach may be pro- 
duced by diseased lungs and vice versa, and that the midriff suffers in either 
case: then does the midriff become livid, purplish and inflamed, with dark- 
coloured stripes, as if thickened at such places, the muscular border thereof as- 
suming a putrid appearance, and sending forth a villanous stench. When 
this is the case, or any other ailment prevents the midriff from performing its 
proper function of inhaling and expelling the air from the lungs, that species 
of "broken wind" takes place which i3 known by the sort of breathing where- 
in the expirations are quicker than the inspirations; being thus contradistin- 
guished from that other species of broken wind, which is occasioned by rupture 
of the air cells. A paralysis of the midriff, or the adhesion of the stomach to 
its lower side, is equally obstructive of its reaction upon the lungs: and I 
have this day (May, 1820), cut away an adhesion of this sort as wide as the 
palm of a man's hand. 

Unfortunately for the horse which is affected, either in the midriff, the 
lungs, in the pleura, or covering thereof, his doctors heal the whole series in 
the same manner, not unfrequently including in their uniformly mistaken 
practice, the affections of the stomach, liver, panereas, &c. In all, the inflam- 
matory symptoms are predominant, and a cooling regimen presses itself upon 
pur notice as more proper than the best of medicines, although having the same 
tendency ; whereas, the direct contrary is the practice mostly followed, and 
heating medicines, under the fascinating name of cordials, made of spices, ale, 
wine, &c. are administered daily. Or, at most, if a sedative or opiate, by 
chance, finds its way (properly enough) into the animal's stomach, this organ 
is thereby only rendered more susceptible of the heating mixtures which are 
again had recourse to immediately thereafter. 

The organs op respiration are liable to seven or eight several kinds of 
disease, mostly originating in the horse's having caught cold; they are do- 
nominated according to the particular place where he may be affected, and in 
one respect, according to the degree of attack. A cold (simply) or catarrh, 
produces that affection which denominates the patient " a roarer." Chronic 
cough brings on " broken wind," of which there are two sorts; and consump- 
tion usually follows the long continuance of either. When either h*s con 



3G DISEASES OF THE LUNGS. CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD. 

tmued awhile, and reduced the animal's strength, he is said to b* in a ron 
sumption; "worn out" is also a common phrase, as is "rotten;" " debilitaleo, ' 
and "done for," stand a little higher in gentility ; but all mean, that there is 
small chance of his recovery. 

Pulmonary consumption is the only kind which may be attributed to con- 
stitutional defect ; i. e. heated blood, with viscidity, causing over-much action 
of the parts (see section 32), when the pulse becomes powerful and quickened, 
and the horse seems anxious and fearful. Should it subside by judicious treat- 
ment, or the natural strength of the horse, he commonly retains so much of its 
effects, as to cause great danger whenever he may catch cold, or be worked 
too hard. This attack is too frequently neglected, or put off with the remark, 
"only a little touched in the wind," unless by the addition of a cold, the dis- 
order comes on rapidly, when it is termed "inflammation of the lungs," and 
the animal goes off in four or live days, if he be not promptly relieved. On 
dissection, the parts are found spotted with a livid colour, and evident gan- 
grene; every variation indeed, is equally appalling to humanity, and I havo 
often wondered how the horse could have lived an hour under such horrid 
circumstances. 

A cold, simply, or catarrh, commences by inflammation of the lining of the 
windpipe, which may bo confined to some given part of it, or extends itself 
generally from the nostrils to the lungs both inclusive, much resembling " a 
cold" in man ; in either case, much matter is secreted, and thrown off by 
snorting: when the attack is confined to the upper part of the pipe, and lasts 
some time, the horse becomes a confirmed roarer, his groan bearing great re- 
semblance to the roar of some wild animals, and he is equally incurable. 

Chronic cough is that obstinate cough which remains and plagues the horse 
long after vain attempts at curing his cold ought to have taught his tormentors 
the inutility of their endeavours and the dishonesty of their prescriptions. 
Broken wind is of two sorts; the first is caused by the rupture of the air cells 
of the lungs by over exertion, in which the expiration being slower than the 
inspiration, he is, aptly enough, said to be "broken winded;" the second kind 
of broken wind is known by a breathing the direct contrary, and is occasioned 
by the cold having settled upon the perforations of the branches, and enlarged 
them, so that the air escapes too readily. Thick wind, on the other hand, arises 
from the secretion of the pipe getting into the cells of the lungs, and affecting 
the orifices or perforations by thickening them, so that the air passes through 
with difficulty. Similar symptoms attend inflammation of the pleura (section 
15), particularly when it reaches to the mediastinum, or double part; as they 
do when the muscular border of the midriff is affected. But these, though 
perhaps considered two different diseases at the commencement, in the horse, 
very shortly become one common affection, more or less, of all the organs of 
respiration; inflammation predominates over the whole series; and if the per- 
formance of his duties does not render them fatal, an injudicious treatment will 
fix upon him an incurable disorder, until the knife terminates his usefulness. 

Lafosse, junior, observes, that " flat-chested horses, are almost always subject 
to consumption, whilst (again') consumption narrows the capacity of the chest, 
and re-produces itself — there is no remedy for misconstruction." He further 
says, " Short wind is either produced by disorders of the chest, or it is a fault 
of construction, and both are irremediable. Such a horse is generally of less 
use than one that is thick-winded." 

37. The circulation or the blood is carried on through all parts of the 
body, to which it affords the means of life and health ; or, being ill performed, 
is the fruitful source of linsjering, obstinate and incurable diseases, some 
whereof almost baffle our skill and care; and, while they induce us to admit 
that the, practice of veterinary physic never will reach perfection, inspire the 



ACTION OF THE HEART. J7 

h-»pc that, by patient investigation, we may at least find out the means of alle- 
viating their evil tendency. These considerations should excite particular 
attention to the subject in hand, being that to which all other functions are 
but subservient or conducive; respiration and digestion being more closely 
connected with it than any other, and requiring a corresponding degree of at- 
tention. The heart, jointly with the lungs, occupies the cavity of the chest, 
rather inclining towards the left side, against which its point may be felt bea* 
ing, whenever the animal is agitated by exercise, or internally affected by in- 
flammatory complaints. Its figure is too well known to render description 
necessary : in size it approaches that of an ox, and, like it, is enclosed in a 
membraneous sac, but very thin, not unlike a tight purse. Another sac, 
called the heart-bag, less tight, surrounds the former, but is never so large, 
nor encumbered with fit like that of the bullock. On opening this sac there 
issues forth a fluid which turns to water, if it were not so already; in the ox 
it is confessedly water, and rather more in quantity than in the horse; — the 
reason for which difference I will show presently. So great is the stimulus 
of this organ, that its contractile power often exists long after the animal is 
dead, and the arteries cease to flow: a phenomenon that occurs when the 
horse is killed in full health, by an accident, or otherwise, while in full pos- 
session of its functions. In animals of much mettle or courage the heart at- 
tains to a great size, that of the famous horse Eclipse weighing 181bs. In 
some horses, the vessels that nourish this muscular organ lie exposed on the 
surface ; with others, they lie wholly concealed ; a fact from which I have yet 
found no opportunity of making any sure deduction, but apprehend it may 
arise from the breed, and conclude it must have considerable effects on his 
disposition. 

As the heart is the principal organ employed in converting into blood what 
is drawn from the finer particles of food sent into the system for that purpose, 
as well as in renovating that which has been exhausted of its vital prin- 
ciple in the circulation, it may well be supposed full of small blood- 
vessels. Four large ones meet at its thick end, and suspend it, by being at- 
tached to the bones of the back and ribs: two of them, bringing the dark vi- 
tiated blood from the extremities of the fore-part and of the hind-part, are 
veins; the other two large vessels are arteries, which, receiving the blood from 
the heart, just now refined by the process of nature, convey it with rapid con- 
tractions to every part of the system, there to give fresh vigour, and to impart 
health to the whole. These contractions constitute the pulsation, or pulse ; 
a criterion of health as of disease, which we investigate with primal anxiety, 
*s from it may be deduced the best prognostic of the state of disease, espe- 
cially of inflammatory ones, to which this noble animal is more than any other 
subject, from eauses to be explained hereafter. 

38, Two large chambers (as I call them') and two small ones, each of the 
latter appended to one of the former, mainly contribute to the process of cir- 
culation ; these, by their co-action, aid the contractile power of the heart, com- 
pelling the contents of the larger chambers to issue with much force into the 
arteries. But, before the blood can be thus again fit for circulation, nature 
has provided the means of rendering it so, by the action and re-action of 
these four chambers (or cavities) in the heart, contributing to refine it for 
that purpose; one large chamber, with its small one, being placed on the right 
side of the heart, and the like pair on the left side thereof. The blood from 
the veins flowing into the small chamber on the right side, irritates its inner 
coats, and they each contract upon its contents with nearly as mueh strength 
and quickness as we can open and shut the hand ; — but certainly not so much 
open, although there is a flap on the entrance of each small chamber, which 
thrv liken to "a dog's ear," and call by the Greek word auricle, that being 
5* 



38 RE-CONVERSION OF VENOUS BLOOD. 

an ear. At each of those closings or contractions, the blood is forced out of 
the small chamber into its large chamber on the same (right) side, through a 
small door-way, or valve, which opens only inwards, the door being too large 
for the door-way. By the way, these valves are very numerous in the animal 
system, principally as regards the circulation of blood in the veins ; and the 
reader will do well to recollect, when I speak of valves in future, the illustra- 
tion just given by comparing the same to a door-way, which bears a near re- 
semblance to the valve. In the performance of this office, the heart may be 
said to have three several motions belonging to it: 1st, a quick one, by the 
contractions of the smaller chambers upon their contents: 2d, the contractions 
of each large chamber upon its contents, being just half the number of throbs 
made by the first mentioned : and, 3d, the vibration or tremor of the whole 
heart in consequence of all those motions. 

Well, on the right side still, the large chamber being filled with venous 
blood through the valve, or door- way, from the small one, becomes in like man- 
ner irritated so as to contract upon its contents, and to drive it out somewhere 
or other. Back to the small chamber it can not possibly go ; the valve does not 
open the way, as I have just now said ; and therefore it issues with much more 
force through another valve into a short artery, which soon opens into two, 
like the letter Y, the heart being supposed at the bottom of the letter. Up 
rushes the blood to the top of the two branches — where it meets with — Whatl 
What do you think it meets with, gentle reader? 

Here, however, let him stop a little, and consider awhile ; for, upon his right- 
ly understanding what now becomes of the blood (thick, dark, and unservice- 
able as it is), and how, in a trice, it becomes healthy, of a bright scarlet colour, 
and invigorating, mainly depends his being able to comprehend, by-and-by, 
what 1 shall have to offer concerning the diseases to which a vitiated or cor- 
rupt state of the blood gives rise. He will not, otherwise, make out sufficient- 
ly clear in what manner the blood of an animal can contract and retain that 
morbid state which shall predispose it towards acquiring a constitutional dis- 
ease that, however differently named according to the parts whereon it may 
fix, has but this one common origin for the entire series. To this page, then, 
I shall frequently refer him when speaking to these points more in detail, here- 
after; and he had best, also, keep the book open at this place, whenever he 
may be endeavouring to comprehend what the learned veterinarians of the 
present day are striving to say respecting "the circulation," as they quaintly 
term it. Another of them, speaking upon the topic I have just brought to a 
conclusion, says, " The heart is divided into two cavities, termed ventricles, 
each having an auricle, resembling a dog's ear. The blood-vessels proceed 
from these [those] cavities, the arteries from the ventricles, the veins from the 
auricles, &c." All which is very true, but not very intelligible to the gene- 
rality of readers; and yet is the author, who thus speaks, (Mr. White, in vol. 
i. p. 63) said to be the plainest spoken among the moderns ; indeed, were he 
any thing else than a good one, I should not have deemed him worthy of this 
rebuke. 

39. The Blood, as I have said, rushes out of the large chamber on the right 
side of the heart into an artery that soon divides into two branches; wheTeof 
one enters each lobe of the lungs, and there disperses, through certain cells, 
the blood with which it is constantly supplied. Here lies the the secret! At 
this point it is, that health or disease (at least a predisposition to one or the 
other) is imbibed and engendered in the blood. The lungs having receivea 
the thick discoloured blood from the right side of the heart, and being the re- 
ceptacles of the air we all breathe, do, by means of that air, bestow upon th» 
blood afresh the principles of life, and health, and vigour. The cells, or tubes, 
thmgh which the blood passes in the lungs, termed pulmonary, are eight in 



EFFECTS OF AIR ON THE BLOOD. 39 

number, being double the quantity given to man, and show, from that circum- 
stance, the immense circulation of which they are the agents. A cruel and 
almost incurable malady, that attends most horses at this part of the organs 
of respiration, with many and variable symptoms, was alluded to higher up, 
at sect. 3b; and is what we term from those vessels, pulmonary consumption. 
But then, it is clear, that the air which is so brought to effect those beneficial 
changes upon the blood in the lungs, must be fit for the purpose : — that is fo 
say, it should be vital or atmospheric air, uncontaminated by any noxious 
stench (as the ammoniacal smell of the stable, or the stench and smoke of 
cities); no poisonous vapours (as burning brimstone, the gaseous fluid, smelt- 
ing of minerals*), nor infectious effluvia (as of cesspools or stagnant waters, 
producing fevers, glanders, &c.) can give to the animal's blood that healthy 
vigour which was designed for his well-being; but, on the contrary, every de- 
parture from purity, in the air he breathes, must be an approach towards dis- 
easet. Yet, how constantly is this simplest law of nature transgressed ! And 
what, in such a state of things, can be expected, but that the blood will assimi- 
late in character with the kind of air the creature is compelled to inhale?* 
Accordingly, we find in the domesticated horse, that previous disposition tc 
certain diseases which we endeavour to meet by correctives and repellants, 
but which by better treatment might have been prevented. Of these evils, 
abscess, or ulcer, is the most prolific, showing itself now on the head, at others on 
the heels, under the varied denominations of poll-evil, quittor, fistula, <fec. ; 
but more frequently attacking, and making the greatest ravages on the in- 
ternal organs, where it is generally mistaken for the worms, and erroneously 
treated with hot and burning remedies, when evidently a direct contrary prac- 
tice would best assist nature in casting olf the evil.§ Ulcer upon the lungs, 
as it produces a staring coat, is too frequently mistaken for worms, and if the 
animal be not physicked and cordialled too much, a partial cure sometimes 
takes place, though in what way it is carried off is most inscrutable ; but, upon 
opening the dead subject, 1 have often noticed spots which had been corroded 
and gangrenous, where the cure had been effected in this spontaneous manner. 
As for ulcers upon the liver, also arising from the viscidity of the blood, if 

* Scarcely any truth is easier proved than this : Horses that are constantly kept in close 
•rtables, in large numbers together, very soon become unserviceable, by the constitution throw- 
ing off some evil or other upon the surface ; as one proof whereof, those which are occasionally 
placed in the under-ground stables, at the Swan with Two Necks, Lad-lane, show evident 
signs of distress which subside upon being brought into the air. I hear from good authority, 
tiiat at New Orleans, in North America, where the atmosphere "exhibits a blue misty appear- 
ance," nothing is more common than a disease which affects the knee, hock or pastern joint, 
with abscess, or near those parts with cancer, and the limb actually rots oft". The like kind of 
attacks were found formerly most common in Cornwall and in Wales, and are attributed by 
all to the arsenical vapour of the copper mines being inhaled : they are, however, much less 
frequent at the present day, owing to the higher state of cultivation to which the land has been 
brought, and to the change of situation horses now enjoy. The free use of sweet oil is a good 
preventive of this poison in human as well as in cattle medicine. 

t This is not the place for a finished dissertation on the communication of the glanders ; but 
1 must observe, in illustration of the text, that horses which have eaten glanderous matters 
without receiving the infection, no sooner smell it than they become diseased. 

X In cases of much sorrow or grief, our respiration is much increased ; and the presentimenf 
of death awaiting them, occasions all animals to take harmful substances into the lungs. Pirn 
oxen, and even sheep, show signs of uneasiness, horror, or madness, at the effluvia of blood ol 
their own kind : ana I have found in each kind of animal, upon slitting the trachea as far as tha 
bronchia, dust, dirt, or other rubbish, which they had snorted up in the last paroxysms of 
despair. 

§ Four ounces of spirits of turpentine have been given with partial success: but such a cVse 
must go near to destroy not only worms, but the horse into the bargain, whilst it is not very 
ilear to me that the small worms we sometimes meet with are hurtful to the animal, but ara 
designed to act as a stimulus to the intestines : and, if the doctor mistakes for wonnssome mora 
fcyious disorder, the horse dies of this monstrous medicine, as sure as fate. 



40 THE HEART; ITS SHAPE— PULSATION. 

they take place near its thin extremity, the common natural process is, that the 
part of the liver attaches itself to the gut, and the offensive matter will then 
slough off into the intestine, and come away by stool: a partial cure is the 
consequence : not produced by medicine acting upon the part, as is very clear, 
out by a common natural effort, aided by a more vigorous and healthy state 
of the blood than when the disease was engendered. To assist the circula- 
tion in regaining this state is clearly the duty of the medical attendant, and is 
the only manner in which he can be of any service to the animal in restoring 
it to heall h. 

40. In che lungs, then, does the blood receive from the air its invigorating 
principle, and no sooner does this take place, than it drops into another shor 
blood-vessel (a vein), and, by it, is conveyed again to the heart : not the same 
small chamber on the right side, of course, but to a similar one on the left 
side. Here the contractions go on as before mentioned, only that the blood 
differs in quality; this being now properly fitted to promote the purposes of 
life, and for imparting the vital principle, occasions the heart to assume that 
twisted shape we see in some animals, while in others whose bodily exertions 
and arterial functions are less laboured than those of the horse (the sheep's for 
example) it is more round : and, indeed, the heart of this last mentioned ani- 
mal is, from this circumstance, usually termed, in the London district, a "round 
heart." Out of the small chamber on the left side is the blood driven through 
a valve, as before, into the large chamber of the same side ; which in its turn 
contracts, with much force, upon its contents, expelling the same into the great 
artery. This periodical rushing of the blood into the arteries, imparts to these 
vessels a motion we term pulsation, whereby the blood is propelled forwards, 
to the remotest parts of the body. Lessening in size, and increasing in num- 
ber, the branch-arteries, which receive this blood, become more sensitive as 
they are farther removed from the heart, and afford us, at certain places, the 
means of ascertaining by the touch the degree of heat at which may at any 
time, be the state of the animal's blood ; the contractions of the heart being 
regulated, in quickness anil force, by the degree of stimulation the heat of the 
blood may occasion it. This is termed the irritability of the heart, and the 
medical test of which I speak, is called " feeling his pulse." Even in the tail 
may this contractile power of the arteries, and its effects, be seen to advan- 
tage ; when a colt is being docked, the blood squirts forth with frequent gushes, 
answering in a tolerable accurate manner to the state of his pulse, although 
the artery at that remote part is very small. But the blood that is so changed 
in the lungs, as 1 have just said, is still found to contain certain parti- 
cles or properties, which would render it unfit for the purposes to which it is 
to be applied, or those particles are required to effect certain purposes else- 
where in the system. Accordingly, the major part passes into the liver, there 
to be refined of its bitterness ; whilst a portion is attracted to the kidneys, 
where it leaves its saline qualities, that pass off by staling, as the former is 
voided by dunging. See " Liver," farther onwards. 

41. These purposes, however, are not always effected alike regularly, from 
several causes. Frequently, the blood comes to those organs in a stale too 
vitiated for their utmost activity to cleanse; sometimes a diseased state of the 
blood, at others, languor of the parts, indispose them to the performance of 
their functions, and the blood is suffered to circulate, filled with humours that 
war with the constitution, and form what is termed " constitutional disease," 
or predispose him to receive disorders of varied malignity, according to cir- 
cumstances. 1 shall come to advert to this point when, shortly, the liver and 
kidneys claim our attention; but, the chief'est cause of disorders incident to 
the animal by reason of defective liver, is the great exertions he is put to, and 
»Jie consequent rapidity of thecheulation, whereby the blood is propelled ♦.hrougb 



CONSTRUCTION OF ARTERIES AND VEINS. 41 

it with tremendous velocity: it then acquires inflammation, and becomes ul 
cerated (see sect. 39"); a disposition which must be increased whenever the 
blood has been formed imperfectly, either as regards the lungs or the lacteala 
So much is this the case, that the blood drawn from a very aged patient of 
mine lately, that was incapable of grinding his corn properly, showed evident 
proofs that particles of ill-digested food had entered into the circulation, and 
is an answer to those writers who aver that the lacteals reject the bile and 
suck up only the fine parts of the chyle ; whereas, all inquiring persons must 
know, that they take up the lighter parts of all substances whatever that pass 
through the intestines. If this were not so, how is it that the slow poisons 
just spoken of enter the blood ? or how would it come to pass that so much 
good is performed by alterative medicines, that, in like manner, insensibly in- 
troduce themselves into the blood, and produce invisibly those permanently good 
effects we so much admire'] The opposition of a few is no obstacle to this 
commendation of an obscure but safe and certain class of medicines, — to say 
nothing of an alterative regimen, which is more safe still, and certainly more 
natural, though slower and less positive in its effects than active medicine. 
How much longer is the horse to be treated with nothing else but violence! 

42. Blood-vessels, or tubes, I have already observed, pervade every part 
of the body, and are of two kinds, whose office is directly the reverse of each 
other. Arteries, it will be recollected, convey the vital fluid to all parts of the 
body, and the construction of these, it may easily be conceived, from what has 
been said, is simply that of a tube with great contractile powers : they are 
large near the heart, but soon branch out of a lesser size, until, entering the 
smaller organization of the solids, they become very minute, infinitely nume- 
rous, and more sensitive, thus affording the means of renovation, or growing 
to the flesh, bones, skin, hair, hoofs, &c. The large artery communicates with 
minor branches, soon after leaving the heart, by two rows of openings, like 
perforations, in its lower sides, at two or three inches asunder. Some one has 
likened the arrangement of these vessels to the stem, branches, and twigs of 
a currant-bush, and so might the veins that run nearly parallel to the ar- 
teries, through every part of the animal, but are so constructed and arranged, 
as to take up and reconvey the blood (which the arteries constantly deposit) 
back again to the heart; and the similarity will still further hold good, if wo 
extend it to the leaves of the bush, and compare these to the glands (see Sec- 
tians 27, 28), in every one of which an artery terminates, and deposits its nu- 
tritious contents, and where every small vein begins the absorption of what 
the artery has so left behind. This absorption, when obstructed, lax, or other- 
wise imperfect on the surface, may be restored by stimulating the parts with 
spirits ; when it is too high, and labouring greatly in consequence of the vis- 
cidity of the blood, local inflammation is engendered, and one or other of those 
diseases I shall hereafter treat under " abscess," is the consequence of this 
constitutional derangement. Blood that is thick, heavy, or viscid— call it 
which we like — causes heat, which being general, is fever ; the rapidity of the 
circulation increases violently, and the blood becomes more fluid than when 
the animal was in good health. Arteries may be distinguished from veins 
in the dead subject, by the property they possess, of retaining their tubular 
shape after the blood is discharged ; whereas, the veins collapse, when empty. 

43. If the arteries are plain tubes, lying for the most part concealed, the 
veins, on the contrary, are more frequently found exposed to the sight under 
the skin, next to the muscle. But, more delicate and more numerous, the 
veins perform their part of the circulation by a totally different means than i« 
found in the propulsion and contraction of the arteries. One of the means 
o( effecting this purpose is by the obvious and simple movement of the body 
and limbs, as well as by the act of breathing, whereby the blood is pressed -orii 



42 EFFECTS OF RESPIRATION AND EXERCISE ON THE BLOOD. 

of some one part or other of the veins into the adjacent part ; but these vessels 
being furnished with innumerable valves, within an inch, or less, of each 
other, the doors whereof open only towards the heart, the blood must neces- 
sarily force itself out that way, and no other. If we suppose that any given 
portion of the vein is hereby emptied ; what follows from the circumstance, but 
that the next-door valve, which kept back the blood contained in the adjoining 
portion below, while it was pressed upon from above, being thus relieved from 
the pressure, will now open'? Then, in rushes the blood, and the space is 
again filled, but only to be emptied in a similar manner. It is with a view to 
accelerate the circulation through the veins, and to keep the blood warm in 
winter, that mankind betake themselves to forced exercises, as hunting, run- 
ning, or beating the arms athwart the chest, and that beasts with the same 
propensity gambol and frisk about, or rub themselves : both promote the same 
ends, by brea hing short, so as not to cool the lungs too much, or by drawing 
in the same warm air over again, in sheltered situations. 

44. By the process just described, the blood being once admitted into the 
minuter veins, finds its way to the larger ones, which convey it to the heart ; 
near to which, as the quantity becomes great in the large vein, it receives a 
powerful auxiliary in the filling and emptying of the lungs, and the working 
forward and backward of the midriff, as described before. Passing through 
it near the back bone, and, consequently, as its more muscular part, the great 
vein must at every inspiration receive from the midriff considerable aid in 
pouring forth its contents — to say nothing additional of the pump-like action 
of the heart itself. At this part the vein acquires the appearance of a double 
tube, the outside thickened and muscular, the inner one membranous and col- 
lapsed, as if too big for the space in which it is placed. But the curious fact — 
how the blood which had been sent into circulation through the arteries, gets 
into the veins at first, deserves consideration ; as this must be effected labori- 
ously, when the fluidity of the blood is lessened, or else accelerated with fright- 
ful rapidity, whenever it so happens that fever prevails : local inflammation, 
by the same rule, must cause an unusual flow of blood to the part affected ; 
and, as most of the impurities of the system will then be drawn towards it, at 
that place must they leave the occasion of the most direful effects. In proof 
of this doctrine, it happens frequently, that when an animal is attacked with 
inflammatory complaints at two places at once, the greater evil of the two in- 
creases, while the lesser one "runs off," as it is called, or gets cured of itself. 
So, on the contrary, when a diseased horse (glanderous, for example) is well 
fed and well kept, he not unfrequently overcomes his disorder without medi- 
cine, to the great wonder of the unknowing; the solution whereof is, that the 
constant supply of new blood has quite changed the nature of the animal, his 
disease has been "taken up," or absorhed, by the animal system, and ulti- 
mately carried off in the common evacuations. In short, absorption and effu- 
sion are the great internal secrets of animal life ; although we can not say with 
certainty how they are carried on, it is no less a positive law of nature, that 
the veins at their commencement in the glands absorb or suck up, the blood 
that is deposited there by the arteries, and separated by the lymphatics; 
equally well known is it, that effusion takes place, of arterial blood, into much 
larger veins, as well as from one part of the system into another, internally. 
These points are deducible from a multitude of facts and well-known opera- 
tions, some proofs of which the reader will find more in detail in the course 
of this treatise. In some parts, a positive connexion of the capillaries, or 
smallest blood-vessscls, is found to exist ; in such a manner, that the section 
of one or more of these, and the consequent obstruction of the means of 
life to all the parts below it, which some would naturally expect, is hereby 
remedied. 



DIGESTION.— THE STOMACH. 43 

45. The Process of Digestion, whereby the food is prepared to be con- 
verted into blood, is no less curious than "the circulation " itself, is equally 
conducive to the support of life, and being obstructed, is also the harbinger of 
disease. If, on the two other great functions of animal life, depend hisimme 
diate existence, no less does the horse's capabilities, his present health, and 
the engendering of future obstinate, incurable, and often mortal diseases reach 
his vitals by way of his stomach and intestines, that comprise the organs of 
digestion. 

Every die knows that oats and hay are the chief sustenance of the horse in 
a domesticated state, and these, together with one or two other similar produc- 
tions, and water, are given to him for nutriment alone ; it therefore follows, 
that whatever substances are taken into his stomach, which act not to the same 
end, must operate injuriously, even though containing nothing hurtful in them- 
selves : these must obstruct, if they do no more. But. when matters obnoxious 
in their nature, and possessing strong powers and effects, are being adminis- 
tered to the horse, it seems but fair to examine whether sClch things are likely 
to agree with his common nutriment, with the blood that is made from it, or 
with his constitution, his habits, or the tasks he has to perform. Or whether, 
on the other hand, they do not prove destructive of the food itself, of the ves- 
sels that contain it, and of those which draw up its finer particles that are to 
be converted into blood. 

Let him who practises by violent means consider a moment the natural 
structure, formation, and functions of the organs on which his medicines are 
destined to act, and compare their altered state, that has been brought about 
by reason of the treatment the animal has received at his hands. Some pro- 
tection, doubtless, is afforded by nature in the secretion of the fluid so often 
mentioned, which defends the several organs against ordinary injuries ; but 
these are often found insufficient in quantity (notwithstanding the supply 
which may be drawn by effusion from other parts of the body), and the fre- 
quent repetition of the monstrous mixture of the doctor's skil-less art, ulti- 
mately effects its purpose in destroying the tone of the fine vessels just alluded 
to (the lacteals), and then the symptomatic disease of the skin, called hide- 
bound, follows, as a natural consequence. 

46. The Stomach is a bag, or pouch, with two holes in it; the one receiv- 
: ng the end of the gullet, the other opening into the small gut. See it ; plate 
I — L, 26 — 20. It lies behind the midriff, inclining a little to the left, having 
the lungs contiguous on the other side that membrane, and the liver next be- 
hind or under it. This main organ of digestion is but small in the horse, as 
compared to that of any other animal, being so designed to assist his fleetness, 
out which would be impeded by his receiving large quantities of food at a time, 
and points out the reason why he requires to be fed and watered frequently ; 

he larger and more distended the stomach of any animal may be, the morfc 
sluggish and vicious he is. As one proof of this position, I formerly obtained 
the stomach of a man which was larger than that of any other subject I ever 
saw or read of, and its possessor in life had a heavy, slow and sordid manner, 
together with one or two other bad qualities which brought him prematurely 
to his end. 

At the upper orifice of the stomach, a membrane, nearly insensible, coming 
from the gullet, enters it loosely, and spreading along its lower part, lines about 
one half of it, thus defending it from acrimonious or poisonous substances, whilst 
the coat of the other parts thereof consists of striated muscular fibres, very 
sensible and given to contraction, and ruaning transversely to those of the in« 
sensible coat, a circumstance which has ;jiven rise to the fanciful notion, that 
digestion proceeds in the horse's stomach by what is termed "trituration," oi 
pounding; but, upon reference to the figure which illustrates another organ. 



44 INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH— INTESTINES. 

(at section 56), the reader will be able to form a more accurate notion, neai 
enough for his purpose, how the stomach contracts its sensible part upon its 
contents. This sensible coat secretes a juice which, from its strong gastric 
nature, not only digests the food, but would also corrode the stomach itself 
(insensible though it be), were it not supplied with another fluid for its pro- 
tection, in the saliva or spittle that descends the gullet along with the food. 
This saliva is also secreted, in some measure, when the animal may not be 
feeding: but, whenever this supply fails, the gastric juice predominates so 
much as to cause a galling pain in the stomach, and occasion in the animal a 
ravenous desire for tilling it, if not with food, at least with some substance that 
may keep it distended, and perhaps carry off the painful superabundance. 
Horses so circumstanced, when in harness, gnaw the pole or shaft, or bite at 
each other, and soon learn to become crib-biters, gnawing any thing they can 
come near, as well as the manger ; litter, bits of old wall, and dirt, at length, 
are found by them agreeable to their palate. See further at section 49. 

The insensible membrane I spoke of, by its loose folds, forms, at the entrance 
of the stomach, a kind of valve, which prevents regurgitation of the food, like 
that of ruminating animals; and a similar contrivance at its termination in the 
lower or right orifice occasions a short obstruction until the pulp is mixed; 
for, when the stomach is filled, the relative position of the two orifices alters 
in a great degree. From these premises it seems apparent that any substance 
entering an empty stomach does not act upon the sensible part of it, but being 
soon mixed up with the gastric juice, it proceeds into the intestines, there to 
communicate its effects — whatever these may be. Whether nutritive or 
medicinal, poisonous or beneficial, the intestines receive all with but little al- 
teration.* But when it so happens that the food does not pass readily out of 
the stomach, a fermentation commences, and the sensible part thereof being 
then distended, the ill effects ascend the gullet, reach the head, and cause ver- 
tigo, staggers, &c. At times, a specific inflammation takes place, and com- 
municates itself in four or five days to the whole of that surface, taking its 
course downwards or upwards, according to the orifice that may be most af- 
fected; this being all the way down through the intestines, blocking up the 
influx of gall (as described sect. 48), and causing yellowness of the eyes, until 
its appearance at the anus ; or, in the other case, it ascends up to the nostrils, 
making its appearance first about the head, and communicates either way to 
the skin and its coat. 

47. Of the intestines, guts as they are usually called, it is important to keep 
in mind, that, notwithstanding the appearance of great tenacity they assume, 
they are, nevertheless, extremely irritable, being composed of two coats of fine 
muscular fibres that cross each other, the one circularly, the other lengthwise ; 
and having a lining which secretes a fluid for its protection, they admit in their 
intervals an innumerable quantity of absorbent vessels, that are constant!; 
sucking up the finer particles of their contents. This sort of conformation 

* At this place, for the information of those who would practise the veterinary art by com- 

!:arison, it may be useful to observe, that in the human stomach is digestion principally per- 
brmed, in the horse's very little ; in both, the small intestines appear to mix the food with the 
bile and other digestive juices ; but man having no ccecum, or blind gut, like the horse, to re- 
ceive the heavier parts of the food as they escape from the small intestines, his lacteals begin 
higher up than those of the horse, which lie wholly on the large intestines. It fellows that, 
whatever is received into the stomach of man is felt through the system immediately; with the 
horse this does not take place until it has reached the intestines. One other dissimilarity in thn 
mode of digestion is worthy of notice : in man, the work of digestion is nearly finished when 
the bile is mixed with the food — say at an average of twelve hours from its being taken, whilst 
the horse passes his feed into the intestines in about two hours, before it has well assumed an 
homogeneous appearance, which the bile seems to effect for him. With us liqind remains in 
the stomach ; the horse passes water immediately into the cwrum. 



INTESTINES— DISEASES OP. £ft 

renders the intestinal canal obnoxious to repeated strong drastie jfirges, par- 
ticularly aloes of the Barbadoes kind, that heat and irritate the parts by their 
coarseness. Inflammation Is most likely to succeed such irritation, in sum- 
mer-time especially, and the animal is usually destroyed by the pretended n* 
mediesof the farriers; or, l>eing pressed forward in his work during theattacK, 
goes until he drops down and dies. At the fundament may be seen the ear- 
liest indications of this species of over-physicking, in the disgusting protrusion 
of the inner coat whilst expelling the contents thereof; an ordinary effort of 
nature to get rid of what is offensive to it, which, considering the horizontal 

Eosition of the horse, might appear wonderful to us bipeds, but for the well- 
nown double operation of the coats of the intestines. From the top to the 
bottom of the canal a spiral motion is kept up by the alternate contraction of 
the two coats thereof, the one in circumference, the other lengthwise, resem- 
bling that of a worm, and appearing as if a corkscrew agitated its inside. Bv 
this means the mass is pressed backwards, and as it increases in quantity and 
becomes less and less clearable, the offended nerves excite the guts to renew- 
ed efforts for its expulsion, in which the lower part of the belly, with its cover 
ing, from the ccecum to the sphincter, concurs with all its powers of contrac- 
tion. Partial retention of the breath, and consequent pressure upon the mid- 
riff, and parts behind it, contribute to lessen the longitude of the intestine at 
every effort. This kind of excitement, if repeated too often, it is plainly to be 
seen, must keep up the irritation of the parts concerned in it, and dispose them 
to contract inflammatory complaints. 

48. In length about thirty yards, the intestinal canal has in it's course two 
or three different offices to perform towards digestion, whereof the smallest 
gut nearest the stomach is for receiving the gall, or bile that has been formed 
in the liver for that purpose. At the termination of that small gut, at the end 
of twenty yards, an immensely large one occurs, called the sac (coecum), or 
blind gut, where the contents are prevented from issuing too soon, by reason 
of the internal coat of the small gut getting into folds, as it were. We may 
as well consider this as another valve ; and that it was provided by the Author 
of Nature to correct the animal's propensity for transgressing his Iaivs against 
repletion, as well as to prevent the contents of the cajcum from returning up- 
wards, when this latter is compressing the large intestines backwards, in the 
act of dunging. But inflammation sometimes, obstructions oftener, produce 
at this place more tedious affections than is generally imagined. When it so 
happens that the stimulus of the bile is insufficient (as in diseased liver), and 
acrimonious particles are left l>ehind, or the half-masticated food inflicts in- 
juries on the very sensible surface of this passage, then the noisome effluvia 
reascends to the stomach ; the bile, too, enters it soon after, by reason of the 
intestines having lost their power of com pression and elongation, when the 
corkscrew motion downwards is changed to an upwards motion, and all be- 
comes disorder in that region. Loss of appetite, fever and dullness, with droop- 
ing as if in pain, and a staring coat, follow each other in succession ; for the 
secretion of bile, which I shall come presently to describe, as affecting the 
skin, is thereby vitiated. These appearances it has been a fashion to considei 
"symptoms of the worms," or of "debility" (another term for low fever); and 
the practice of administering bitter medicines, that are supposed to kill the 
worms, is only successful on account of their restoring the tone of the stomach, 
and by supplying to the intestines a congenial stimulus in the place of bile 
This was the case with Mr. White's statement, in vol. i. p. 170, where he 
says, " I have sometimes succeeded in destroying worms by giving aloes, one 
dram and a half, every morning until purging was produced." That is to say, 
"the horse became well ;" but whether he had any worms to be destroyed if 
mother question ; and then, if a dram and a half would succeed sumetimei, ) 
G 



•houl.f np\vrvh< ht drama, hit favoorit* quantih ^ wiwM 

MOW ino\H.iN\ hava jvisono»l all tho w.'vuk In-. boraa* m.i\ bav* haJ, of 

\> n>"1 kliul I x '.Hit this tll.slo, as \m|| lv |VlOOI\Oil, til 

tnoiv Jaatna ;;\o ,-t woims, Wwukl not ha>o aoto. -'.oialixo .m\ tho 

•tomaoh ami intoslinos, hko small iv|vah\l ikwa, |, hovxoxoi. \x ho am | man 

of mi *n i.Min.l thoaa klntl of attack* accon ,vii 

tkvo . . thai i-- to v>\, \ii\ l\nl«- ona o\»v. wrj much ami 

MOW aii, uo\x n v >nr . tho altaok > i iml changing tiotn 

wmj'ir .'Vluvn.Mi 1 i In- annual max oi n\:»y not haxe 

Knmv :»'.!. -\>,nI \> - Km rood 

J' 1 l*o rrum, or blind 

pit, MHi to I v:» \ »- Nvn plocad at tho tonuinaiion ot tho small intostuios, 111 
. Y.s vv.MiJ.-tuiy .m.m'Mi.mi is sup(s>M\l to lv ootnplototl, much liquid bring 

ii'tinJ tKoiaUt) and aw know thai bare, In i ournar, termed its "anncm i 

*iv t'lvxiuontlv ohnvsttoxl hard Ota t tar*, as oaith, ft tones, ami othot >ll 

little couiuauhlo with the mtl nutrition v as noticed ftl s«vi 16); but 

whether loam 1 ,<tl i>\ s(vs»l remain* la doubt, ami wo *re lert to eon 

t t\:*t it is mora less *on«ibla than lha other inteetine* In tlM it max 
i ot the individual; ami it is placed naar tha 
., -o ot" the lv!U . ho left, nbout tuulw:i\ betareenth* fore and html 

'.e£. Here it is o\)Ws«sl !,', ; i:i!.:i'nii'nl r. . n letx ot eaiises 

IV while dressing hi:n, ollen hits tho he- * ;th tho onrrx COOlb ; tho 

Ma I '.Mivr hx striking hilU hard with 

Ins l;»Mh w hij\ wbilwt ho !'.o!,!s op !u> : I bsvo tusjnontlv 

ttoaoftha uuv>t n.--.. I .<:uv:i torritN hi* "i> i 

-.t>» oN\h. i kuk ot Ins h\>t skillullv plav^xl ,>n this jvut. 

;ho\ kmg raaaonail unaorracttU. I'ho 
Oanaisnionvv ot' :»ll this -. ; t is that t!io caamm* lottf Us tnnotions, 

i baav\ jvutivh-s aiv not oxjvlbxl .ui^ht, hut. i-o 

matninf bahiml, att.ioh I rarth> ivutuUs ot tho tvssl which 

*v jv«ss into • i, ami tho !\i-at ot tha anunai's KsU caiMta 

A inaijintuJo. Si\ )\>uiuls in woigl^ 

s»iul la I! J M nan\ m> notor, an' vju.^t^l as b> iiv> moans un, 

afhaia hunmniti is at so low an 

oal tho i illy nnmnultul ixl'tlwir viutx, as in . I ot I. on 

84V n, or Ury.. 

tion«\ ,o small intostmos and |<i\vov\!iu : ; 

\mt, an.l. In r - 
! mitntvr of riiT ya^ tnnnnjTS by moans ot two lijamaintl 
lliat run alon : -. « 'oii><t)i, ami v\m! it njv Suoli a sliatv. or raihor no- 

\ ■- 

ante of i:> uuisoular ovvits, with 

> '.itistir. xvollastlu us. I>* in^ hoaw. U M 

iumlor jvirt, by .-» strv^nji halttm 
An! imMuhr.uio (oalbxl iiksy;- : . >n ) v\ i n«\l t>» tho Ivv 

v (, im^ up tho 
«mt" li gkvbnUr numuor wo na\ jvivoixo whon 

-» tho intostnn 

ionjj 
vxvvn tho no x'aaaal 

-vv>* vM* tV cecaan Wi« swmfar iha» « ,-4iivt>s, *iv 

V 



KAmmi mm atmrnvM wm n 

■ 
■ 

'.t>\ 
I 

MM tt„iH'f i ■■' (-■;>-•../ r> ",' ' ';',t, *i><\ *» ,■'. t ri ; , -, // , .>-■;.,"/. ., f' • i 

>*i0i tHt*\y thtf tint * 

■ 

MTMMfMff* .<•'.' ■■ . ■• ■ .' .;. ■ .-, /v'v . ..• '/•.".',■'■'• '../•■ 

■ 

■ 

■ 
* wfc* ft* jmmI humour, m 

tmVt* • nWt twrr 

- *t i» «»«r o wn M g wf mim ^mfi 

■ 
into tlws Mvtme U. fff»«fwrr»' 

■ 

■ 

■M .''■.* MM Mirff "'.'." 10*1 ' •' ir/'-f "i'f/' ',*'•-/ ..,.•->.■ ; ' . -.. • y 



*•*<■'' MM M 

r«jM la 



48 bfiUMTUM ORGANS IBS uykr. 

sorption I like the lymphatics) ; too l arg es t whereof king along the n K'sontcry 
v as I takl before), sends out smaller bronchos, niut those again more minute 
ones, to encircle and penetrate the gut; in this thoir mouths do incessantly 
Mick up, o? Absorb. and oonvov to the larger vessels the material tor replenish- 
iii!' the lystera with new blood Passing along the spine, the large tube, tilled 
with this milky tlmJ, at length reaches the fore pert of the animal, and no* 
Quires the name of the taerectc ohscfj bete it mixes with i portion of lymph, 
snd is conveyed immediately by a large vein to the heart. Ascending the 
pulmonary artery, as described in i former ta c t io n (37)> the air entering the 
lungs, changes its colour to ■ Rne healthy scarlet, and at the next pulsation ii 
is driven into the circulation to mingle with the mass, to impart its newlj eo* 
quired properties, and to return Again and sgein, wasting sway, until at 
length it becomes used op and extinct, its place being supplied with other new 
matter In the continued process of digestion, A change i>t" substance tins, 
which is saw! to take place with the whole body of the boras in the c on i es ot 

J \ ear and a halt", or two \ e irs : so that at wo time has he a particle of flesh, 

bone, hair, hoot) or other matter which formed his body two years before, snd 
affording a tit subject tor reflection snd admiration In us, as it invites those 
who have the care ^a providing for his health to take advantage o\ the well 
known circumstance, the more leonrelj to effect those chsnges by gradual 
means which too frequently are attempted bj violence, and fail. Nature will 

not be loi\-i\l, rather seek her MB her recesses, aiul humour her vvavs. Those 

who set differently, generally induce some lasting disorder to appear noon the 

surf.kv, which thev treat as if local; when, alas! these arc seated in the \i>- 
vitals of the animal, sometimes in the most delicate parts of the mesentery. 
Heating, or cordial medicines, as well as those other untoward mixtures*, 
which co rrode, ST htunt, the mouths of the liner lacteals, thereby disuse them 
to receive materials improper for the making ofgood blood] the consequence 
whereof is, that tubercles frequently are found, which till up the cavities of the 

lacteal duct. The matter o( these tu bercl es is usually harolcnetl, and resom- 
bles the y vdk of a hard boiled ojjjj. The disease appears in a staring coat, is 
commonly considered to he the worms, and treated as such, with more heating 
or drastic medicines, which but increase the evil. Other obstructions art) 
thereby formed, aiul if a solitary worm or two arc fouuol on dissection v as fre- 
quently happons\ thev have been generated in the obstructed part, but have 
not caused any disorder. 

Of the mesenteric canal, it may be useful, as well as curious, to remark, 
that l have alwavs found its state of health or disease to correspond with the 
appearance of his coat ; when this is smooth, the former is full and free from 
obstructions; when rough, the contrary. In hide -hound, thiscanal is yellow; 
in foray, ltd, as well as the bowe ls } these appeal bluish, when the horse dies 
in consequence ol being worn out, though at the same time, the tlaceid lac- 
lea's still preserve their healthy white, if no other cause to the contrary pre- 
vails. But, upon such further particulars as are connected with the study of 
digestion, as influencing or influenced by respiration and circulation, l shall 
lake onmnion to say more hereafter; adding thereto a few cursory remarks, 
that wore not absolutely nece ssa ry tor the present illustration o( the animal 
MS) out will be found more in place in the succeeding section. 

The I.ivvk with its sweetbread, the Kidneys, and the Bladder, being liable 
ho certain diseases peculiar to each, IvsiJ.cs the property ot affecting one ano- 
ther readily, as well as being at all times mainly instrumental in maintaining 

mm restoring health lo the other parts of the whole system, now claim one 

undivided attention. I shall, therefore, proceed at once to a brief description 

fef the UBS and fr.nctions o'" each, and accompany the same with I lew geiw 



■illk. UVKK: mmVATVm i'j 

"J mode of Vetting die deer 

■nmenaehf large gtandtslsr body ot 

* iJti»ky n 

- irt tbereo! r<4ing a ew <;«- i kiwi of aa 

"taring the gut near • !»e atotnacb, along 

■'Ah are th ea e fcm e con - ' 

tbe *kirt of which 
attached , 
di « ri<« t are no fan •■« to us, except thai ike* a food deal the 

appearanc- of i»» j . - ar* J thai it i* indml 0W*»4 ' 

HMNKii far tuktheiAx/j 

Um *•-. lit \Sw. 44iwtlnm Htvl i UHtttrtiUlli 

eurati <. : MMjt |a|ea to the midriff! tJUmm 

| jaree mark'vJ K — N as inter 
the iui<:»i MftUr"] ^J 

the left or near aide, but tbe other Mm of right ie of gmtee Uw0k and mete 

wu\t*btu'j\ it touches the 

the diaphragm, which p ru ee ee u|khi it at each inspire t 

I'jftd tAllti f*-A-ll. 

to ' ounterbalao<;e V. md of the k>wer MM 

14 seen at the I the 

K ftjwl Ml M I former pag< m the 

minute gM < i;xt.e:in. mifhoaV I :rt t/.» the 

it dfpptlt 

■ 
gland*, Hid v secretory organ, differ* from the uthtca in one great and signal 
respect : it j>. formed of an aaarmlrtWr of •■ • 

be same a- be smaller gland*. 

Into tne lisei u brought th* bi/*yJ which bee been I butt to 

ite and nourish the whole eretern a portion which the kid 

i itrviec that it i^rfbrmed by mean* of a great Mood-vesae! they 
caJI MM (firla (hat ;/a»*cs eJftMj .t side of the +; v u.<-.. It. tut very 

brj"-, um fJarftji Mm hi health, a »ijr vessel shows bow b us i ly 

' moat be, in separa m so great a quantity of Mood trie 

it haaebu ig passed i .«: mmmmI 

■hihad whatever might these lurk of the often - 

MflVetinus. It prove*, also, that MM/eYeMM irith whidi itmej be attacked, 

mcMt be (rroportionaMy violer. -ogress, and tedioc inasmuch 

ait lioth will depend upon the el <r \i*r;u» may be in, through 

whjeh tii'- Mead fu;>o*.n«i u* fia-.*; y.\»*A. /-. thewei tf^iem, 

'utfianirA I tbe bl/yj«l wbiob tiait WAul\y \tHh*-A throu^f. MVtetha 

: of it* noieomcneen, in tf^ wi fl afiwciM to be 

(lt»\j> : ■ m ih*-. j/ar ■ tl<ft 

i- i.r-)iii<-ij ofl, ftOiJ here m I 
\ra.rtf\ -4 portion of iu ba iti^a. It 

kkvIi' ver moat ,' nesittn <A the circu- 

it* beat aceottv 
p!ifef»e*i by tfie 

J><, tb*r»*e ar<- the inti 

M of mcr<. . Mly lurp' 

i»<;crHi/,ri of t/>y rxju/h bik, l ^UCM inabiiity of tbe vetmfcL 

$• 



50 OF BILE-EXCES3 AND DEFECTIVE ; SYMPTOMS AND CURE. 

to carry it oil* it may easily be foreseen, would be the harbinger of jaundice} 
and its approach may be discerned by the yellowness of the eyes, by the in- 
crease*] number and thinness of the animal's dungings, and the constant emp- 
tiness of its holly, which both feels anil looks loose ami flabby. On the con- 
trary, too little bite, must leave the intestines without the requisite stimulus 
to exnel their content* which, soon Belting dry and hard, a constipation 
usually follows, that defies the remedy by purgatives: nor is the operation of 
backraking with clysters always of effectual service. Whichever extreme af- 
fects the liver, the patient becomes weak: but in case of deficiency, though 
he may l«>ok more brisk for a few days, stretching his hind legs out when un- 
employed, be afterwards becomes feverish, hot under the tongue, sluggish and 
dull in the eyes. Sehirrous liver — a corrosion or rustiness of its fine surface, 
accompanies this d e fi ci en c y of bile, and when it recurs often, the disease be- 
comes permanent; but whether caused by, or causing the same, I am unable 
to ascertain. Ulcerated liver is occasioned by a too great heat in this organ: 
if occurring opon its thin extremity, the disorder cures itself by a natural 
operation, i. e. by adhesion to the gut, and passing otl by stool; but when 
seated higher up, it terminates fatally, by wholly debilitating the system, and 
sooner or later destroys the patient. 

The preparations of mercury, before alluded to, act variously upon the sys- 
tem, according to the node of exhibition the practitioner may adopt: in the 
form of calomel it assists the liver to discharge its functions by lowering its 
tone ; the blue pill (pilul. hi/drarg:) is finely adapted to solve the crudities of 
stomach and bowels in carnivorous animals, but has never been extensively 
tried on the horse. For any disease of the whole system, or "bad habit of 
body," as Richard Lawrence properly calls that predisposed state of it whieh 
ultimately produceth tumours, grease, fistula, farcy — mercury, in all its va- 
rious shapes, is the only specific 

Too great a secretion of the bile, although it pass off, produces a roughish 
meagre coat first about the beHy ; the patient becomes languid, especially after 
being compelled to any great exertion, when ho perspires too readily on the 
carcass, his manner is uneasy, and after a while, partial hide-bound common 
DOS under the chest. Should the bile be of a less acrimonious nature, those 
symptoms are then perceptible lower down (i. e. farther back), and when his 
eyes appear yellowish, it is thou a confirmed jaundice ; but in very bad cases, 
producing death, people vulgarly call it "broken hearted," because commonly 
brought about by bad usage*. 

Inflammation of the liver generally accompanies those appearances; but 
we can not be certain, though it is to be presumed, that inflammation is always 
consequent upon an over-quantity of secretion. After much procrastination, 
medicinal remedies are of little avail when tried on the most extensive scale, 
ulthough no disorder to which the horse is liable is easier of cure, if it be 
taken in time : the patient requires only a treatment directly the reverse of 
that which brought on his ailments, and he gets well, almost of course. 
Regular work, moderate feeding, and tolerable behaviour comprise these na- 
tural remedies: they are usually found efficacious in the earlier stages of the 
disorder, and then only. But those natural remedies being neglected, and al- 
teratives (the assistants of nature) never thought of, languor of the whole 
system prevails sooner or later, and the best of medicines fail to act by reason 
of that languor. The absorbents are then accused of not performing their 

* Snice writing the above, I hare ascertained upon the view, that a horse, rankling under 
tf-.'* effects of maltreatment, absolutely broke the cells of his heart through high-spirited cha- 
grin. The case is described much at "large in the "Annals of Sporting," i'or July U32; a paprt 
which I was induced to draw up at the instance of my friend John Bee, Esq., who was presej> 
*i die death nd the i lisseetion 



FOUL IIAHIT, HOW PRODUCED; HOW COSED. KIDNEYS. 51 

function property] or, if they do ho, then the liver and the kidneys fail in re- 
fining the Mood sufficiently, m that, at its letting to the o ili e m il i fs onee 
more, those particles which rjuj/ht to have been earned off ere there depoeited 

ami form the nidus of thoet external mahidifll that are. mistakenly con s id er ed 

lo<-;il (Keeeeee, end treated a^ Men, instead of co rre cti ng the fool habit of body 

which iw thus plainly indicated. Of the whole series of tumours or almcesfl, 

the only one which people in genera! think of taking op into the 
;ii ; the /natter that proceeds from the pustules that torn grease is so pal- 
pably eompoeed of urea, or the principle of urine, which ought to beta been 

attracted to the kidneys, that every iMxiy who would eure the grease, very 
r>r<»[»«rrly, an if by instinct, administers (hureticf ; and when thin means of 

cure is adopted early, always with a proportionate de g ree of eocceaaj Bat of 
thingi more in tlie following sections. 

W.',. The Kio'.i.v.:, althoagh the seat of only one disorder (inflammation J, 
yet are they so intimately connected with the cure of other diseases, which 
are constitutional, that a right knowledge of their functions can not hut pfove 
highly serviceable in the judicious administration of the universally approved 
method of cure, hy the urinary passage. Oiuretics, or urine belle, an- so con- 
stantly in \\i>: hands of groonM ami others, that I would admonish them thus 
early to reflect ■ little on the con ec uucn c es of going on from day to day in 
Brging these flrn: gfamdl to over-exertion, whereby they ;ire kept in a constant 
of irritation, are rendered incapatofl of acting their part, or literally In- 
come rotten. Tbet are situated, one on each side of th<* spine, dose to the 
last two ribs (see plate G, 11, as in t erse cted hy figures 28 — IJOj, where they 
are attached as well hy the, blood-vessels which belong to them, as hy stout 

cellular membranes which cover them underneath, with this exception the 

kidneys ofboraM seldom have the covering of fat, termed suet, which we find 
In other animals, owing, nodouht, to the very great action of the parts. Mr. 

Richard Lawrence must have been thinking on the ox or sheep's kidneys, 
when he wrote his 389th page, Fot my part, so little of this fat on the kid- 
neys has been noticed hy me, that this book was already at press before I was 
convinced they were ever covered ; and yet I have assisted in ope nin g 
and noting the state of as many horses, I believe, as any man in England 
who ever wrote a line on this subject: in France, I have reason to conclude, 
they are more industrious in Una respect. The left kidney tea doe o to the 
ribs; the ri<jht one farther forward, is loose, and is con n e ct ed with the right 
lobe of the liver; which being much longer than its left lobe, seems to extend 

itself backward fur that purpose. Excitement, nodouht, is the mutual intent 

of this Connexion ; and that deviation from her true system, which nature al- 
lows in the effusion from one part to another, takes place, when either the 
one or the other may be diseased, obstructed, injured, or destroyed. On no 
other grounds can we account how it is brute animals so long survive the total 
destruction of some vital part, as we frequently find.* One consequence of 
this loose situation of the right kidney is, that inflammation generally makes 
its appearance upon it earlier than on the left, a circumstance which is partly 
derived from its proximity to the liver; it also imparts some of its own feel- 
ing to that organ, when inflamed ; two facts these which ought to be well 
kept, in mind, when we wish to excite unusual secretion in either. Jn shape, 
the left kidney approaches the angular more than the right one ; from which 
I infer that, although the functions of the two must l>e so nearly the same, 
; ji aflecti./ns they differ; at least agall or flight blow will affect the left much 
sooner than the right kidney. 

* Latterly, Mr. Travera has given the public the lesultsof many curious experiments zm 
4U* subject. 



rut: HUMini: ofirine 

M The section of a kidney, which should lv performed lengthwise, wit 

•how in the centre its jvIms m which the lube ^or ureter) that carries otlthe 
water to the bladder Mil »'* liw: in this pelvis stone is sometimes formed, 

urten tiiuls its way to the bladder, unless it remains in the ureter, or comes 
:i\\ .i \ entirely.* riie ureters communicate immediately with the bladder, :iiul 

v iter they convey is formed In the outermost red pml of the organ draw 
ing the blo*\l into it, ami through which it is tilt -rod bj the vascular or w httish 
jvirt winch lies next withinsido; here numerous little tube* convoy it to tin- 
centre one, or ureter, that enters the cavity of the pelvis at 11 1, '';v, '5 1, of the 
plate of a skeleton. 

N blood, which has been so filtered of its water, is ahsorlvd by | vein, 
which is plainly visible in the section ot the kidney ; ami the whole function 
shows how rapidly circuitous any medicine must act, which being poured into 
the stomach is fouiui, in so short a space as !«>' or three hours, to have work- 
ed its passage through the bowels into the laoteals, thence through the heart 
and arteries into the kidneys, tilled the bladder, and caused a staling of the 
noxious water, which is to carry. oti* disorders of one sort or other. Here it is 
\ of remark, that the operation ot internal medicines is much more cer- 
tain in the horse, when directed against the absorbing vessels and the kidneys, 
than when intended to act ohiotlv on the stomach ; tor, as hath been observed, 
nis stomach being one half of it insensible to stimulants, we are not certain oi 
producing upon it any effect whatever. In all swellings of the legs, the good 
properties ot diuretic medicines may V discerned alnuvst immediately, by reason 

e connexion w] -.>:s ivtweeu the functions of lymphatics and ot 

the kidneys; so likewise. medicines no sooner excite the lacteals 

to a performance of their function, thin the skin shows evident si^ns ot its 

effects. Hut Ivth means of cute may lv abused, as 1 shall show more 

particularly in the sequel: the first, being administered too often, wears out 

the functions of the kklneys; the second, being carried on too long, at length 

:h to act upon the skin. 

5&. An idea respecting the deposition ot water in the me 

VS out in the twentieth section; and another, as to variation in the pro- 
portions of urnu^ and perspiration in sununor and winter, at the bottom of 
n the tw cut v -»ocond. to which the reader may refer. On this topic a 
toottsh notion having got m to the small quantity of acrid matter con- 

tained m the urine of the horse, induced Pr. Thomsont to submit a portion 

' 1 N\.-.< otita) in lo examine a tana vtasi nta *^ tad baffled the skill of ■ 
fiuriers. He had been Ions declared to have " a complication ; " tlwi is 
niwan. lor he .vvastonally wv >\ uh his anm\ in emu pain : they had the 

■.add not bear the band's passim •hag his hac I 

s ■ | 

pnesc saw aoough the heat aiv 

the part, that it was v aixi as hts pulse was huh. his axtgaa hot atxi drv. I jkv*- 

possd » hfcad him. and to lometa ihe part: the operatkv - /.lively pw* 

when it? owner resolved lo take no turuter trouble, and the horse wass \ raih>u 

lftund his kkinevswen sp Htih: ulcers .u^v.mxi upon lx.\h total 

i <ta nek of ttaMwMu - TV?shwah pras c rr r d hss 

oa the top of the penis a small shapeless s .ill this mischiet'. lay buried uihier 

the cutide; and wouhl. 1 sIkhiKI a^wlieiki. hav*> come away m the cour* ot* a day or two 
ax tik-re is nK*^ niscrutahte. 

' BJinbuijfh. :r. ius Ar.raisvM' Phi'...- ■ \ m this sub- 

ject n is worthv of tvnwrk. that K v . - rears past, the uin doctua 

Ba»» made a sw« B .his Purr* (avaaX >* pr\^v>nkvti i»i' the ivrinonle cJ urine, callmf 

to*ad*B m e. .%r:it^: ujv 

B'. !>■;; - ine km: hette 

taad their practht- (humanj ? aad 1 hat« 

M iwckvjv that the test ot*'the state of the bu«sa*S health may V a0..kd ^^ ttaat other s> mo 
ORE a eruun :he aihner. > ;iv ;asiorbKidet> 




GLANDERS. CONSTRUCTION OF THE BLADDER. 53 

of it to chemical analysis in order I I hat point. "The result was, th?t 

it eontauif an snusually large proportion of that principle, en that iriiliowt hfi 
big eofieentrated by evaporation, it Tid I nitrate of urea. 

readily on the addition of nitric acid/' This bet being thus satisfactory 

certairi'«J. a eeo u n t a for the strong anMnoniaesJ ranenre/etaMMiJMBaneetstlM 

•if the attendant* antj being inha is clearly the 

harbinger of seseral diseases in the horses confined in the/n — glanders among 
the r« 

50. Tuk Bladder, or receptacle for the redundant water of the whole sys- 
M it is se|KiraU-d from the hlood by the kidneys, is situated within the 
hollow of the pelvis, at the ii b of li 1 with 33* \ J A on the plate of a 

skeleton, with its outlet or neck turned towards the place of 
exit, varying a little according to the sex. It consists of three 
eeata or la;, ers, the outer two being muscular, and having 
th»dr fibres crossing each other — 'as may be seen upon split- 
ting a-under a stale bladder;, the letter to enable it to contract 
uj>orj and ex[»el its contents. The inner coat is membrane- 
ous, sensible on distention, and secreting a mucous fluid to 
protect iieelf against the effects of the urine. When, how- 
ever, the bladder hfffffmw full, the secretion is insufficient foi 
its pr o te ctio n, and irritation corn me rices in order to induce the 
muscular mats to concur in the expulsion of the urine. This 
desire must be very BKnt in the horse, for the reason assigned 
at the close of the preceding section, and shows the necessity 
of permitting him to void his urine upon his first intimating an inclination 
thereto. The shape of tome boned bladders differs a goad deal from that of 
others, — particularly ■boot the neck, those of the female being considerably 
wider, and shorter, than those of the male, a circumstance to lie remembered, 
when I come to treat of the disorders incident thereto ; since in inflammation 
of its neck, for example, in one sex we are obliged to have recourse to instru- 
ments, in the other the urine may be discharged by the fingers. But it so 
happens that horses are more liable to the disorder just named than mares. 
My reader will also please to note, that the thin membrane which defends the 
whole intestine against the friction of the surface, (termed peritonaeum,) reaches 
backward to only half way over the bladder ; so that it offers no obstruction to 
our operations upon its neck in cases of disease. 

57. To recur once more to the subject of a preceding section (the 55th)— 
the principle (of urea) that resides in any given quantity of* urine evacuated 
by the horse, it may be here observed, that when the animal, on a journey, 
has been pushed onward, and thus prevented from staling for a considerable 
time, he at length produces it of a deeper colour and less in quantity than 
usual, a change which has been effected by the great heat of his body having 
taken it up again, by the absorption and effusion which nature has provided, 
of aqueous particles from one part of the system to another. The principle^ 
or urea, however, remains in the bladder, and produces one of two evils; either 
the inner or sensible coat becomes inflamed, and loses, after an attack of dia- 
betes, some part of its function of secreting the mucous fluid for its defence, 
if it does not terminate fatally ; or, being less severe, but often repeated, a de- 
le complain. Whatever practitioner should undertake to judge of the horse's diseases by in 
urine, must prepare himself to undergo a good deal of ridicule, and may expect some cal'- 
be would not, however, tie far from the I wants making a proper estimate of U* 

quantit) or violence of •/. so readily ascertain the precise r&crt 

r»f the disorder. The terms ;I nephrin," and " uric add," the oldest arjd the newest forth* 
principle of this evaluation, show the assiduity of which it has ljeen d *tred worthy, in iha« 
practice where it is confessedly of less importance than it is in ours. 



M DISEASES OF THE BLADDER: OPERATION. 

position of earthy particles takes plaee, which is generally converted into stone 
or gravel. 

Palsy of the bladder is induced from frequent repetitions of thus neglect 
ing the calls of nature, as well as from injuries of the spine; in both which 
cases the nerves having lost their sensibility, the coats do not contract suffici- 
ently, and some water is always left behind. In all diseases of the bladder, a 
disposition to fill speedily manifests itself: and in palsy, this is the leading 
symptom. "When this evil takes place, the horse, while staling, seems un- 
willing, or is incapable of discharging the last drops of each voidance ; and, if 
the usual practice of giving diuretics be adopted, the animal is ruined, if he 
does not burst the fundus of the bladder and die immediately : rather, the 
contrary method of discharging, instead of filling the bladder, should besought, 
and the readiest way to efl'ect this is to introduce the hand into the funda- 
ment, which having emptied, the bladder may be felt much distended. In 
this case, we are told, " too much pressure might terminate fatally ; " but by 
smoothing the bladder gently with the tops of the fingers, from its neck for- 
wards, is usually successful. In fact, I never should have thought of its fail- 
ing, but for what is said in one of the books on diseases of horses (White, vol. 
i. p. 121), where we find a good number of pages bestowed upon "suppres- 
sion and retention of urine," which are not diseases in themselves, but the 
effects of disease; the first arising in defective secretion of the kidneys, the 
second in the bladder, or its neck. At all times a good deal of sympathy exists 
between this organ and the kidneys, and the kidneys with the liver; inflam* 
mation of either being soon communicated to all three, in a degree propor- 
tioned to the animal's general state of bodily health previously to the attack. 



CHAPTER III. 

General Observations on the Animal System of the Horse, with Reference 
to the Origin of Constitutional Diseases; Recapitulation and farther 
Development of Veterinary Practice, upon the principles before laid 
down. 

Seeing that a recapitulation of the preceding chapters, and a few general 
observations arising therefrom, would be necessary, before we examine into 
the particular diseases to which they have reference, I shall here add the no- 
tice of such minor parts of the horse, as may seem to have been overlooked; 
and then draw such conclusions from the whole, as to the principles upon 
which veterinary medicine may be most successfully conducted, as appear to 
me best adapted to your acquiring those just notions of the theory as lead to 
favourable results in practice. 

The animal system* (which has been so often mentioned) whereby life is 
continued and strength renewed, diseases are contracted, and the disposition 
to throw them off is constantly manifested, and by which the ordinary wear 
and waste of the various component parts of the body is unceasingly supplied 
with new and healthy matter, has been shown, in the foregoing brief account 
of the separate parts that contribute, by their united actions, to make up this 
system. A system that, although apparently complex and infirm, is, in re* 
alitv, simple, magnificent, and robust. It is we (mankind) who derange the 
ii>: action of those parts, by oui vanity, our wants, and self-will; or, by our 

A system is a course of action, according :o some known rule or law of nature; and Ur» 
An has Iwen applied to some of man's connivances also, not very happily. 



ANIMALS' SYSTEMS DIFFER. LESSER PARTS DESCRIBED. 5ft 

our ignorance, put the whole system out of repair, when we endeavour to 
control nature, instead of humbly following her track, and working after her 
fashion; and every mechanic knows, that a system, or a machine, being once 
put out of order in its minutest part, incurs the danger of complete disorga- 
nization in those that are more material to the performance of its functions a9 
a whole : an observation that applies as well to a watch or steam-engine, as 
to a worm, to man, or the horse; but which, of course, I intend should be ap- 
plied to the last mentioned animal particularly. 

Our Creator, however, as if prescient of the barbarities his image would 
fall into, in the exercise and abuse of the power he gave us over the living 
things of the earth, hath, in his goodness, conferred on brutes the means of 
supplying from one part of the system the losses which accident may occa 
sion in another part : a subject well worthy our patient scrutiny, as furnish 
ing the means of effecting cures in desperate cases, and not to be disregarded 
in first attacks of malignant diseases. 

But "the animal system," as a term, or in fact, may be taken to imply a9 
well that of all animals as particular kind of animals — descending sometimes 
(not improperly) to individuals of those kinds. Some persons, however, de- 
scend still lower, and the term " system" has been sadly misapplied, and ban- 
died about from one thing to another, until it is brought to describe particular 
parts or portions only of the individual's system. The dog kind, the horse 
kind, and mankind, are good and proper distinctions, for the system of animal 
life differ in all three: they are not in every case moved in a similar manner 
by the same class of medicines; whereby we first perceive that their systems 
differ, and we examine the dead subject of either kind (as in the preceding 
chapter), to find out how this takes place, and in what degree, and we regu- 
late our practice conformably to the discoveries so made. The several indi- 
viduals, too, of the same kind, have particularities in their respective systems, 
arising from habit, from country or climate, or from crosses* that demand our 
serious analytical reasoning, in the application of similar remedies, and adapt- 
ing their proportions to the removal of similar symptoms. So, a sensible 
difference is known to exist between the constitution of a cart-horse and a 
blood-horse, between a galloway and a hunter; each requiring accurate dis- 
crimination in ascertaining the state of disease, t and this consideration oudit 
to inspire us with carefulness in applying the remedies, since that which re- 
stores the one might be injurious to the other. Among those four breeds, we 
frequently find individuals variously affected from the same causes according 
to their built, shape, or make (see pages 2, 6, and 18), according to the con- 
stitution and co-adaptation of the dam and sire ; as age may come on, acci- 
dents have taken place, or chiefly as the individual may have been mistreated 
Wy his unworthy master, the sordid farrier, or unfeeling ostler. rf, o all which 
important distinctions in the state of his patient's particularities, 1 beg to call 
the studious reader's most serious attention, while examining his case, in ordei 
to apply the n medy most appropriate to the degree of attack. 

In the two preceding chapters of this treatise, more of the animal mignc 
undoubtedly have been described, or the same subjects considerably enlarged 
upon, and more parade of learning might have been displayed, but the readci 
would not have benefited one jot by that course of proceeding : he might, 
probably, have bewildered himself (as many do) in the mazes which would 
then surround him; whilst the description of those parts of the animal, which 

* The system of the same individual, also, may undergo changes by time ; so that a medi- 
cine may operate differently now from what it formerly did. 

t The surest barometer of health, the pulse, would indicate an approach towards fever In 
one individual, which might be the certain standard of neaiih in another. s*c The Pulses' 
MpacreGO. 



56 DOCKING. FIRING. THE FOOT. THE SKIN. 

contubuti but infeviorly to the system I had in view to illustrate and explain, 
might have led him to look upon these in a light, too important for the func- 
tions they perform — as regards my purpose. 

The eyes, the tongue, the ears, the skin and hair, the tail, the genitals, and 
the hoof, or foot, though each deserving our most sedate attention, for many 
good reasons, yet, as they do not originate disease, 1 then purposely avoided 
taking particular notice of them.* .Nevertheless, I do not mean to deny, that 
they all, according to each its functions, accurately indicate the existence of 
disease, as they do of health, and the degree of hoth is marked on them with 
wonderful precision. Hence it was easy to conclude, even though we did not 
know the fact to a demonstration, that, they are subject to some deplorable 
maladies that are peculiar to each, arising out of constitutional defectiveness, 
to say nothing of accidents, nor of the fancied improvements man presume* 
to make upon the works of his Maker. 

Under this last reproach lie all those farriers and others, who give pain un- 
necessarily to the animal in the indispensable operations. Among these, I 
class that of docking, notwithstanding the gibes of our continental neighbours 
(the French) conveyed to us in something like the following couplets, about 
the period 01 king James's abdication. 

Proud Englishmen avaunt, barbarians as ye be, 

Who cut your inonarchs' heads off— oil' horses take the queue! 

We Frenchmen, better bred, who reverence the law, 

Never meddle with our kings' heads, and let our hoise-taiis grow. 

Although of no moment in themselves, these verses show the then French 
.ustoms, and mark the period when docking and nicking came up among us 
in England, to be in the early part of the seventeenth century. But I put it 
to the reason of any, the most strenuous advocate for this custom, whether he 
ever contemplated the probability of a horse being subjected to this operation 
three or four several times ; yet it is no less true, that at a market dinner-table, 
in the town of Watford, in May, 1820, I heard of a horse which had been so 
served five several times, from no other authority than that of the last owner 
of the unfortunate creature. 1 took occasion to show, in a preceding page, 
that in all great exertions of the animal powers, the tail and head had a 
share. 

Firing is another of those barbarous practices that are much oftener re- 
sorted to than is necessary or proper. 1 n fact, we may observe that this and 
similar painful operations are adopted in an exact ratio that the operator's 
education may have been neglected. 

Of the foot, 1 have already, in the first chapter, noticed some general faults, 
arising from constitutional defects in the form of the whole limb; and I shall 
thence be led to enter into further consideration thereof, with more particulars, 
under the article " Shoeing," as well as when I come to treat of the several 
disorders incident to this important part of the frame. Meantime, I am in- 
duced thus early to reprobate one other species of that busy intermeddling in 
the affairs of nature I took occasion to advert to higher up. This consists in 
the baneful practice of cutting away, unmercifully, the horny part of the sole, 
that lines and defends the sensible sole, whereby injuries upon the road be- 
come more frequent, and lameness from unknown causes is incurred ; but if 
not so, canker, rottenness, corns, are sure to follow, or the hoof contracts, and 
fever of the feet and founder succeed each other. 

The skin and coat received some attention under the article Secretion^ 

" Th« diseases of the foot, I consider as those of accident or infliction, and with a brief on* 
omii-al description, will form a separate chapter. 



THE TONGUE, EVE, AND EARS, INDICATIONS. 57 

and elsewhere, as the reader must recollect, or refer to ; but he must never 
forget, that the first mentioned may be safely and powerfully stimulated as 
the outlet for many constitutional affections of the system, the proper time 
for their use being indicated (as I said before) by the appearance of the coat. 

The tongue always partakes of the general state of the system : in the 
horse, it does not afford to the sight so sure a prognostic of the state of the 
stomach as in the human subject ; but, to the feel, it communicates to us th<» 
state of the blood with so much accuracy as demands our assiduous attention, 
to the acquiring, by practice, the most intimate acquaintance with its moni- 
tions. This member of the body, in conjunction with the coat, I have al- 
ways considered the health-gage of my patients. See observations on the 
" Pulse" at page 60. 

The eye is a most material organ of sense, and is much studied by those 
who would render themselves good judges of the general soundness or un 
soundness of the horse's constitution. It beams bright and steadily in health, 
projects most fiery when the animal is most vigorous ; in lassitude it sinks, it 
blears with a cold, and under extreme circumstances is extinguished. After 
a heat, horses full of blood, with foul stomachs, certainly alter in their vision, 
shy and become troublesome ; and, so sure is the eye the barometer of vigour 
that horses got by old sires have the eye more sunken than others, with a hoi- 
lowness over it. 

The ears, by their movements, show the apprehensions of the horse, if noi 
his disposition. When he fears the lash, he turns their cavities backwards. 
Is he disposed to be resentful, they are laid flat on his poll. Following his 
companions, or the hounds, or going homewards, the cavity of the ear turns 
sharply forward : asleep, as well as under other circumstances of easy watch- 
fulness, one ear turns forward, the other backward ; but, when roused sud- 
denly, they alternately change position. Who, then, would destroy these 
useful appendages of the horse's organ of hearing? Who would singe ofTthe 
hairs, which, passing from side to side of the cavity, catch the sounds and 
convey to his rider the first notice of danger from wild beasts, as well as plea- 
sure from the cry of the hounds? The Arab knows, by his horse's ears, of 
the approach of enemies ; but the Englishman relies too securely upon his own 
comparatively imperfect hearing, and cuts off those better intelligencers of dis- 
tant occurrences ; or, he more assiduously abridges their utility, by clipping 
away the inside lining; or, worse still, by applying flame to the part, he ren- 
ders the horse skittish ever after. Those are the only disorders of the ears 
of horses; if, for want of this hairy defence, premature dulness of hearing, 
occasioned by rain, dust, and other substances entering these organs, be not 
another. 

That the genitals draw off from the system and store up a noble secretion, 
for the purpose of continuing the kind, is certain ; but 1 shall pursue the mat- 
ter no further than to notice the change to which the coats of geldings are 
subject as to colour, compared to those of perfect horses ; and all the inference 
I mean to draw from that fact is, the still further corroboration of my pre- 
viously maintained opinion, as to the seat of perspirable matter residing in the 
lacteal part of the system. 

As it is the blood which by its deposite forms all those parts, so by means 
»f the blood must we endeavour to correct any derangement of ihe system of 
wiimal life, whether of quadrupede or bipede; for the working of the system in 
making of new blood and cleansing the old is the same in ail, though dilFerino 
in degree, whilst mainly agreeing in the process. Would any one demand 
how it comes to pass, that quadrupeds draw so much substantial nourishment 
from herbaceous vegetables, whilst man can only extract a watery juice, de- 
void of all nutritious qualities? let him be answered, that all depends on th# 
7 



5$ COMPARATIVE STRUCTURE. 

digestive powers, these being greater in the brute, than in man. It even ap- 
pears plainly to me, that the animal food taken by man is the same as the her- 
baceous taken by quadrupeds, only that it has meantime undergone the pro- 
cess of digestion, sanguification and deposition in the solids, &c. and hence 
arises the difference in the practice of the curative art as applied to the one 
animal and the other. Every disease is in fact a compound, varying in c if- 
ferent constitutions, and the composition of the remedy should be adapted to 
evexy variation thereof, even of the same attack. 



BOOK II. 

THE CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS OF VARIOUS BODILY DISEASES INCIDENT TO 
THE HORSE ; WITH THE MOST APPROVED REMEDUJS IN EVERY CASE. 



CHAPTER r. 
Of Internal Diseases. 

Inflammatory disorders, generally. — Fever. — From all the infor 
mation the reader may have collected together in his mind, respecting the 
" circulation of the blood," as described with instructive minuteness at pages 33 
to 42, he will naturally conclude that the horse is ever most liable to contract 
one or the other of those disorders we term inflammatory. The great heat 
of his blood, combined with his bulk, and the amazing exertions he is compelled 
to make, all together constantly predispose him to incur fever of the whole sys- 
tem or inflammation of particular parts, according to concurring circumstances. 
Nor is the matter changed one whit, when we reflect that fever sometimes 
terminates in local inflammation, which we term "critical," as being the crisis 
and cure of the disorder ; and that the inflammation of one part or organ (the 
liver in particular) frequently devolves into fever of the whole animal system, 
by means of the rapid circulation of the blood through the diseased organ. 

Let us proceed to discuss the subject generally at first, and to pursue each 
in detail afterwards; simply premising, that all the disorders incurred by the 
horse are referable, more or less, to this over-heated or inflammatory state of 
his blood, and its consequent unfitness for the purposes of promoting animal 
life, health, and vigour. For, the more heat, the more viscidity or thickness 
there will be in the blood, and less will it be found capable of circulating the 
.onger such unnatural heat continues, up to a certain point of the disease : 
when the animal is so far affected as to lose its appetite, and consequently no 
fresh blood can be formed by the digestive powers, the blood then becomes 
thinner every day, because its more solid particles are constantly being de- 
posited in the cellular membrane, to supply the waste that is unceasingly go- 
ing on there. The reader would do well to read over again what is said con- 
cerning this process of the animal system at page 48, with the references there 
made to page 37, to page 23, and, in fact, to the whole tenor of the second 
chapter. But this supply soon fails, as necessarily it must, when it is not re« 
plenished at the source, and wasting of the solids succeeds of course, unless 
nature is assisted by our art judiciously; — the right application of this art is 
what we are now in search of. 

One of the immediate consequences of the horse being hard worked, or high 
fed and physicked with stimulants, is the constant heating or feverish state 
of the blood. Increased action of the heart and arteries accompany and keep 
up this state of irritation, which may be further accelerated by the animaPs 
being allowed to take cold whilst ia that state, whereby the perspiration is 
checked of a sudden, and the blood which may then fill the smaller vessels is 
detained there, to the further annoyance of the larger ones: he then contracts 



(JO FEVER. ABSCESS. (.-'OLD. 

inflammation ol all the solids and organs of life, or, more properly, /d-cr. 
But when only a certain part of the system, or a single organ is thus check- 
ed, we consider the affair under the name of inflammation of that part, as of 
the lungs, the kidneys, &c. ; always keeping in mind, that, by continuance, 
these extend their baleful affections to other organs, with which a certaii. 
sympathy is known to exist. In like manner, when external muscular parts 
swell and secrete matter, this is in like manner an inflammation of that parti- 
cular part, or tumour, or abscess, with a great variety of names, according to 
the place where it may be seated : poll-evil and fistula are among those external 
complaints to which I allude. 

The latter, or local kind of inflammation, is the effect of the former or con- 
tinued internal fever, and whenever such a tumour or abscess makes its ap- 
pearance near the surface, the general inflammation or fever subsides; when 
it discharges offensive malter, the fever is cured. If such a tumour appear 
without previous general fever of the system, we repel it, so that it may dis- 
perse and pass off by stool. It may usually, however, be considered as an 
effort of nature to relieve itself of offensive viscid matter that lurks in the sys- 
tem ; and in this case only, when well ascertained, would that reduction of 
the system which I shall shortly insist upon as proper in all inflammatory at- 
tacks, be least advisable, as nature would then require aid to assist her in her 
efforts, rather than subtraction from her powers, by the bleeding, purging, 
(fee. so recommended. 

But whenever a cold is caught, whereby the trunk is affected, one of two 
evils is experienced, that are quite contrary in their effects: 1st, Either the 
bowels lose the power of retaining their contents, and of contributing their aid 
to the purposes of digestion, chylifieation, and sanguification, i. e. the malting 
of fresh blood, and diarrhoea ensues; or, 2d, The extreme heat of the body 
causes the dung to harden, and if the obstruction be not speedily removed, 
the most distressing consequences usually happen. Either extreme may come 
on gradually and imperceptibly ; but as the latter (termed constipation) is of 
most frequent recurrence, is a disorder of over repletion, producing vertigo, 
staggers, apoplexy, megrims, or fits, 1 have considered it under a separate 
head, as " costive n ess ; " seeing that it sometimes supervenes without previous 
fever, though always accompanied by it. One or other species of affection 
of the bowels is also produced by catarrhal inflammation, or fever of the organs 
of respiration, when this is violent or of long continuance. 

Respiration of confined or noxious air in close stables, as described at page 
39, also produces quicker circulation of the blood ; with perspiration and tem- 
porary fever, which may be confirmed by sudden exposure to the open air, 
and the consequent detention of blood in the small vessels which we term 
capillary. Sudden immersion in cold water whilst sweating and respiring 
with difficulty after a run, wading through a river, or standing in a current 
of cold air, are all prolific sources of inflammatory disorders. Indeed fever 
and inflammation are so closely allied to each other, that we run little risk of 
creating confusion of terms by considering them as derived from the same 
origin, and none whatever in treating of both in the same chapter. For most 
etablemen and farriers, as well as many veterinary writers, do speak of the 
«ne and the other promiscuously, as if they were the same, when describing 
the symptoms of either ; nor do I see any good cause for my deviating from 
this practice upon the present occasion, after the slight distinction just drawn. 

One other general observation may be aptly made in this place, which may 
t>tand instead of much discussion hereafter. As fever is a necessary conse- 
quence of any inflammation whatever, so without fever there would be no in- 
flammation. Every run you give a horse heats or inflames his blood, quick- 
ens his pulse, and he sustains temporary fever. Whilst in this state, >f sny 



TYPHUS FEVER. BLEEDING AND PURGING —RESTORATIVES. & 

viscus, or organ, that constitutes a vital part of his system, receive such a 
check or damper as 1 have described, obstruction of the finer blood-vessels en- 
sues — as, of the lungs, by their drinking cold water, or mere affusion of it on 
the chest, and inflammation is the name: if the whole body of an animal cr 
its entire surface be so affected, the evil consequences are similar, and fever is 
the name by which we designate it. Horses out of condition, or already in a 
low state, though feverish, with quickened pulse, do not require further re- 
duction ; since this is evidently "low fever," which I have treated of under a 
separate head ; as I have also " Typhus fever," or the affection of the whole 
system which arises from a vitiated or corrupt state of the blood. But, in all 
cases, the best guides to the practitioner for his prescriptions, and indeed all 
his operations, are the causes, the symptoms, general health and peculiarity 
of constitution of the animal ; when it so happens that such particulars can be 
extracted from those about him ; as will be the case in all studs of a superior 
cast. If the feverish affection arises from inactive kidneys, the diuretics re- 
commended lower down will be all the treatment that is requisite in such a 
case; if a dull heavy pulse and the state of his dungings show that the bowels 
only are at fault, purgatives alone will restore health. So of any other vis- 
ceral obstruction, when these give pain fever ensues, and is best removed by 
the exhibition of mercury; if the internal irritation continues, rowelling is the 
remedy most appropriate to such cases, and the state of the pulse will tell the 
doctor when and why he should bleed. This will bring us to an early con- 
sideration of " the pulse," its indications and general rules. In all cases of 
inflammation, whether of the whole system, or fever, or of particular organs, 
let bleeding be resorted to immediately, in quantity proportioned to the amount 
of heat, which is ascertained by the temper of the pulse. M Open the prima 
rice," also, is a good maxim of a late respected lecturer on those subjects, 
meaning thereby — purge the bowels or chief canal, and keep them open. Co- 
pious clysters of warm water-gruel assist the latter materially, particularly if 
a solution of salts be added, according to the nature of the case; but rather 
than delay the clyster through want of the ingredient being at hand, use 
simple warm water only. Very often, in slight attacks, the animal requires 
no other treatment, if resorted to in time ; but delay is dangerous, for with 
every hour the symptoms increase in a three-fold ratio, and the animal be- 
comes weaker and weaker every moment, and therefore less able to bear up 
against the attack. In all cases, be quick, for ruin is going on with rapid 
strides, whenever the animal shows signs of great internal pain. Fresh air, 
diluting liquids, and clysters, in all cases of inflammation whatsoever, are 
found of as much service in the restoration of health, as the best active medi- 
cines that can be administered; the first mentioned most positively so, unless 
the animal perspire greatly at the time, or it suffers under a fit of shivering. 
Danger is to be apprehended in the latter case, and the fresh air need not 
then be admitted ; but if shivering is succeeded by sweating, or even a small 
degree of moist heat, it may be considered as the crisis of the disorder, when 
something has taken place that is favourable to the cure — of which more par- 
ticulars in the proper place. Continued shivering, by the way, denotes the 
termination of all inflammatory diseases — in death; cordials then may do 
good, but more frequently accelerate the catastrophe, whilst the diluting liquid 
— water-gruel, will afford relief in some measure, but can do no harm. But 
resh air, that issues not in streams, is of all other restoratives that upon 
which 1 place the most reliance; even removal to a fresh stall, or up and 
down the stable, effects great changes in the animal's spirits, that can not fail 
to strike the eye of an attentive observer, and bespeak, more than words can 
convey, the vital necessity of a cool atmosphere. 
The Pulse — Being thechiefest criterion forjudging of the rtate of the cir~ 
7* 



C3 PULSE, STATE OF— FEELING THE. 

dilation of the blood, and as I have sat down with the notion that my book 
will be read straight-an-end at first, let the reader attend a moment while I 
say a word or two on this preliminary topic. Without an accurate knowledge 
of this touch-stone of the main spring of life, no one can form a judgment fit 
to be acted upon as to when it is necessary to bleed or of the quantity to be 
taken: thus, in cases of fever, the groom begins very properly by bleeding; 
but he almost invariably takes too little, or in case of increased action of the 
pulse, through over exertion of the animal's powers, he bleeds when such a 
course is detrimental, and almost always administers cordials, thus reducing 
with one hand, and increasing the action with the other. — See pages 33, et 
seq. 

When in health, the pulsations or strokes are from thirty-six to forty in a 
minute; those of large heavy horses being slower than of the smaller; and 
of old ones, they are also slower than of young animals. When either may 
be just off a quick pace, the strokes increase in number ; as they do if he be 
alarmed, or terrified, or hear the hounds' familiar cry. Fever, of the simple 
or common kind, usually increases the pulsations to double the healthy num- 
ber; hence the propriety of ascertaining the state of this index of health, 
while the animal is still free from disease, goes to prove over again the pro- 
priety of my plan of teaching the curative art in animals by closely examin- 
ing the indications of health, and setting down in one's mind every deviation 
therefrom as the approach of illness, that ought to be met and combated at 
the threshold. 

In this view of its utility, why might not the attendant groom, or horse- 
keeper in more humble establishments, keep a register of the state of every 
horse's pulse, when it comes first under his care, and renew the same exami- 
nation at intervals of a week or ten days ? This practice alone would ren- 
der him expert in all cases of imminent danger ; to say nothing of those 
other indications, the dungings and the water voided. On this latter point 
the reader will turn back to what is said of " Urine" in page 52, 53. 

As the fever increases in violence, likewise, when the animal is in great 
pain from inflammation of the intestines, &c, the pulse beats still higher, and 
reaches to 100 in a minute, or more. The danger is then great, and less than 
three or four quarts, drawn from a large orifice, would do harm rather than 
good, by increasing the action of the blood, and the hardness of the artery 
would also be increased. To ascertain either state, the attendant should ap- 
ply the points of his fingers gently to the artery which lies nearest the sur- 
face. Some prefer consulting the temporal artery, which is situated about 
an inch and a half backward from the corner of the eye. Others again, and 
they are the greater number, think it best to feel it underneath the edge of 
the jaw-bone, where the facial artery passes on under the skin only to the side 
of the face. In either case, too great pressure would stop the pulsation alto- 
gether, though by so trying the artery against the jaw bone, will prove whether 
it be in such a rigid state of excitement as attends high fever; or elastic and 
springy, slipping readily from under the finger, as it does when health prevails 
and the strokes follow each other regularly. 

The presence of high fever is further indicated by a kind of twang, or vi- 
bration, given by the pulse against the finger points, resembling much such as 
would be felt were we to take hold of a distended whipcord or wire between 
the fingers, and cause it to vibrate like a fiddle-string, sharply; whereas, in 
health, a swell is felt in the vibration, as if the string were made of soft ma- 
terials, and less straightened ; — facts these which owners would do well to as- 
certain by practising upon the pulse of their own horses. Languid or slow 
pulse, and scarcely perceptible in some of the beats or strokes, indicate low- 
aess of spirits, debility, or being used up : if this languor s felt at interval* 



SIMPLE FEVER : SYMPTOMS. (J3 

only, a few strokes being very quick, and then again a few very slow, this in« 
dicales low fever, in which blepding would do harm. Quickness, however, 
is the chief indication of the whole class of inflammatory fovei , and this 
being my principle object at present, I shall postpone further consideration of 
the pulse until 1 come to treat of " blood-letting." 

FEVER. 

There are two kinds of well-marked fever, simply so called — first, that 
which arises from the pain an animal may be put to by the derangement of 
some main organ of life, by misusage, hard riding, wounds, &c. ; and second- 
ly, that which consists in a general inflammation of the blood arising from a 
cold, a chill, or sudden check, as before described. The ancient vulgar name 
given to this alarming disease conveys to the common observer a better idea 
of its force and danger, than those which are settled by consent of the faculty 
of horse medicine; and the phrase "inflammation of the blood" may betaken 
as more plainly indicative of the cause of fever than aught the moderns have 
substituted in its place. Had our plain-speaking ancestors termed it "in- 
flammation of the blood-vessels," they would have been still more accurate, 
probably : but no mistake is more common throughout life, than to speak of 
the thing contained for the thing containing it, and vice versa. When the 
symptoms come on quick or acutely, the most prompt measures must be taken : 
a mild attack may be easily reduced if taken in time, but, if neglected, it as- 
sumes the most alarming symptoms. Evacuations and diluting drinks are 
the proper means of reducing the patient; but before purgatives are admin- 
istered, see what is said a few pages onward respecting " Costiveness ;" for 
it not unfrequently happens, that this is all that ails the animal, except his 
being worked too hard while costiveness is upon him. 

In either case of accelerated pulse from those causes, bleeding should pre- 
sently be had recourse to, and let the quantity taken be regulated by the force 
and quickness of the circulation of the blood : for this is what constitutes the 
fever. If the pulsation advance to above 60, two quarts should be drawn ; if 
above 70 in a minute, three quarts of blood would not be too much to take 
away at once. If the number of beats be much more, ascending rapidly, with 
the rigid feel of the artery above described, four quarts at least must be drawn, 
and that from a large orifice. Should this rigidity, or hardness of the artery 
continue, notwithstanding the bleeding, a quantity that shall cause faintness 
or tottering might be taken, or rather a repetition take place of the same ope- 
ration in lesser quantities, until that hardness of the artery is no longer felt. 
Some skill, derived from practice, is required in watching for this last men- 
tioned symptom ; but whatever is to be done, let there be no delay in the first 
operation : twelve hours should intervene between the two bleedings. 

Immediately hereupon, let a mild purgative be administered, adapting this, 
as well as the amount of bleeding, to the size of the horse, if he belong to 
either extreme of exceeding large or very small. For one of the moderate 
coach-horse kind give the following 

Purgative Ball. 

Aloes, 7 drachms. 

Castile soap, 4 drachms. 

Oil of caraways, 6 drops. 

With mucilage sufficient to form the ball for one aose. 

fn all cases of fever arising from accidents, hard runs, &c. which may be con- 
sidered as temporary excitements only, the above treatment in its mildest form 



(tt INFLAMMATION: SYMPTOMS. 

will be found sufficient completely to reduce the symptoms; but in the fever 
simply so called (arising from inflammation of the solids as before described), 
a repetition of the purgative becomes necessary, with mashes, a quiet stable, 
and an attentive groom. When the fever arises from indigestion, or any de- 
rangement of the stomach or bowels, its immediate cause will be found in 
hardened faces ; and in addition to the forementioned remedies, give a 

Purgative Clyster. 

Water gruel, 6 to 7 quarts. 
Table salt, an ounce to each quart. 

Let it be applied assiduously, and some assistance be given to bring away the 
first hard feces that appear : the remainder of the hardened dung will come 
away, naturally, in good time. See further under the head " Costiveness." 

Castor oil, in the quantity of a pint or more, will open the canal partialbj 
only, passing by the main evil in the ccecum and great gut,* and pro- 
ducing but a small quantity of the offensive cause of disease. But 
help must be afforded in this respect; and if the bowels yield not to the 
purgative ball, other means must be resorted to, though I should never think 
of having recourse to oil in the first instances. Although the constipation 
or obstruction be obstinate, yet very strong diuretic purgatives are ineligible, 
as they might kill the animal, or at least injure the intestines materially, by 
reason of that very circumstance. 

Distinctions have been drawn by some writers between "symptomatic and 
simple fever;" that is to say, whether the excitement, called fever, originate 
in a check of the circulation received externally or internally ; but as the 
treatment in both cases is so nearly the same, I shall make no such distinction. 
The internal attacks alluded to, when confined to a single organ, and not ex- 
tending to the whole frame, are more properly termed inflammation of that 
viscus or organ, and therefore will be treated of hereafter, under the following 
heads, viz. 

Inflammation of the Lungs, 

Inflammation of the Stomach and Intestines, 

Diseases of the Liver — Inflammation, &c. 

Kidneys and Bladder. 

All these produce fever throughout the whole system, when either exists 
but in a slight degree; for those parts are all of them vital, and communicate 
their feeling to the solids by means of the circulation. It is not, however, un- 
til these attacks are well marked, that they deserve separate consideration ; for 
some horses suffer under the one or other during life, with more or less malig- 
nity according to exciting circumstances, the lungs being the most general 
Bufferer, the bowels the seldomest attacked of either, but usually prove the 
most fatal of this whole class. 

The symptoms, in all cases, are heat and acceleration of the pulse, as before 
described, and which in fact, brought me to the consideration of this portion 
of my subject before the others. A hot mouth soon comes on ; shivering takes 
place early, and the animal evinces signs of internal pain by looking at his 
Hanks or chest. The fever is then likely to fix on the lungs if not speedily 
reduced. Loss of appetite follows ; but too gradually to be waited for, as a 

"The practical reader, whilst waiting the progress of the disease, will not waste his time hy 
turning back t<> the first book, at p. 46, and see what is said of tho conformation of those largo 
g'iu», and the difficulty of escape thai must attend their offensive contents at the turns or sinu 
*es (which I have there considered as so many valves), wh*n inflammation or fever has ooca 
begun. 



DANGER OF RBLAP3E. 55 

a criterion for judging and acting promptly. He will evince languor and dul> 
ness, with half closed eyes, and a small discharge from them, as if tears es 
raped ; sometimes, this last will happen in cases of mere debility or starvation 
also, when it is not too much to suppose the animal may be deploring his hard 
fate. Consulting the pulse, however, will settle any doubt as to which ail- 
ment the animal labours under; for this main characteristic of health will, in 
the latter case, partake of his debility, and strike now hard and then soft, a 
few beats each : in this case a feed of corn or water gruel, would probably re- 
store a more healthful even pulse, whereas bleeding would go to destroy the 
patient. It has been termed low fever, though not very properly; and lentor 
or more justly lenteur (slowness, dulness, heaviness) by the French veterina- 
rians; yet, having no better name for it than "low fever," under that head, I 
shall shortly bestow a few lines on this species of systematic debility. 

The dung and urine arc always good indications of the state of the body; 
if the former fail, fever is the cause, it subtracts also from the quantity of urine, 
and if he stale small quantities at short intervals, some internal inflammation 
has taken place. See Inflammation of the Kidneys. In fever, the mouth and 
tongue become drier than ordinary; and if any saliva be secreted, it is tough 
and ropy. If the animal be in condition, upon lifting the eyelid an uncommon 
redness appears ; if he be out of condition, or in a low state, this does not al- 
ways happen ; so this indication may be reckened among the uncertain 
symptoms. 

If the remedy and the symptoms of fever are thus pressed forward together 
upon the reader's notice, as exemplifying the assiduity he should display in 
repelling the attack, let him know that his work is but half completed when 
he finds the heat and acceleration of the pulse reduced by his endeavours to 
the ordinary standard. The tone of the patient's stomach and the whole di- 
gestive process require restoration, and this with a careful hand, that the bow- 
els may not again get overloaded; because why, a second attack of this sort 
would be more difficult to surmount than at first ; for the bowels have partly 
lost their function of expelling their contents, through the violence of the dis- 
ease, if not by the harsh action of the remedies employed. Hardy working 
horses, of course, recover their appetite as soon as the fever abates; and no 
further care is required for such than an occasional laxative or purgative, ac- 
cording to the amount of obstruction. The ball prescribed at page 63 may be 
given at intervals with the fever powders ; and subsequently, the fever drink 
prescribed below for all other descriptions of the horse recovering from fever. 

Fever Powder. No. 1. 



Mix for one dose. 



Powdered nitre, 1 ounce. 
Emetic tartar, 2 drachms. 



No. 2. 
Powdered nitre, 6 drachms. 
Camphor, 2 drachms. 
Calx of antimony, 1$ drachms. 

If either be deemed more desirable in the form of a ball, this may be effected 
by mixing the powder with mucilage and meal; but in the form of powdei 
mixed with his corn is most eligible, as the medicine then acts earlier, wher* 
*s the ball presently descends into the great gut. 

Fever Drink. 
Cream of tartar, I ounce. 
Turmeric, 1 ounce. 
Diapente, 1 ounce. 



60 LOW FEVER. SYMPTOMS. 

Mix in powder, and add to a pint of warm gruel, to be given once or twice a 
day. This is a good cool stomachic, and restores the appetite, at the same time 
that the disposition to the return of fever is kept down : if found of marked 
•ervice, the doses may be repeated to three or four times a day for a week. 

LOW FEVER. 

Together with typhus, or putrid fever, and rheumatic fever are diseases 
•ncident to the horse, though attempts were long made to deny the applica- 
tion of these terms to any of his numerous afflictions, by those who dread, in- 
ordinately, the falling into analogies with the human practice; a fear that may 
be carried too far, notwithstanding all our care should be employed in separat- 
ing this from the veterinary practice. 

Cause. — Of low fever, under the idea of debility, a few words fell on the 
preceding pages: and truly, if "high fever" may be produced in a subject that 
is full of blood or condition, by over-exercise, and the other causes thereof set 
down above (pages 59, 60, see also Book 1. at page 42, &c), these same causes, 
operating upon a horse out of condition, or which has not sufficient blood in 
his frame to receive inflammation, necessarily occasion that languor which 
attends debility of the ei.are system. The reader will, perhaps, oblige me by 
turning to book I. at page 40, and reading over again what is there said as to 
some causes of low fever. But the respective terms we give to the various 
kinds of attack would signify much less than they deserve, were it not for 
the danger we should otherwise fall into of treating one disorder for another, 
when the symptoms (some of them) so much resemble each other. This dan- 
ger is more likely to come upon us in cattle medicine than in the other, since 
we are under the necessity of finding out what is the matter with our pa- 
tients, whilst the human doctor receives the information at once, in words. 

As inflammatory fever is more prevalent in the spring and summer, owing 
to the high condition of most horses when first attacked, so does low fever, or 
irritation of the animal system of a horse in low condition, mostly prevail in 
autumn and winter. "We owe this latter in great measure to the debility or 
weakness brought on by the shedding of his summer coat, when the autum- 
nal equinox sets in. Being then much exhausted by the heat of the season 
just gone by, he sweats profusely on the least exercise ; then his coat becomes 
dry and husky when at rest, and his skin sticks tight to his ribs, slightly re- 
sembling hidebound. The animal having lost much of his natural covering 
and no care being taken to palliate this loss, he is more liable to catch cold if 
exposed and still pushed in his work. If not relieved from its severity, coach- 
horses in particular become unserviceable in great numbers, to an alarming 
degree, resembling much the distemper of the spring season. Too often it 
happens, such knocked-up horses are considered as done for, and the owner 
sells off; whereas experience tells us, that a nourishing regimen would re- 
store them to their wonted vigour; for the serious or watery part of the blood 
(chap. 2, sect. 20, 21 ) having been drained off by the violent perspiration they 
were exposed to by their summer work, the muscular fibres become too rigid, 
and the blood too thick for circulating in the finer vessels ; it therefore re- 
mains rioting in the larger ones, distending their capacity and increasing the 
irritation. Working horses are then usually deprived of their corn, because 
they can not work ; this only adds to the irritation of the vascular system and 
solids which constitutes the low fever we are now considering. 

Symptoms. — Parallels, or distinctive characteristics, of such diseases a» 
somewhat resemble each other, are therefore very proper, inasmuch as they 

Erevent those dangerous mistakes in practice that happen oftener (even in thv 
uman practice!] than suits me even to hint at in this place. They are most 



REMEDY. FEVER OF FUNCTIONAL DERANGEMENT. (J7 

particularly serviceable to veterinarians : for this reason it is I recommeml the 
reader to compare what is said of the symptoms of high fever, just above, with 
the present page, as regards the symptoms of low fever. They are placed 
near together for that purpose, as I then said (at page 64). The pulse in 
this case never mounts high during an entire minute, but beats quick a few 
strokes, and then slow, and so low as scarcely to be perceptible ; this denotes, 
that though fever be present, there is not strength sufficient to bring it to a 
crisis. The artery feels rigid, at intervals only, and again becomes supple, 
if not elastic, to the touch ; his flanks are agitated more than usual, and his 
hind quarters and ears become cool if not cold. As in high fever, his eyes 
are dull and heavy, and water will occasionally fall from them. Though in 
the former species of fever he evince considerable pain, in this no such symp- 
tom appears, but despondency assumes its place. 

Remedy. — Unless his body be already too open, give the laxative draught, 
as under : and as he will still feed, diuretic powders may be mixed occasion- 
ally with his feed, consisting of nitre and rosin, of each about one ounce 
Should the urine appear turbid, or come off with difficulty, in small quanti- 
ties, the diuretic ball is indispensable; and these, with good gruel and care, 
accompanied by tonics, will restore to the animal a comparative portion of 
health. Time and moderate usage will accomplish the remainder. 

Laxative Draught. 

Aloes and carbonate of potash, of each 2 drachms, 
Mint water, 4 ounces. 

This will correct the urine also, and its laxative quality may be increased 
by adding to the quantity of aloes. 

A Diuretic Ball. 

Turpentine and soap, of each 4 drachms, with mucilage to form the ball. 

A good restorative for lowness, occasioned by the moulting fever of autumn, 
is recommended by J. Clark, of Edinburgh : he says, " the end of autumn 

E roves very severe to those horses whose flesh and strength are exhausted by 
ard labour. In this low and spiritless state the moulting season comes on, 
and carries off numbers that good nursing and feeding, with rich boiled food, 
at this season might have preserved. Carrots and potatoes recover some horses 
surprisingly ; it renews their flesh and the fluids generally, and promotes the 
secretions ; it operates upon them nearly in the same manner as spiing grass, 
and its effects are presently visible on their coats." Many stable men give 
oatmeal mixed up into bergue, or crowdie, for horses that evince signs of lan- 
guor and lowness of spirits, after fatiguing work in winter : if made into stiff 
gruel, i. e. boiled, the restorative effect is found still more desirable, and a 
smaller quantity of oats then sufficctJL. A gradual return to hard food does 
all for the horse's working condition which can be desired. 

Fever is brought on, in some degree, whenever it comes to pass that either 
;rf the vital organs may be deranged in its functions. Not unfrequently it 
happens that a diuretic is all the patient requires, which may be judged of by 
the state of his pulse after the medicine has operated. When this is the case, 
the feverish symptoms owe their origin to suppression of urine, and the re- 
absorption of the contents of the bladder into the system. See Bladder and 
"Suppression of urine;" and, after treating the attack simply as such, a cor 
dial ball should then take place of all further treatment, as the immediate tall 



i£ COSTIVENESS; ITS CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, REMEDY. 

ing down of his pulse to a healthy standard will show. Too free use of urin* 
balls, however, in the hands of horse- keepers, spoils the action of the bladder. 
See chap. ii. page 51. The French give a bottle of their routine wine made 
warm, and most of our farriers administer a quart of ale with the same view. 
Those are mostly wagon-horses, full of flesh, that so absorb the aqueous par- 
ticles of the urine, and ultimately the principle thereof (termed urea), and 
light up the fever anew. Another cause of feverish attacks, generally of the 
slighter kind, but liable to prove fatal, if neglected, is the retention of his 
dung, or constipation, which means costiveness. 

COSTIVENESS 

May be considered an original disease, and as one producing as well as being 
produced by fever. That is to say, hardness of the faeces generally attends a 
fever, and is frequently the chief cause of it : like the preceding ailment, we 
have only to remove the cause, and the effect ceases. See also " Diseases of 
the Liver." 

Causes. — Want of the necessary or usual evacuation by stool, that is some 
times occasioned by the bowels having lost the power of expelling their con- 
tents, as described in the second chapter, page 45. Simply speaking, the in- 
dividual having been a long time dosed with purgatives, any neglect hereof 
causes the dung to harden and obstruct the contractile functions of the intes- 
tines : heat ensues, and re-absorption takes place, as in case of retenti n of 
urine, until the dung loses all moisture and becomes as hard as baked clay, 
forming in the rectum (or straight gut), small round lumps. 

The same kind of big fleshy horses as are liable to suppression of urine, are 
also principal sufferers by constipation or costiveness. Hard food and hard 
work in warm weather is very productive of this malady, which is often mis- 
taken for inflammation of the bowels, the means of prevention, therefore, are 
obviously the direct contrary mode of feeding, and also keeping a good watch 
on the dunging of each horse in the team. 

Symptoms. — When constipation attends general fever, it is then but a cor- 
responding symptom of that disorder, and the reader is referred back a few 
pages to what is there said on this head. But, when the pulse is not so high 
as to warrant us in pronouncing it fever, and the dung is ascertained to be 
hard, there is no difficulty in treating it as aimple costiveness. It may be dis- 
tinguished from colic and from inflammation of the intestines, by the quiet 
state of the animal when he is down, which is not the case with either of those 
disorders, in which pain of the bowels is most evident; whereas, these do not 
appear to suffer from the costiveness, though the brain and the whole of the 
nervous system, become more or less affected from sympathy with the stomach, 
and ultimately producing delirium and frenzy. His eyes offer the earliest 
symptoms by their duiness, contraction, and expansion, succeeded by sleepi 
ness ; he refuses his food, he will not work, the mouth becomes hot and dry, 
the ears cold, and the breathing difficult or nearly imperceptible on account 
of the pressure of the stomach and bowels upon the midriff*. See page 34. 
The pulsation usually increases, if he be in a tolerably good condition ; but 
tins increase is ever inconsiderable until fever comes on, and marks the period 
when blood-letting would be necessary. A dull heavy pulse is more common, 
until the paroxysms of madness may render this symptom a little sharper and 
quicker for a short period. At length he tumbles down, regardless of the 
situation, and the action of the head shows how greatly this part is affected, 
until stupor and death ensue, if the sufferer be not relieved. 

Remedy. — Purgatives are not always the most eligible medicines even in 
tlip earliest stages of the disorder ; for, if the constipation has lasted a coi> 



INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. 65 

siderable time, great injury would be done to the intestines by forcing a pas- 
sage, whereby a commotion might be raised in the stomach, but would act in 
efficiently where the evil chiefly lies, viz. in the large intestines and rectum. 
As soon as it is ascertained that the animal has not dunged for some days — 
when he seems uneasy, a fulness is perceptible towards the flank, the funda- 
ment, &c. and unusual dryness and tightness is discovered at this latter part, 
the operation of back-raking should be resorted to. Castor oil, one pint, 
would indeed find a passage in the first stages of the attack, but good part 
of the evil usually remains behind ; in the more advanced stages, especially 
when the patient drops, nothing else will relieve him but back-raking. Let 
the operator strip his arm bare, and having well anointed it with soft soap, 
lard, or butter, (the first being the most eligible,) he will bring his fingers to 
a point, and gently introduce the hand and wrist, when he will feel and draw 
forth a portion of the indurated faeces he will there meet with, in lumps hard 
and dry. This he may repeat three or four (or more) times, and leave the 
animal to himself a little, whilst a drench is preparing. Trivial as the relief 
may seem which has been thus afforded to the patient, he will immediately 
evince proofs of its benefits, by a more sane conduct, by licking forth his 
tongue, opening the half shut eyes, by looking about him, and sometimes by 
getting upon his legs. In this latter case, plain water gruel, as warm as a 
person might take it without inconvenience, may be administered in the quan- 
tity of two or three quarts, if he will take so much; but if the animal be ex 
hausted, and does not get up without difficulty, or without help, one half the 
drench may be ale or porter. Although he will seem recovered, and may pro- 
duce a stool, his bowels must next be emptied. In order to this, give a 

Laxative Draught or Drench. 

Castor oil, half a pint. 
Aloes, 2 drachms, 
Prepared kali, 2 drachms. 
Water gruel, 1 pint. 

Repeat this next day, leaving out the oil, and doubling the quantity of 
aloes; or, after an interval, give the usual purgative ball, containing seven oi 
eight drachms of aloes, as prescribed at page 63. 



Inflammatory diseases of every sort leave behind them a good share of 
weakness, which full feeding will not always amend. We must therefore 
restore the tone of the digestive powers by the aid of medicine, that may be 
repeated according to circumstances, and the returning strength of the c< n- 
valescent animal. 

Tonic Ball. No. 1. 

Jesuit's bark, 7 drachms. 

Prepared kali, 2 drachms. 

Mucilage sufficient to form the ball for one dose. 

In ordinary cases, one of these per day for a week will be found to nav» 
♦lone as much for the animal as could be desired. But should the coat stii' 
appear rough and staring, give the following : 



7D TYPHUS FEVER; US SYMPTOMS. 

Tonic Ball. No. 2. 

Salt of steel, or sulphate of iron, 
Columbo root, and 
Bark, of each 3 drachms. 
With mucilage to form the ball. 

Great precaution is necessary to prevent a relapse, which would render the 
patient's case more dangerous than at first; the animal being less capable of 
Dearing up against a fresh attack, by reason of the reductions he has been sub- 
jected to. Soft or sodden oats, fine hay, clover, a few vetches, carrots, gras* 
cut fresh from a sloping ground, may succeed each other in small quantities, 
until he may be returned to oats and hay as usual. If the heat return at in- 
tervals, as usually happens towards nightfall, give him 

A Cooling Decoction. 

Linseed, 2 quarts. 

Coarse sugar, 2 ounces. 

Water boiling hot, 6 quarts poured upon the seed. 

Let it simmer three or four hours, and pour off the liquid for use when nearly 
cold. The linseed will bear another water, less in quantity ; but some horses 
will take the seeds also, which may be permitted. Give the whole in the 
course of the day, at two or three intervals, and repeat the same decoction 
once or twice more. 

TYPHUS, OR PUTRID FEVER, 

Is caused by long-continued debility, or slow fever, as much as by the in- 
judicious use of medicines administered for the cure thereof. Of these, the 
most common error consists of cordial medicines, diapente, wines, &c. ; which, 
as they give a short-lived vigour to the animal, are supposed to have done some 
good, and are therefore persisted in, until the digestive and secreting parts of 
the system are spoiled. — See chap. 2, page 22, &c. 

Symptoms, the same as those in slow fever, mark typhus fever, only the 
pulse is accelerated upon taking the medicines just alluded to: its irregularity 
is also greater, until, by continuance of the disease, it ceases to denote any 
particular state of the body long together. Hence, the supply of new blood 
carries with it similar effects : the vitals lose their tone, and the muscular part 
of the system wastes and becomes rotten on the bones, and if the same stimu- 
.ating treatment has been kept up until the animal dies, its flesh will be found 
on dissection to have acquired an uncommonly bright purple colour, not only 
on the surface, but wherever incision is made. Putrescence, in a high degree, 
has already taken place ere that catastrophe seals the sufferer's fate ! 

I mention these minor circumstances to prove (so far as I can do so) the 
real existence of this main type of putrid fever. Another symptom of typhus 
goes to the same proof, namely, delirium, which follows a continuance of the 
stupidity discoverable in slow fever. A well-marked case is reported in the 
Annals of Sporting, for Nov. 1824, to which work I have since been some 
months attached; and, although I was precluded by absence from examining 
the subject, I have reason to rely on the report afterwards made to me by Mr. 
P.vd that its flesh was putrid in an extremely offensive degree, and wholly 
antit even to be cast to the dogs. 

From the ^ery unaffected and detailed account of the narrator, it appears 



MAD STAGGERS.— RHEUMATIC FEVER. 71 

plain that unskilful persons might he led to apprehend such paryoxisms de- 
noted hydrophobia; but a short inquiry into the habits of the horse previous 
to its last delirium, would go a good way to relieve the anxiety usually instil- 
led into a neighbourhood by such events. None can say, however, until the 
experiment be tried, whether animals fed on such meat might not acquire ra- 
bies thereby. 

The mad staggers^ as the term is, which has never been satisfactorily ac- 
counted for, can be no other than this delirium of the typhus fever, brought 
on by pushing the animal in his work although labouring under slow fever. 
None but common or ordinary cart-horses are lost in the staggers ; whilst none 
but a very ordinary owner would so force his cattle to the last extremity dur- 
ing illness. As the above is all I shall find it necessary to say of staggers, I 
must here remark on the singular impropriety of Mr. Richard Lawrence's 
considering this as an attack of apoplexy ! Since one pang alone denotes 
Jhe death so to be named. 

Rheumatic Fever is one of those disorders in the horse, upon the existence 
of which doctors disagree ; but doubtless the vicissitudes of heat and cold to 
which the horse is subjected, whereby the whole system is checked so as to 
occasion general fever, is equally likely to check the circulation in one or two 
limbs only. And the pain the animal would thus labour under in the per- 
formance of its duties would constitute one of the causes assigned higher up 
for simple fever. Little good, however, would ensue by my considering it 
separately ; so I shall content myself with referring the reader to the head of 
simple rheumatism. 

Epidemic fevers — Distemper. 

Cause. — When these appear, from time to time, they may fairly be ascribed 
to the season ; for the kind of attack is not of a nature to become communica- 
tive, unless by continuance putridity follows: then, indeed, infection may be- 
gin, as it would also happen in any of the preceding species of fever. A rainy 
spring after a mild winter producer an epidemic catarrh, as well as sudden 
chill, among horses that are out at pasture whilst shedding their coats, and the 
most delicate receive this influence earliest. We may as well consider, that 
whatever may give one horse a cold, or affect his lungs, singly applied to him, 
would, if applied to many, in like manner affect the whole: this constitutes 
epidemy, or the distemper. Cloudy weather and cold easterly night winds, 
when the weather is warm or murky by day, is more likely to check the ac- 
tion of the lungs or of the whole system, than when a colder season has pre- 
pared the animals to withstand the influence thereof. An epidemic prevails 
sometimes in autumn ; but, happen when it may, horses at grass acquire it 
less often than those which are kept in, upon hard food. 

Symptoms. — As just intimated, a cold, that harbinger of so many other 
evils, is what marks the epidemic in every case; in addition to this, the animal 
will labour under the other symptoms of fever before described, according to 
ks actual state of body at the time of attack. Thus, if the horse be in full 
fiesh and vigour, his veins quickly fill with the stream of life, inflammation of 
the blood wiil ensue, or rather, to speak more accurately, of the vessels which 
contain it; hence, simple fever, or fever of the whole system follows, as before 
described, pp. 62, 63 , but, be he poor, with little blood to receive inflamma 
tion, low fever is that particular affection which accompanies the original cold 
or catarrh, 

Hence, 1 feel no hesitation in classing the epidemic — at least all those which 
have happened in my time, with one or the other of those diseases, and re- 
rommend treating it accordingly. At its earliest stage, of course, as it assumes 



12 TREATMENT Of PULMONARY PATIENTS. 

• he shape of a catarrh or cold (which in the more malignant cases becomes 
"Inflammation of the lungs,") I should treat it as such; but if not called in 
until this attack had extended to the animal's whole system, and catarrh had 
subsided into general inflammation, no reason exists why we should consider 
it a different disorder, merely because the patients may be more numerous 
than ordinary! The reader had therefore best proceed on to the next head 
of information, for the details as to the sufferings and cure of a single animal, 
which 1 apprehend will instruct him how to treat the many ; for, neither the 
name nor the character of the disorder can be changed by this circumstance, 
however alarming its extent. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 

Causes. — Like all other of its class of disorders, inflammation of the lungs 
is occasioned by a sudden check being given to the circulation, by cold when 
the animal is heated, either by exercise, food, or close stabling, as before de- 
scribed. How it happens that this organ of animal life is much more fre- 
quently deranged than any other, the reader who has well studied the second 
chapter, pp. 31, 32, will be at no loss to account for; adhesion of the pleura, 
or of the lungs, to the ribs, &c. as described at section 32, being very common : 
the labour of action, not to call it pain, is greatly increased thereby, and a 
certain degree of fever is thus engendered and kept up. The animal is in 
this manner always predisposed to acquire cold or catarrh; and ultimately 
inflammation of the lungs comes on, if the cold be neglected. Excessive ex 
posure to the rougher elements, added to the changes in our humid atmo- 
spheric temperature, accounts for the prevalence of affection of the lungs. 
Out of the same causes arise several minor evils, to be considered here- 
after; as, 

Simple cold, or catarrh. 
Broken wind, of three kinds. 
Roaring. 
Chronic cough. 

The symptoms of inflamed lungs rapidly follow each other; shivering, dif- 
ficulty of breathing, loss of appetite and sluggishness, with drooping of the 
head, become visible in quick succession. In a few hours, if the animal be 
in good keep, longer, if out of condition, those symptoms increase, with un- 
usually quick action of the flanks, accompanied by hot mouth and hectic 
cough. Its ears and legs become cold, and he cares not to lie down, or being 
down, he rises languidly, as if mourning his fate. Sometimes the progress 
of this monstrous disease is accelerated by its previous habits, if the animal's 
ronstitution be predisposed towards inflammation. 

The cure is sometimes mainly effected by the effusion of water in the chest, 
which frequently takes place upon bleeding the patient; the practitioner has 
little more to do than place himself in the situation of the handmaid of nature, 
and all will go on well towards perfect restoration. How this effusion is per- 
formed, none can know. Suffice it for our purpose, that such is the case, as 
I have shown in the second chapter, where 1 undertook to investigate the ani- 
mal functions separately, and imagine I can not be misunderstood : See sec- 
tions 19. 20. 21, in particular, at pages 22, 23. We may ascertain when 
Uatfi eitusion l.as taken place, by an evident remission of the desponding symp- 
toms just set down : the flanks cease to heave so much as hitherto, the animal 
Jocks up more cheerfully, he tries to eat a bit, the cough almost ceases, and 
the warmth of the ears returns, all in a partial degree ; but the roughness of 



HEAT, HOW REDUCBD. 73 

his coat, which always accompanies inflammation, does not so soon return toit» 
original suppleness but assumes the first symptoms of hide-bound. When 
these favourable symptoms appear, much assiduity in the minor helps to re- 
covery should be kept up, though further bleeding will be evidently unneces- 
sary. 

I have presumed that the patient has been already blooded in this as in all 
other inflammatory attacks, and that to an amount commensurate to the vi- 
rulence of the attack, even to the amount of five or six quarts, if the animal 
is of full habit Of this proportionate degree, or quantity, let the reader more 
precisely inform himself by turning back to what is said on this head and the 
pulse, under general inflammation, or fever, at pages 63 and 64. The ope- 
rator will of course follow up the bleeding with the purgative ball prescribed 
at page 63, in the case of general inflammatory disorders. Were I to repeat 
over again such general instructions, however diversified in language, 1 should 
add no new information. In every case of bleeding a laxative should follow, 
as before directed, and clysters or water-gruel be administered in aid of both, 
at intervals of three or four hours. Neglect not tolerably warm clothing ; 
and by good hand rubbing, beginning [gently, for 'tis sore] at the neck and 
chest, and so proceeding towards the hind quarters, endeavour to obtain ex- 
ternal heat, if not perspiration. When these appear, it is a sign that effusion 
has taken place, in a greater or less degree, according to the quantity of per- 
spiration. This may be assisted in some degree, after the laxative and clyster 
have well subsided, by administering a 

Sweating Ball. 

Take tarter emetic and asafoetida, of each one drachm. 
Liquorice powder and syrup, enough to form the ball for one dose. 

Repeat the same in twelve hours, unless much perspiration has supervened 
in the meantime, when there will be no necessity for repetition. Thin water- 
gruel will assist the expected perspiration ; or, if the animal be a fleshy one, 
a bran mash may supply its place: either must be given blood-warm. 

The heat of the lungs, which is the immediate cause of the disorder, is vi- 
sibly reduced by every inspiration of fresh air the animal takes. Naturally, 
then, this air should be fit for its purpose, or pure ; at least not the confined 
air of an over-filled stable, replete with noxious effluvia; nor, on the other 
hand, a current of air that issues by doors and windows to the right and to 
the left, particularly in cold weather, or even in warmer weather whilst the 
animal is yet sweating with the diaphoretics just now recommended. As in 
most other affairs of life, the best will be found the medium course,- for the 
noxious stable air having irritated and so predisposed the lungs to receive the 
blighting influence of the cold air, it follows that either extreme of stimulat- 
ing, or bracing overmuch, must do harm one way or the other. A lull and 
free inquiry into the best means of employing this main auxiliary in the re- 
storation of health in inflammatory disorders would be well worth the laboui 
of any veterinarian competent to the task; but as regards myself at present, 
such a course would ill suit my views in writing this too brief treatise. 1 
shall, therefore, content myself with observing here, that since it is to this 
want of ventilation.in stables, and crowding many horses together, that we 
jwe all pulmonary complaints and most fevers, the subject is worthy consider- 
aCion as a preventive as well as a remedy. 

Formerly, the general practice was to clothe the animal almost to sufToca- 
iion, and to close up every aperture by which air might enter the stable; tht. 
-•onsequence of which mistaken notion was a severe attack of the lanes that 
8* 



71 AIR- VENTILATION OF STABLES. 

usually proved fatal, wherever these addenda to stable management could be 
employed ill supposed perfection. Not so the poor man's or the dealer's 
horses under inflammation of the lungs, or the more dreaded " epidemic 
distemper ;" his stables being more or less pervious, and his horse clothing 
without the nap, it was no uncommon thing to find these had recovered, 
whilst the more pampered and more valuable animals fell victims to every spe- 
cies of inflammatory diseases. These results were known to many, in various 
circles, about the time of the establishment of the Veterinary College; and 
the mutual communications that thence resulted, proved the impolicy of the 
old plan of adding heat to heat, and increasing the disposition to acquire disease, 
of the lungs in particular. A revolution which had recently taken place in the 
human practice regarding the treatment of inflammatory and febrile disorders, 
also contributed to open the eyes of our veterinarv practitioners in this respect, 
and they adopted the direct contrary practice in its greatest extremity. Mr. 
Colman advised turning the horse into a loose box, leaving open the apertures, 
without clothing or paying any regard to the seasons. Nought, however, 
could be more absurd than to suppose that a disease which is produced by 
cold should have the continuance of cold prescribed for its cure. 

My practice has been to afford the animal as much fresh air to breathe as 
could possibly lie allowed consistently with keeping out a draught or current; 
taking care also that none whatever should be directed towards his body, nor 
any enter the stable from the windward in stormy or cold seasons. With" these 

Krecautions, in a loose box and well covered up about the chest, but not tight- 
/, he would ever be found turning round to that side where the most air was 
.o be obtained, as if by instinct, Knowing whence the readiest natural relief 
from his sufferings was to be found. In one case, of an aperture being made 
into an adjoining shed, the patient was frequently discovered inhaling the little 
air which was to be drawn thence, though the orifice was no other than a dis- 
placed knot of the wood partition. 

In general, the disease bends before the remedies prescribed; the hand- 
rubbing must be continued, particularly of the legs, which in the worst period 
of the disease are uncommonly fine, but should it last him some time they 
swell, and in either case prove they are the barometer of (he disorder, as well 
as the necessity of rubbing them. On the other hand, should the pulsation 
increase after bleeding, and no favourable symptoms appear (as indeed they 
can not be then expected), this necessary operation must be repeated to the same 
amount as at first, or up to a state of tottering as recommended before, at page 
63: this necessity will occur but seldom, and that always with patients in 
previously high condition. Therefore, no danger can be apprehended from 
this copious discharge; for, at the end of twelve hours or less, which is the 
period at which 1 should again resort to the fleam, the" blood would have re- 
turned tc its former courses in every respect ; the continuance of fever up to the 
same original height of the pulse, shows that the particular animal then under 
treatment, possessed an uncommon quantity of blood, and therefore that an 
unusual quantity should be taken away in order to alleviate the heat that is de- 
stroying it, and will destroy it, if the heat be not subdued at this second 
bleeding; for, should this fail, I expect little good from further attempts, 
though it is desirable to try what I always consider as the forlorn hope. 

Should those remedies fail, suppuration takes place usually in six and thir- 
ty hours, and the animal is lost. Occasionally, however, it happens with low- 
priced animals, that the inflammation fixes itself and terminates with de- 
struction of one lobe only of the lungs, generally that on the right side, the 
jther performing all the functions, but how perfectly, or for how long time, 1 
had no means of ascertaining. At this point of his inquiries, the studious 
fader had better consult over again what 1 thought it necessary to say upon the 



INFLAMED LUNG3. BLISTERING AND ROWELLING EMPLOYED. 75 

Jissection of the lungs, in chap. 2, pages 31 to 34; but he will please to re- 
member, I am not at present prepared to maintain, that the real cause of a 
destroyed lobe, which I have just suggested, is more correct than that vcn 
tured by me at page 33. 

Bleeding, though highly beneficial at first, when the animal system is in full 
vigour, is extremely dangerous after the inflammation has continued some 
time. When (the fever continuing) weakness is indicated by swelling of the 
legs, or nature seeks to relieve itself by a running at the nose, then bleeding 
will be harmful ; this latter was considered a most favourable indication of crisis 
in the epidemic fevers of my youth; but I sincerely hope that the groundless 
fears the rumour of such a plague engenders, never more will visit us with 
affright : the idea of infection, in such cases, is too ridiculous to admit of refu- 
tation. 

Weakness follows, of course, every attack of so vital an organ as the lungs, 
and is a necessary consequence of the great evacuations of each sort his ex 
treme danger has rendered indispensable. But cordial balls, or indeed, stimu 
lants of any sort, are very improper, and might occasion a partial relapse, if 
given before the animal is quite recovered. Good grooming, diet, and exer- 
cise, constitute the means of restoring his strength. Let him be well rubbed 
down, daily, and his nostrils sponged out clean and often, when the discharge 
takes place, which most commonly attends the cure; the same offensive mat- 
ter must be cleaned away from the stall and manger, and he may be led forth 
daily whilst this business is going on. Hand-rubbing the legs should con- 
tinue, so as to promote warmth, and they may be subsequently wrapped up, 
especially if the weather be chilly, with hay-bands, &c. Exercise may be 
gradually increased as the patient gains strength and appetite. At first, good 
stout oat-meal gruel, sweetened with coarse sugar or treacle, alternating this 
with wheat-meal, in order to coax his appetite; then oats which have been 
steeped in boiling water may be given, and next put him to hay of fine odour, 
in small quantities at a time. If grass or green vetches can be procured, a 
little, and not too much, may be cut for the now convalescent horse, in order 
to keep open his body ; on the contrary, should he appear low spirited, a little 
malt occasionally will give him more vigour before leading him to the field 
every day, or leaving him there in clothing, whilst the sun may be out, if it 
shine at all. 

Blistkrin'g and rowf.lling are recommended by most veterinarians, as 
tending to divert inflammatory heat from the more vital part of the surface. 
The theory is good; in the practice of human medicine I believe blistering is 
universally adopted ; and this is one reason why I ever looked upon this 
means of cure with suspicion, even before 1 ascertained that the general heat 
or fever is always increased by the employment of either blister or rowel. 
Both are of the same nature; and the practitioner may learn how either 
operates on the system by ascertaining the state of the pulse previously to the 
amplication, and comparing it with the increased action of that barometer 
whilst the remedy is taking effect. Subsequently, however, it must be con- 
fessed, the agitation of the pulse will subside ; and although I seldom find oo 
casion for employing either blister or rowel, yet I am free to allow, that the 
manner in which inflammation of these organs sometimes terminates (namely 
in abscess, or soft tumour under the skin), seems to invite an early adoption 
•»f artificial means to bring about the same ends. The hand-rubbing just re- 
commended efr.-cts this to a certain extent ; and if it has been neglected, or 
lazily performed, then will blistering become necessary to prevent suppuration 
within. 

As this tumour usually makes its appearance and marks the crisis of acute 
uttack?, the practitioner may form an estimate of the probable beneficial of- 



76 A COLD— WHAT 1 

fects of blistering in any case, by comparing and noting the earliest symptoms 
of any two cases, in one of which the crisis has been subsequently attended 
with such a superficial tumour, and in the other not so. He will then **c- 
ploy blistering with more reliance on its efficacy than I have found net>v 
sary after the hand-rubbing. 

When this remedy is adopted for inflammation of the lungs, employ blister- 
ing ointment composed of cantharides and sweet oil, or hog's lard, or all 
three — or the following 

Blistering Ointment. 

Cantharides, powdered, 5 drachms. 

Hog's lard, 4 ounces. 

Oil of turpentine, 1 ounce. 

Mix, for one extensive application over each side of the chest ; which is a 
neater and more expeditious method of attaining the desired end than rowel- 
ling. When the latter method is adopted, let the tow used for the rowel be 
dipped in a mixture of sweet oil and oil of turpentine ; and the skin of the 
breast or belly, — if more than one such seton is employed, — be separated only 
just sufficient to admit the rowel, in order to increase the irritation, but if the 
surrounding parts swell to an inordinate size, change the tow for some which 
has been sodden in digestive ointment. 

Pleurisy, or inflammation of the pleura, a membrane covering the two 
lobes of the lungs (see chap. ii. p. 42) — has been described by Lawrence as a 
separate disease ; but, as the treatment is the same as the preceding, I can see 
no propriety in making the distinction he does, especially as we can not know 
the difference until after death discloses all imperfections. 

A COLD OR CATARRH. 

Causes. — If I sought much nicety of arrangement, the disorder termed "a 
cold," would have preceded the similar but more malignant attack I have de- 
scribed under "Inflammation of the Lungs." Both are occasioned by cold 
applied to the animal's organs of respiration at a time that he is most suscepti- 
ble of its influence, differing only in the part which may suffer. Thus, when 
the canal through which the air passes receives the check (before described), 
which is the immediate cause of inflammation, every one agrees in its being 
merely " a cold," though in most cases no attack is more replete with danger 
if neglected. 

But the origin and progress of such a check upon the functions of the 
membrane that lines this canal, having been already fully described in the se- 
cond chapter, pages 33, the studious reader must turn back to that part, 
if he would trace causes to their effects, and does not presently recollect all 
that is tnere said on this topic. 

One prolific source of the disorder termed a cold, is found in ihe shedding 
of the (.oat in spring and in autumn, a process of nature always attended with 
a certain degree of debility or general weakness. Hence it is that the animal 
sweats profusely upon the least exertion ; and being in this state suffered to 
stand (harnessed perhaps) in the open air to cool, the sweating is too suddenly 
stopped, and he gets a cold at least. That the lungs should suffer the soonest 
of any other organ is not at all astonishing : the very great exertions made by 
the lungs in the business of progression, is much increased by adhesions and 
other obstructions to the action of its several parts; and this, added to theii 
exposure externally, and the constant inhalation of fresh, cold damp air • 



SYMPTOMS. 77 

h!together, the prevalence of pulmonary affections in every varied stage ought 
no longer to be matter of surprise to any person, however casually he may 
look at the matter. 

The horse is subject to cold or catarrh at every season of the year, and 
koine animals retain chronic cough all the year round, and some during their 
natural lives. But the cold which is contracted in the spring differs materially 
from that of the uuturnn. The former attacks the animal when he is full of 
hard meat and gross feeding — " full of humours," according to a homely but 
intelligent phrase, and a malignant sore throat or an inflammation of the 
lungs is the ultimate consequence, however slight the cold may have been at 
first. Sometimes access of all those symptoms of diseased lungs, which I havo 
already or may hereafter take occasion to describe, will be found in the same 
animal, and he usually bends before the complication of evils and dies, unless 
speed dy relieved by bleeding, &c. From its prevalence at some seasons, we 
then agree to call it "epidemic," and to recommend a treatment corresponding 
with the prevailing symptoms, if these be mild, as a simple cold ; which form 
the epidemic fever or distemper always assumes in its earliest stages. On 
the other hand, the cold or catarrh which the moulting animal acquires in au- 
tumn, finds his system reduced by the heat and labour of summer; his blood, 
in quality or quantity, is scarcely capable of being excited to inflammation, 
and the first attacks are more easily subdued. Neglect, however, increases 
the evil at all times, especially with the more valuable well-conditioned ani- 
mals, some of which are so tenderly managed, that they scarcely can stand 
the opening of a door or shutter after dark, without catching cold. Neither 
autumn or winter is the season for remedying this defect in stable manage- 
ment, — if ever it can be got over at all. 

Symptoms. — According to the precise part attacked, these vary not only as 
to appearances, but as to virulence or malignity, always increasing as the com- 
plaint descends lower and lower down towards the seat of vitality ; the danger 
being also greatly augmented when the animal is pre-disposed to acquire 
catarrh in its worst forms by some previous misfortune — as adhesion, &c. A 
simple cold consists in slight inflammation of the membrane which lines the 
nose, windpipe. &c. the functions of which membrane in health are described 
in the 34th section, chap. ii. together with the manner in which the disease is 
engendered. As we find in all other inflammatory disorders, variations in 
the symptoms occur, according to the previous constitution or evils of the in- 
dividual, and its actual condition — much more than is attributable to an ad- 
verse season, or the immediate cause of disease. For example, if two equal 
animals be exposed to a chilly night air, that horse which had performed a 
journey previously to turning out, would catch a cold for certain, — the other 
most probably would escape; but, if both had performed the same journey, 
let us suppose, and one of them laboured under the constitutional defect of 
"adhesion of the pleura," (see page 32), he would acquire the more malignant 
cold, known as "inflammation of the lungs," — his less unhappy mate a simple 
cold. What horrid symptoms denote the former, I have attempted to describe ; 
the simple cold, at its first appearance, is too well known to require minute 
description. 

If the cold extend no farther than a check upon the mucous secretion of the 
membrane that lines the nose, a purulent discharge is first observed in the 
morning, its eyes become dull and a little bleared ; and, in twenty-four hours, 
a short cough denotes that the inflammation is creeping onwards, and has 
reached the epiglottis. The attack upon this point of conjunction between 
the throat and mouth, will be greatly accelerated by the injury most horses 
sustain which have been subjected to the brutal operation of beii-g "coughed'* 



78 SORE THROAT— REMEDIES. 

by the dealers; — an if-jury that thus produces latent effects, though the pain 
were originally little, and that little long ago departed. 

We hear this kind of first attack termed "a cold in the head," the second 
symptom is "a cough," and feel no disposition to quarrel with either term. 

In proportion as the attack may be more severe, the symptoms increase, as 
does the danger. Passing the hand down over the windpipe, at the epiglottis, 
the animal will shrink if it be sore within, and he will soon evince difficulty 
of swallowing, and refuse his food : inflammation has begun. When these 
are not preceded by a discharge from the nose, this symptom does not appear 
until the inflammation is lowered by bleeding and other remedies: the dis- 
charge is then an indication that the inflammation, or heat, has subsided and 
no longer demands the adjacent secretions. See page 33, for a more minute 
description how this demand takes place. 

With those symptoms of sore throat others become apparent, and the whole 
assume a malignant tendency proportioned to the severity of the attack and 
previous state of the suffering animal. As happens in all other inflammatory 
complaints, the pulse tells of the existence of fever, in its degree : accompanied 
by languid eyes, breathing quick and laboriously, and general heat of the skin 
without perspiration. In some cases the sore throat is substituted, in some 
measure, by enlargement of the glands underneath the jowl, which are also 
attended by soreness more or less ; and as this species of attack is occasioned 
by the humidity of a cold spring or wet autumn acting upon moulting horses, 
great numbers feel its influence at once, and gives reason for veterinary writers 
to consider this general distemper as "the influenza," and an "epidemic." 
Enough has already been said under the latter head of information, therefore 
let us proceed to treat of the thing as it regards the individual patient. 

Remedy. — When the glands swell, as just mentioned, and there is no reason 
to doubt, according to the corresponding symptoms, that it is the. effect of a 
cold — which may further be ascertained by their heat and tension, let some 
discutient application be used — as camphorated spirits of wine : but if the in- 
flammation be to a great degree, bran poultice may be applied to advantage. 
If those enlarged glands already contain matter the tendency to irritation will 
thus be reduced; if merely sordid tumours, either application will effect relief, 
by reducing the size and tenderness of the part, so as the animal may take his 
medicines with less difficulty. Steaming the head for an hour., or applying 
hot flannels that have been steeped in boiling water, will be fouild serviceable, 
taking care to dry-rub the coat immediately after, which also assists to reduce 
the swelling. If this symptom does not give way before those applications, 
and the throat is ascertained to be sore, blistering may be resorted to, taking 
care to extend it over the whole of the parts affected. See page 76. 

As in all other inflammatory diseases, bleeding to an amount proportioned 
to the violence of the attack, with purgatives and clysters, should accompany 
the foregoing external applications : and these, with plenty of bran mashes, 
sodden oats, and the fever powders prescribed at page 65, will reduce the 
symptoms. Similarly to those also will be the precariousness of his complete 
recovery, and so should be the care that the relapse, to which he is for a time 
daily liable, should not reach to a great height. 1 need not repeat the general 
precautions which are set down at page 70. 

Unwilling to leave the reader in a dilemma as to the mode of applying the 
bran poultice just recommended and upon the efficacy whereof I mainly rely, 
I have taken the pains to sketch a bandage proper for that purpose, with its 
fastenings, the ingenious contrivance of some Frenchman, whose name I be- 
L«»e to have been Bourgelat. 



MODE OF BANDAGING. 



7fl 




It will be seen, that unless the remedy proposed is practically applicaolo, 
the preparation thereof would l>e wholly unprofitable; therefore, when the 
poultice, the steaming, or the blistering, be found necessary, we should en- 
deavour to secure it in the best possible manner ; and as most persons are out 
poor horse milliners, 1 have undertaken in this instance, as well as in cases 
if Strangles, Poll-evil, and Vives, to exhibit the best means of retaining the 
remedies in their proper places. 

The cloth to be employed should be of stout but supple linen, as Russia 
duck : or hempen sail-cloth ; or in failure hereof, a fresh sheep-skin, or a piece 
of Shamoy leather might be substituted. 

Some recommend steeping the cloth in a solution of gummy substances, to 
render it water-tight ; but such contrivances only add to its unconquerable 
stiffness, and I should prefer oiled silk, such as used for umbrellas, if readily 
procurable, and not too dear for the pockets of those more immediately con- 
cerned. 

When spread abroad, the cloth will be of an irregular octagon shape, at each 
corner whereof it is to be strongly sewed on a piece of broad tape for the pur- 
pose of fastening to the girth, or round the neck, or to a breasting of broad 
web, which is supported by another piece, that passes over the withers, and 
which two should be previously fastened together by stitching the cross-pieco 
ends upon the breasting. The two extremes of the bandage will be the fillet 
across the forehead and the fastening at the girth; therefore measure should be 
previously taken of the whole length proper for the individual patient, lest the 
tie, which would otherwise be necessary at the ears, might discommode tho 
animal, and occasion skittishness ; or on the other hand, the application would 
not be kept in its place properly. A single glance, however, at the cut will 
instruct a tolerably expert workman, or work-woman, how to manufacture 
such a bandage as would answer every purpose. 



THE COUGH 

Which accompanies this disorder will frequently remain after the other symp- 
toms have abated ; in some cases a cough is the only symptom of catarrhal in- 
flammation that the animal suffers under, and in both we should apply our- 
selves to reduce the inflammation of the wind-pipe, &c. which occasions the 



hO REMEDIES WHEN VARIED, BENEFICIAL. 

rough ; for -f not cured at once, it baffles all our efforts for a long while, and 
ultimately becomes what is denominated (from the length of time it has last- 
ed) ;i CHRONIC COUGH. But no absolute necessity exists for considering these 
;is separate or distinct diseases, the one being but a prolongation or fastening 
of the other on the system, as described at page 85 below : therefore should 
our attention to the first attack he unremitted, and the remedies applied in 
turn to each variation of the symptoms. If these are accompanied by the 
swellings and soreness of the throat and glands, just spoken of, the cough will 
generally cease, when these symptoms are removed ; hut if not, the cough must 
be considered as a simple disease, and be treated accordingly. By the way, 
seeing that after all our care and anxious examination, we can but imperfectly 
distinguish between some cases of ill-cured catarrh, or the chronic cough, and 
the incipient cough, or a fresh cold, the practitioner would do well, in cases of 
doubt, when he buds one of those remedies fail to afford the expected relief, to 
try another, and another, for example. 

When the cough continues, and there is reason to apprehend, from tno 
frequent and violent efforts of the animal to expel the mucous secretion, that 
this is thick or viscid, and does not come away, though the animal evidently 
sneezes for that purpose, — the lungs must be relieved by softening the agglu- 
tination; otherwise termed "cutting the phlegm." Venesection always ef- 
fects this end ; but, when blood letting is not rendered otherwise necessary, 
the drenches Nos. 1 and 2 will afford relief. As the cough always becomes 
more and more troublesome as the discharge lessens of itself, or ceases alto- 
gether, we may conclude some lurking virus that has fixed upon the lungs is 
Die immediate cause of the cough. In order to enable the lungs to throw ofl 
this cause by a more copious discharge, give the 

Expectorant Ball. — No. 1. 

Sulphur, half an ounce. 
Asafaetida, 1 ounce. 
Liquorice powder, 1 ounce. 
Venice turpentine, 1 ounce. 

Mix for four doses, and give one on each of four succeeding nights. See his 
exercise be moderate, and allow him the cooling regimen before referred to 
tpage 67), as proper for convalescent horses after inflammatory attacks. 

Expectorant Ball. — No. 2. 

Powdered squills, 2 drachms. 
Gum ammoniacum, 4 drachms. 
Powdered ipecacuanha, 4 drachms. 
Opium, 4 drachms. 
Ginger and allspice, of each 1 ounce. 
Balsam of sulphur, 4 ounces. 

Mix, for six balls, with Castile soap, 2 ounces, beaten up with mucilage ; 
treacle, or syrup : to be given once or twice a day. 

If this regimen can not be followed by reason of want of attendants, his 
bowels at least should be kept in a proper open state by mild laxatives ; or, 
if costiveness prevailed when the cough first came on, simply opening the 
bowels will then procure ease, if it do not effect a cure. This may Be at- 
tained by giving, for three or four days, 



MET AND ItEULMEN. ^1 

The Laxative Ball. 

Aloes, one and a half drachm*. 
Ipecacuanha, one and a half drachms. 

Mu N*h liquorice powder and mucilage for one dose. 

T\*.se rfiedicines, and every modification of them, which the experienced 
chemut ran suggest, it is desirable should be tried in succession, as the seat 
of the disorder is so very various and uncertain, that the partial good which 
one may effect, will frequently be aided by another. To this end the follow 
big ball and drenches have been prescribed and used with success — 

Diuretic Ball. 

Yellow resin, 2 ounces. 

Turpentine, 4 ounces. 

Soap, 3 ounces. 

Salad oil, 1 ounce. 

Oil of aniseed, half an ounce. 

Powdered ginger, 2 ounces. 

*ub the two last together in a mortar, with a little linseed powder. Melt the 
4/st three articles over a slow fire, and then mix in the powders. Divide the 
maxs into eight balls, and give one a day until the water is affected. 

Drench. — No. 1 

Vinegar, 8 ounces. 
Squills, 2 ounces. 
Treacle, 6 ounces. 

Bruise the squills and pour on the vinegar boiling hot; simmer these near the 
fire two or three hours, then strain off and add the treacle. Divide into three 
or four parts, and give a portion two or three times in the course of the day. 

Drench. — No. 2. 

Bruised garlic, 4 ounces. 
Vinegar, 12 ounces. 

Pour on the vinegar boiling hot ; let it simmer four or five hours, strain off and 
add six ounces of honey. Divide into three parts or four, and give in the 
course of the day at intervals. 

But no ultimate cure can be effected unless the diet and regimen is pro- 
perly followed up; nor, if the animal be pushed in his work whilst the disor- 
der is virulent ; and, after all our care, if the cough does not abate, but be- 
comes worse by reason of a new cold, it fixes upon the lungs, and the animal 
drags out a miserable existence. This has been usually treated of as con- 
sumption, by reason of its resemblance to the same disorder in human medi- 
cine, from the wasting away, or consumption of the animal system, which ac- 
companies a diseased state of the pulmonary arteries. Of the importance of 
this part of the system to animal life, to existence and health, the attentive 
reader can not fail to be sufficiently aware who has well perused that part of 
the second chapter of this little manual, in which the functions of the organs 
of respiration are described with requisite care — page 31 to 35. The hop«»- 
lessncss of bringing about a cure, after the ruin has proceeded so far as w« 
I 



»>fvOKEN WIND. 

naw nisi contemplatetl, must likewise be most apparent to him : I will not 
therefore, pursue farther in detail the last wastings of this vitally essentia] 
organ of the animal system, but proceed shortly to notice some other effects 
of an ill-cured cold or protracted cough. 

BROKEN WIND 

Is already so minutely described, as to its causes and symptoms, in the second 
chapter, that I apprehend repetition in this place would prove worse than use- 
less. The reader will therefore turn to page 34, and the recapitulation of 
my treatise on the organs of respiration which immediately follows, at page 
35. Generally speaking, broken wind is brought on by inflammation of the 
organs of respiration, and acquires a different name, though requiring but 
little variety of treatment, according to the part which may be the more im- 
mediate seat of disease ; for it must be clear, that although this may lie in the 
uppermost part or larynx, in the lowermost part or midriff, or more centrally 
— the communicable nature of inflammation is such, that the whole must par- 
take in some degree of each and every partial derangement. And this de- 
gree will be proportioned to the excitability of the individual's organs of res- 
piration that may be the subject of attack : if the animal contract cold or 
cough in the vigour of age and health, he will experience its effects in the 
most frightful shapes; it proceeds to encroach on and obstruct the right func- 
tions of the lungs with rapid strides, and if the symptoms do not abate, he 
dies. But, being partially removed, it becomes a chronic disorder* to the end 
of his days; and, agreeably to the part which may experience the attack, has 
it been the practice to denominate chronic cough either roaring — broken wind 
— thick in the wind — or asthma. Hereupon, however, the doctors disagree. 

How this difference arises may be worth a moment's investigation here, al- 
though so large a portion of the second chapter has l>een already devoted to 
the subject, and the reader must absolutely turn back to it. At page 34, the 
thickening of the midriff, in consequence of inflammation attacking the ad- 
jacent viscera, was minutely described : this thickening of the membrane 
also extends to every other part of the lungs, wind-pipe, &c. whenever cold 
or inflammation prevails ; and in the event of its continuance, the thickening 
of the membrane remains long after the virulence of the disorder may be sub- 
dued. If this state of the organs of respiration extend over them generally, 
the patient may very justly be said to be "broken winded;" when this ex- 
tends to the thickening of the pleura only, he would then be thick winded, 
or short in the wind, as he would also in case of adhesions of the midriff, as 
described in page 34, already referred to. Neither affection, however, can 
fairly be set down for broken wind ; though both those membranes being af- 
fected might properly enough be considered "a broken manner of drawing 
in and expelling the wind," for the inspirations and expirations are in this 
case extremely irregular, broken, or variable ; whereas, when the air-cells are 
really broken, or burst into each other through great exertion, then the air 
escapes with difficulty, and the expirations are now slower than the inspira- 
tions (as before observed), and both together constitute irregular respiration, 
or true broken wind. 

But of controversies there is no end. J. White and R. Lawrence were 
for some years at issue on these points ; White having taken up Lawrence 
rather sharply, and somewhat unjustly, if he meant to impute error to the 

' Chronic disorders are those which, having lasted a long time, become almost second nature, 
and plague the organs of respiration more than any other viscus : thus, a tickling cough may 
•tick or an animal for years, but it becomes worse upon any great exertion, or on cttOJiin* 
fre«h colu 



CONTROVERSY CONCERNING AIR CELLS. 83 

alter, as regard* the symptom of respiration just spoken of, for each writer 
was right in his separate position : as they disagree as to what constitute* 
broken wind, so they could not of course agree as to the symptoms. See 
page* 159, I (JO, of White's first volume. This author also disorders his own 
position* at the same place, in two other instances, which I should not have 
noticed, but for his tart rebuke of R. Lawrence for attributing the term 
broken wind to the thickening of the membranes. In this view of the case, 
it will be seen, 1 certainly can not agree with this very clear-headed veterina- 
ii:ui; hut 1 do not therefore, harshly refute a gentleman and scholar for not 
agreeing with me upon a simple term of science: it was this unamiable at- 
tachment to trifles that so long impeded the progress of chemical knowledge, 
until the plain-speaking Davy, Nicholson, Park, and Paris, came into vogue, 
and drove Lavoisier from his prostrate coterie, -^Dickson was put to silence, 
and Fourcroy's reveries were laid in the dust of oblivion. 

White says, " The lungs of broken winded horses that I have examined have 
generally been unusually large, with numerous air-bladders on the surface." p. 
100. Yet, in the next page, he opens a broken winded subject, and says, " The 
lungs were lighter [meaning less] than usual, and without the air-bladders, 
contrary to the state Mr. Lawrence describes." What Lawrence had said 
was this: " The most common appearance of the lungs in broken winded 
horses is a general thickening of their substance, by which their elasticity is 
in a great measure destroyed, and their weight (i. e. size) specifically increased. 
On tliis account air is received into the lungs with difficulty, but its expulsion 
is not so difficult. Thus, in broken winded horses, inspiration is very slow, 
expiration sudden and rapid, as may be seen by the Hanks returning with a 
jerk." (p. 123, octavo edition.) And he is correct as to these two motions 
accompanying the thickened membrane or substance of the lungs; only 1 
should have termed the disorder thick wind, and not broken wind, when all 
would have coincided with White's statement, barring his own self-contra- 
diction as to the size of the lungs, which Lawrence had mistaken for weight, 
and which had met with the counter assertion of being "specifically lighter." 
On this point of their dispute, however, neither the one nor the other could 
possibly know aught with requisite certainty; and I, for my part, am inclined 
to believe, that the lungs of high-bred horses are specifically lighter than those 
of the cart breed, saving that the whole organs of respiration are much less 
muscular in the first kind than in those of the latter, the skirt or border of 
the midriff" in particular. On the other hand, the hearts of blood horses in- 
variably run or a larger size than those of the common English horse. Vide 
page 37. One cause of broken wind, or rather that mainly predisposes the 
animal to contract this disorder, is voracious feeding, which distends the sto- 
mach inordinately, and for a while gives to the animal a short-lived vigour 
and healthy appearance. This induces its proprietor to put him upon his 
mettle, and try the extent of his powers at progression ; and as he will best 
perform those feats upon a plentiful feed, the action of the midriff and lung* 
thereby becomes laboured, and the proper expansion of the lungs is impeded. 
Heat and tension are the immediate consequence, and broken wind of one 
or the other sj>ecies is the remote consequence. Horses that eat their litter, 
and what other hard substances they can come near, are similarly predisposed 
io broken wind; namely, by the great distension of the stomach, and inability 
•>f inspiring a sufficient quantity of air to fill the lungs, whence the inert cells, 
jr the portion not distended, fill up, contract, and becom? useless, or, upon 
sudden action and over distension, they burst at once. 

Cure there is none for broken wind, and therefore all that can be done bv 
way of alleviating its symptom* must be effected by management, or as it if 
more generally termed, by 



94 REGIMEN FOR BROKEN WIND. 

Regimen. Of course, any person would avoid exposing the animal to fresb 
cold, and not push him too hard on a full stomach ; nor indeed, give away a 
chance of increasing the malady by the same means as I have just said origi- 
nally brought it on. He will, on the contrary, follow an opposite course of 
treatment, and as much as possible rrgulate his feeding and exercise upon 
moderate principles, for the stomach and bowels are always affected by broken 
wind. Hence it is, that flatulency accompanies broken wind of every kind, so 
that the animal in his endeavours to cough, usually breaks wind after an effoit 
or two. Much medicine is not requisite, and, in slight eases, far from desira- 
ble ; tonics, bracing air, and regular hard meat feeding, broken or sodden, and 
fiven in small quantities, will do more for the horse than physic of any sort, 
'or the first, Peruvian bark, or cascarilla in small doses, may be given occa- 
sionally adapting the quantity to the bulk of the animal. 

Tonic Ball. 



Gentian root, \ 1 to 2 drachms of each > 



Oil of Carraways, ten drops; with 
Mucilage enough to form the ball. If irritation of the bowels is indicated by 
a certain protrusion of the anus, add of opium 10 to 12 grains. 

When the cough is particularly troublesome, or the animal seems to labour 
much in respiration, give the following 

Ball. 

Dried squills, powdered, 1 drachm. 
Gum ammoniacum, 3 drachms. 
Opium, 10 drachms ; 
With mucilage sufficient to form the ball. 

If there is reason to apprehend the horse swallows his corn without grind- 
ing it, as commonly happens, bruised or sodden oats should be given, and the 
bowels discharged by purgatives, when alteratives may not be deemed equal to 
the urgency of the case. Those prescribed at pages 86, 87, are applicable in 
this case also ; inasmuch as the two disorders bear very near resemblance to 
each other in this respect. Give green food, succulent roots, and bran-mashes, 
as there recommended. Let the water be soft, not too cold, and given in 
small quantities at a time, and frequently. 

As broken wind produces disordered bowels, and is re-produeed by it, the 
connexion or sympathy between the two, thus plainly demonstrated, should 
be employed in the alleviation of the former in all its stages, when it has been 
of long standing. 'The means of attaining this object has been shown; and 
when the animal under treatment is equal to the care and expense, he fre- 
quently recovers so much of his former powers of free respiration, that his cure 
will seem for a short time fully effected. These appearances, however, are 
completely illusive ; upon the least extra work he relapses into his former dif 
ficulties of continuing it, and the cough, the roaring, wheezing, or labouring 
of the flanks and chest, return as bad as ever. If the work be very hard, as 
always happens when the horse has been sold deceptiously, and the new mas- 
ter would try his utmost powers, the relapse is then worse than before; he 
hereupon becomes a confirmed roarer, by the wind and lymph being driven 
inside the membrane that lines the wind-pipe, and causes inflammation of the 
very fine blood-vessels that traverse it. Hence the number of lawsuits that 
are instituted to recover the valuable consideration paid for broken winded 



HEREDITARY ROARERS. 85 

horses that are returned upon the hands of the sellers as roarers, that never 
were known to either groom or stable-boy for roarers, before the day of action 
or trial. Hence, too, let us charitably suppose, the contradictory evidence 
ofu n given, and the flat, downright cross-swearing that usually takes place 
on such occasions. For the horse having been partially made up for the pur- 
pose of sale, i. e. nursed, patched up, and to all appearance "right in all his 
parts," the fact of his going in pain comes out by way of his skin at first, and 
the new purchaser being generally desirous of trying all he can do, the 
ruin is effected, by pushing him too much, of driving the wind inside the 
membrane, as before described. 

Hereditary Roarers. Early in the present century, a question arose 
among breeders, whether the gift or the curse of roaring descended from 
parents to their progeny. The decision was looked for with unusual anxiety 
among the breeders of farm-horses in Norfolk and Suffolk, where a famous 
well-built horse in every other respect was much sought after, even subse- 
quently to his being denounced a roarer prepense. Would his stock take 
after him 7 was a problem very desirable to be set at rest, when Mr. Wilson, 
of Bildestone, late Sir T. C. Bunbury's, propounded the question to Mr. 
Cline, an eminent surgeon and anatomist in London. In reply, Mr. Cline 
said, " The disorder in a horse which constituted a roarer, was caused by a 
membranous projection in a part of the wind-pipe, and was a consequence of 
that part having been inflamed from a cold,* and injudiciously treated. A 
roarer was not therefore a diseased horse, for his lungs and every other part 
might be perfectly sound ; but when a horse was in strong action, his breath- 
ing became proportionably quickened, and the air, in passing rapidly through 
the wind -pipe was in some degree interrupted in its course, and thus the 
roaring noise was produced. The existence of this in a stallion could not be 
of any consequence. It could not be propagated any more than a broken 
bone, or any other accident."t 

Unfortunately, however, for this opinion, and not exactly in accordance 
with my own, several of that horse's get became roarers, but we are left to 
guess whether hereditarily or acquired. An account of the horse in question 
appeared in the Annals of Sporting for 1823 ; but the colouring given by an 
evident partisan of the stallion- master induces one to lament the absence of 
that candour, from which alone useful truths are to be drawn ; for, we are de- 
terred from indulging in pathological investigation where the grounds of in- 
quiry are so impalpably sandy as were those adduced upon the occasion. 

CHRONIC COUGH 

Is already defined to be the remains of an ill-cured cold, which may or may 
not have been a cough originally. It bears close analogy to simple broken 
wind that is seated in the wind-pipe or its branches, of which it may be con- 
sidered a continuation, or the natural consequence of neglect, with more in- 
veteracy. How this effect would so accrue was described at page 80 ; and 
the analogy is still further corroborated by the fact, that the treatment for 
cough of long continuance is precisely that which is found serviceable for 
broken wind, the situation of the two disorders making the only difference in 
cither respect. Again, the symptoms of both may, by long and careful treat- 
ment, be so reduced as to seem cured, for a longer or shorter period, and both 
will return in the shape of roaring, upon the animal being put to sudden hard 

' Not always so, Mr. Cline. 

t Our human anatomist is very nearly right as to an accident not being descendable; but sen 
In/ that roaring did descend to the first generation, we must infer that this was "an accident of 
Dirth, ' ma not a contracted one which might possibly go no farther, 
q* 



96 OCCASIONAL AND PLETHORIC COUGH. 

work, as mentioned in the last pages. The corresponding symptoms of both 
are also so nearly alike, that I merely comply with custom while I recapitu- 
late these for the use of readers who might not choose to consider that horse 
broken winded, which to all appearance is only affected with " an old cold in 
the wind-pipe." But, let the first term appear to an owner ever so formida- 
ble in sound, the latter is no less dangerous in effect, and both are alike liable 
to terminate in roaring. 

The symptoms which indicate chronic cough are nevertheless so slight, that 
it is too often considered as but a small remains of the more alarming catarrh, 
which its owner vainly imagines will go off in time, as the other disagreeable 
symptoms have done. In this hope he is invariably disappointed, if the means 
of reducing it be deferred. After the more violent symptoms of catarrh have 
subsided, and the cure may reasonably be considered as complete, the horse 
returns to his usual feeding, and, as in the former case, eats voraciously ; he 
is denied water oftener than twice a day, perhaps not so much ; but, when at 
length he does drink, he gulps it up as if famished. This is commonly the 
cause, and the first indication of the cough which follows immediately after, 
but is often mistakenly attributed to his improving too fast after his long illness, 
and it is considered only fair that " he should be allowed to recover himself 
completely." Precaution is thus lulled in fancied security, and unless prompt 
relief be afforded before the damp season of autumn returns, the symptom in- 
creases to obstinate confirmation ; until time renders cure hopeless, alleviation 
or abatement of the coughing being all that lies within the power of medicine 
or stable management to effect for it — the aid of the former being then of little 
avail. Very few small proprietors of horses use timely precautions in this re- 
spect, and the disorder goes on : large owners having more experience, adopt 
early measures, and if pursued with proper vigour, these usually prevail in 
lowering the symptoms. 

An occasional cough is also brought on by high feeding, which, as it arises 
from the rapid production of fresh blood, is termed plethoric cough, by way 
of distinction. Of this symptom it would be needless to tell the better in- 
formed, perhaps, at an interval of six days, that we have but to take away the 
cause, and the effect ceases of course. This, however, does not always follow ; 
for the cough sometimes remains after the gross feeding has been reduced in 
quantity and quality. In this case, it must be considered as chronic cough, 
and treated as such, by emptying the bowels, &c. as above directed. 

Remedy. As in the case of broken wind of every other kind, the horse 
eats every substance he can come near, chronic cough being sometimes pro- 
duced by over feeding, as well as always producing that symptom. There- 
fore, when a horse has a cough, occasionally, for two or three days, his appe- 
tite being good, we had best conclude he is too full and must be emptied by 
an alterative or purgative, according to the emergency of the case : if he be 
of gross habit, or has failed in the proper evacuations ; if his heels swell of a 
morning, or his coat stare like hide-bound, the cough will vanish before the 
following 

Purgative Ball. 

Barbadoes aloes, 8 drachms, 
Castile soap, 2 drachms, 
Ginger, 1 drachm, 
With, mucilage sufficient to form the ball. 

Failing to stale properly, the patient's heels will swell, in addition to the 
•ough, and both may be got rid of by a diuretic ball or two at farthest If 



REMEDIES FOR BAD HABIT. COUGH, PERIODICAL «fc CONSTITUTIONAL. 8* 

the evacuation by the skin be at fault, through cold or otherwise, accompani- 
ed by cough, the perspiration will lie restored, and cough depart, by the exhi- 
bition of Emetic Tartar, one or two grains, every day twice in powder, until 
its effects are perceptible on the skin, and the cough then diminishes. This, 
however, is a very slow remedy, though sure, and is sometimes given in much 
larger quantities. The preparation is very simple when given in the form 
of a ball, being made up of liquorice powder and xnucilage only, of a sufficient 
consistence to retain that form. If much heat of body is perceptible, though 
the pulse may not indicate inflammatory disorder, add to the foregoing ball, 
nitre, 4 or 5 drachms. 

But whatever course is pursued, if symptoms of a bad habit of body are 
discoverable, it will be advisable to administer the foregoing pargative ball once 
or twice previous to adopting any other means of cure. If those symptoms 
of a bad habit of body do not appear, then the purgative should be of a milder 
nature and given at the same interval. 

Mild Purgative. 

Aloes, 4 or 5 drachms, 
Castile soap, 3 drachms, 
Calomel, 1 drachm, 
Ginger, 2 drachms, 
Oil of Carroways, 10 drops ; 
Mucilage enough to form the ball for one dose. 

Some horses are more delicate than others, and being then irritable about 
the throat and chest, are liable to contract a periodical cough, which becomes 
chronic without due care. Such animals should be exposed as little as possi- 
ble to any violent weather, or sudden change of the temperature : these are 
the kind of animals that will benefit greatly, or suffer the most, by a summer 
run at grass, according to the heat, the dampness, or dryness of the season, 
and the precautions used previously to, and at the turning out. Neither should 
such tender animals, under circumstances of chronic cough, which generally 
affects their coats also, about the chest in particular, be treated with a purga- 
tive, even of the mildest form but with alteratives instead. 

Alterative Ball. 

u „j„ ? 12 drachms each, 

Hard soap, ) ' 

Emetic tartar, 1-2 drachm, 

Ginger, 1-2 oz. 

Oil of carraways, 1 drachm; 

With mucilage enough to form the balls into six doses. Give one every morn- 
ing until a loose stool is produced, which may happen on the third or fourth 
morning or longer, as the animal may be more or less relaxed. 

Even with this moderate employment of laxative medicine, the kind of an* 
mal for which it is most desirable will be very unfit to turn out to grass of a 
fludden ; as, on account of its delicacy, it will in that case be more likely to ac- 
quire a small hectic cough, which no one attends to because of its triviality, 
until time renders it chronic, with all its attendant consequences. Roaring, 
broken wind, are among these evils, and have already received as much at- 
tention here as they separately require. 

Frequently it happens that a horse has a constitutional cough, or ->ne which 



88 STOMACH AND INTESTINES. 

comes on only upon high feeding, or a disposition to plethora will produce the 
same kin,., of cough, and, in either case, it seems but an effort of nature to 
relieve itself. In this case, the rapid repletion of blood drives it into the smaller 
vessels that line the windpipe, &c. and there causes the titillation which after 
two or three efforts ends in cough, and so on repeatedly. None but those 
which are in some slight degree or other already afflicted with chronic cough 
are ever so attacked, I apprehend; indeed I have frequently remarked how 
excellent a test of " bad in the wind" was good feed, or a large feed, with 
work upon it. In this case, the administering of nitre and resin will thin the 
blood, and give immediate relief. 

Drench. 

st n e ' • t of each half an ounce, 

Yellow resin, $ » 

Oil of aniseed, 20 drops. 

The oil should be first well mixed with the resin, and the whole given in a 
quart of water-gruel. Recurrence of the same affection may be prevented in 
some measure by giving the same in another form, which is in general 
reckoned more convenient — namely, as a cough powder, substituting aniseeds, 
1 ounce, for the oil, and pounding the whole together; mix with the corn. 

INFLAMMATION CF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES. 

Whenever one of these organs is affected, with inflammation particularly, 
the other soon feels the effects of the attack. This arises from the proximity 
of the two; or the continuity of the digestive faculty, which is mostly carried 
on in the intestines, as the reader of tolerable recollection well knows was so 
described in Book I. page 44, &c. Corrosive poisons, indeed, carry on their 
work of destruction upon the internal or villous coat of the stomach until the 
ruin is complete; but, although horrid inflammation accompanies its ravages, 
I would not class such a species of accident under any other head than " Poi- 
son :" to call it by its symptom would be delusive. Neither is the inflamma- 
tion caused by worms, proper to he taken into consideration here, though in 
this case both organs are affected at the same time; but the bott question in- 
volves other considerations, besides the best means of destroying them, of pre- 
venting the access of this irritating insect, or of alleviating the effects of its 
bite and adhesion to the villous coat, alike of stomach and intestine. 

With those exceptions, there is no greater difference in the causes, symp- 
toms, or means of cure of inflammation in the stomach and intestines, than 
exists between those of the great and the small gut. Inflammatory pain in 
the smaller parts of the alimentary canal will ever be more acute than those 
which attack the larger ones; thus, when the stomach is the seat of disorder, 
the jwins will be duller, the paroxysms less distinctly marked, and the pulse 
but little altered ; but, when by continuance it. reaches the small gut at the 
lower orifice of the stomach, then will the pain and anxiety of the animal in- 
crease greatly, and the symptoms thereof, visible in his manner (to be de- 
scribed shortly), will become more distinct, rapid, and vehement The pulse 
>ncreases in number, in sharpness of vibration, and irregularity. Such is the 
difference also that is discernible between attacks upon the colon or great gut, 
and on the smaller guts. But all this refers to the first attack ; for after a 
while, if the means adopted are insufficient to check its career, the ruin goes 
on to affect the whole abdomen, and the animal dies in excruciating tor- 
mente. 



HOW INCURRED. INTESTINAL ADHESION. 89 

Causes. — Much the same as those which occasion fever in all ordinary 
cases ; that is to say, a sudden check given by cold to the action of tne parts, 
while these may be in a state of excitement, or through over action, hard 
work, excessive heat of the weather, the operation of cordials, &c. By this 
latter means stallions and brood mares are sometimes destroyed prematurely, 
even without catching any cold, or this part of the system receiving any check 
whatever ; in these cases, excitement has been carried to the utmost pitch by 
high feeding, and stimulating the male, until nature gives way, or rather, I 
might say, catches fire almost, and if not speedily arrested, the heat soon de- 
stroys the functions of all the abdominal organs of life. 

To stage-horses, inflammatory complaints usually prove fatal, from the 
same immediate cause ; the animal being fed high, and pressed forward to the 
accomplishment of his daily task, regardless of the first indication of this 
disease; and in summer time, we witness numbers of such dropping down in 
harness, sometimes whilst going along, seldom giving warning of approaching 
dissolution. But, whatever be the previous state of the animal's bodily health, 
he can rarely stand the maltreatment he receives from his driver : — viz. that 
of being driven through ponds and large rivulets, while he is yet perspiring 
greatly through fatigue and the heat of the weather. Long rests in currents 
of air, or unsaddling horses under similar circumstances, are alike productive 
of inflammation of those or some other part of the animal's inside, if it do not 
bring on fever of the whole system — as before observed, p. 59. The kidneys 
or the liver are sometimes alone affected by this species of culpable neglect ; 
but in either case the effects are not immediately perceptible, and the disorder 
creeps on unheeded, or seizes the animal violently, so that it dies at the next 
going out. 

Neglect of the necessary evacuations, or the discontinuance of those which 
have been customary, even though injudicious, will occasion an accumulation 
of dung in the intestines when they are least capable of bearing it : upon this, 
pressing the horse in his work will bring on inflammation, as it will sometimes 
after a heavy feed and water, which some injudiciously give on account of a 
hard day's work lying before him. The same happens to horses that are in- 
ordinately fat, when hard worked ; the dung that is then eliminated bears with 
it a portion of the slime or mucus that lines the intestines, and this appearance 
has obtained for this species of inflammation the term molten grease. 1 post- 
pone, for a few pages, the consideration hereof, in compliance with custom ra- 
ther than in obedience to propriety. 

Adhesion of the gut sometimes takes place, so as to cause partial obstruc- 
tion to the passage of aliment ; at others, tubercles are formed on the mesen- 
tery that holds the bowels in position ; and in either case the secret is dis- 
closed by a staring coat, which some mistake for the worms. Both those af- 
fections are the effect rather than the first cause of inflammation of the part, 
and may be distinguished from " the worms" by the state of the pulse, by the 
heat, tension, and soreness evinced by the patient on passing the hand over 
the belly. See page 46, book I. The reader will also perceive, upon turn- 
ing back to page 22 — 24, in what manner this adhesion is effected, by the ex- 
naustion of the moisture that is designed by nature to lubricate the parts. 

Colic of long continuance, if the animal is worked while this is on him, is 
another prolific source of inflammation of the intestines ; as is the drinking 
cold water copiously, while in a state of perspiration, or after a trying jour 
ney, which is always attended with spasmodic colic of the stomach and bowels 
at first, and of inflammation sooner or later, according to the temperature of 
the individual. The necessity of getting rid of the lesser attack before it ac 
quires a permanent and dangerous aspect must be obvious ; and as the treat- 
ment prooer for either, is at total variance with the oth*r, the one requiring 



90 COLIC DISTINGUISHED FROM INFLAMMATION. 

vroimth and stimulation, the other a cooling and reducing treatment, our first 
duty is to ascertain precisely the exact nature of the attack; for a mistake on 
this point would, at:d does frequently, prove fatal — ay, in human as well as in 
horse medicine. Therefore it is, that 1 have judged it expedient to set down 
here a table of the symptoms that will enable the practitioner to distinguish 
between the two kinds of attack. 

For this mode of setting before the eye in parallel columns the discriminating 
symptoms of two such apparently .similar disorders, 1 am indebted to Mr. 
Ryding, who inserted it in his "Veterinary Pathology," 1801, pages 86, 87; 
and it was copied by White into his " Compendium," 1803, with a few altera- 
tions, by no means for the better, 1 have adhered chiefly to Ryding, with but 
one slight alteration. 

SYMPTOMS. 

A table for distinguishing between iiH. Colic or Gripes, and Inflammation 
of the Bowels, by the symptoms thai mark the character of each- 
Spasmodic or Flatulent Colic. Inflammation of the Bowels. 

1. Pulse natural, though sometimes i. Pulse very quick and small. 
a little lower. 

2. The horse lies down, and rolls 2. He lies down and suddenly 
upon his back. rises up again, seldom rolling upon 

his back. 

3. The legs and ears generally 3. Legs and ears generally cold, 
warm. 

4. Attacks suddenly, is never pre- 4. In general, attacks gradually, is 
ceded, and seldom accompanied by commonly preceded, and always ac- 
any symptoms of fever. companied by symptoms of fever. 

5. There are frequently short in- 5. No intermissions can be observ- 
termissions. ed. 

"Whilst marking these distinctions, which ought to be kept in mind while 
prescribing for disorders so nearly alike at first view, but differing so widely 
in efTect, the reader is earnestly requested to turn to the Index, and there find 
the page at which I have thought proper to treat pretty much at large of" In- 
flammation of the Kidneys," " Diseases of the Urinary Organs," &c. He 
will there perceive how fatally these affections have been mistaken for 
H Colic;" he will learn that this unhappy error is likely to happen more fre- 
quently than would at the first glance be imagined; and he will observe that 
the symptoms correspond in many respects with those in the second column 
above — therefore require an equal correspondent course of treatment, but that 
the deposite of the stone in the kidney is an incurable disorder that admits of 
no remedy. Furthermore, the reader will observe, that the whole of the article 
alluded to, on " Calculus, or Stone," requires his strict attention : and also 
bear in mind what is there said as to calculous substances which are deposited 
in the. ccecum or blind gut, producing symptoms so much like spasmodic 
colic, that much care is necessary in applying the appropriate remedy in each 
case, lest he hastens the patient's end. 

Of those symptoms the state of the pulse is the surest indication of the ap 
proach of an inflammatory attack of the bowels, or any other viscus; and the 
particular part which is then suffering must be gathered from other circum- 
stances. If he has long suffered colic without relief, doubtless inflammation 
has taken place, and gangrene is likely to follow : this is the harbinger of 
death. Adhesion of the gut sometimes baffles the best treatment for «:olic 



CALCULUS IN THE BOWELS. 91 

and soon devolves into inflammation. In cither case, the remedies proper for 
colic must be abandoned, and others more adapted to the change of circum- 
stances be employed instead. 

Whenever the cause of inflammation of the bowels may fairly be ascrilwd 
to the quantity or quality of their contents — without adding thereto by any 
extraordinary exertion, its approach will be very slow, and denoted by slug- 
gishness and the refusal of food at first. As they are mostly working cattle 
that arc thus attacked, the evacuations are not sufficiently minded, or the at- 
tendant neglects to make mention how these have discontinued in a great de 
gree, or changed their appearance — the dung being then hard and the urine 
nigh coloured ; hereupon the pulse increases, and the outrageous symptoms 
described in the second column of the table of symptoms go on to a' frightful 
degree, endangering the lives of bystanders. Even in this stage, the progress 
of the disease may be arrested by prompt and vigorous measures, adapted to 
the kind of animal that may be the subject of attack, and the circumstances 
under which the present alarming symptoms may have been brought on. If 
a heavy lumbering wagon-horse, that owes his disease to alimentary indul- 
gence, we shall find no higher operation necessary than emptying the over- 
charged canal by force of arms, i. e. back-raking; but the high-couraged stage- 
coach horse, which falls under the exercise of the lash, and the influence of a 
vertical sun, has seldom aught within him of that kind to part with, and re- 
quires the introduction of some substance or liquid that shall cherish the 
afflicted stomach and bowels, and alleviate the burning heat that, ascending to 
the head, causes his delirium. Presence of mind, however, or the adroitness 
which much practice teaches, is frequen y wanting for the first mentioned 
remedy ; and the means of applying the second is so seldom at hand, that the 
animals are loo often left to their fate and are lost. But I anticipate the reme- 
dies. See also pages 62, 68. 

Remedy. — From the rapid progress made by this disorder, when left to it- 
self, and its usually disastrous termination, the duty of attending to the pulse 
of his animals as before insisted upon (at page 62), will strike every intelligent 
horse proprietor, as the very best means of guarding against the fatal conse- 
quences of inflammatory attacks. He will by this means be apprised of the 
earliest approach of the disease, and thus enable himself to meet it in its mild- 
est form : he will compare this certain indication of heal — whether fever of 
the whole system, or inflammation of a particular part, with the state of the 
patient's urine, which will then be high coloured, and the dunging defective. 
The rectum will be dry, hard, and hot ; the belly, on passing the hand over it 
towards the sheath, will hawe the same feel ; the animal will shrink from the 
touch, his eyes appear languid, or partly shut; as the disorder proceeds they 
assume unusual redness, or what has been termed bloodshot. 

Up to this stage of the disorder, the first remedy will beclystering and bleed- 
ing the animal freely, if he be not very aged or of spare habit, immediately 
after giving the following 

Laxative Drench. 

Powdered aloes, 2 drachms, 
Sul>carbonate of potass, 2 drachma. 
Water gruel, 1 pint, 
Castor oil, half a pint. Mix. 

\f ofclay is to be apprehended in procuring the above drench, give castor ctl, 
one pint, or in default hereof, salad oil, two pints, whilst the drench i* pr#- 
panng. 



£2 CLYSTER1NG. NEGLECTED COST1VENE3S. 

In ordinary cases, a voluntary stool will be produced at or soon after bleed 
ing, occasioned by relaxation of the tenesmus that constitutes the disease. If 
the dung comes forth in small quantity and small hard knobs, the anus must 
be cleared by the hand, according to the directions given at a preceding page, 
69. And, when the constipation has endured for a long time, the hardened 
dung will not come away at all without this manual operation of back-raking, 
which must be performed the more assiduously as the difficulty may be great- 
er and the dung harder. Let a warm clyster be thrown up that is copious 
enough to fill the emptied gut, at the least. 

Clyster. 

Water gruel, from four to six quarts, 
Epsom salts, 4 or 5 ounces, 

inject warm, with a large syringe, or ox-bladder and long pipe : perform this 
operation effectually. 

A second and third should follow, a little warmer than the first, and after 
an evacuation has taken place, the next clyster may be made without salt, and 
a small degree thicker than at first. Its effect will be to remain and nourish 
the parts nearly in the same manner as a poultice does an external inflamed 
wound. 

Too often, however, those early indications are entirely neglected; the ani- 
mal is harnessed in to his day's work, and the consequences are both dreadful 
and dangerous to behold. If he be a stage-coach horse, or destined to take his 
turn at a posting-house, his sluggishness and refusal of food is usually attri- 
buted to "a little overwork;" and the much abused cordial is commonly ad- 
ministered ; which brightens him up for the renewal of his daily task, and ac- 
celerates his fate, unless rescued as by a miracle that is very seldom wrought. 
In these cases, the first symptom perceptible to the driver is the horse's lean- 
ing against its next horse ; but, upon being touched up, it makes fresh exer- 
tions according to its quantity of courage, until it falls down with closed eyes, 
in excruciating torments, lashes out behind, and beats about on the ground, 
seldom having the strength to get upon its legs again. Bundles of straw should 
be placed for the afflicted animal to roll upon, and his head pressed down with 
the hand whilst the severest paroxysms expend their force. When at length 
he gets up — which may be considered a favourable sign, that proves fiis 
strength is not wholly subdued — he may be supported into a stable. Mean- 
time, however, an examination of the rectum must take place, and the manu- 
al operation of emptying it be employed — if need be ; that is to say, if harden- 
ed dung should be accumulated there. At any rate, water gruel in large 
quantities must be prepared, as well for administering by way of clyster as of 
drench ; in both, giving it now without the addition of salt, and in the latter 
manner nearly cold. By these means, the alarming symptoms will diminish 
greatly ; but if there is still reason to apprehend that obstruction may prevail 
in the larger intestines, this must be got rid of by means of the oily laxative 
prescribed at page 91, and the repetition of clysters in quantities, and admin- 
istered with a vigour sufficient to reach the evil. 

Bleeding, of course, would be adopted to the amount of four, five, or six 
quarts, according to the exigency of the case and the size of the animal. If 
the blood become buffed, as it is called by some, or sizy on the surface, a 
second blood-letting is necessary to complete the cure. Low, but nourishing 
diet, should follow ; as bran-mashes, stiff gruel, and afterwards sodden oats ; 
the return to hay provender being made gradually, and then of good quality. 

In very bad cases, the return to full health and vigour will be slow, and a ' 



MOLTEN GREASE. PHV8IOLOGY OF. «jJ 

relapse is to be dreaded, as a fresh attack would prove much more obstinate 
than the first. The dung, by its quantity, consistence, regularity, and gene- 
ra! appearance, will afford the best means of judging when the boweh are 
completely cleared of their offensive contents; for it not unfrequently happer.* 
that several tolerable stools may be procured by the help of medicine, and ) ct 
some lumps, replete with danger, remain behind. The pulse, that great c -i- 
terion of health or disease, by dint of low living, may have regained its naturil 
state, and so remain steadily for a tolerably long period : but watching the dung 
for a day or two will corroborate that main indication of health, or by its ir- 
regularity dispel an ill-founded reliance on the completeness of the cure. Yet 
will the administering of purgatives, or even alteratives, of aloes in particular, 
be found full of danger, as tending to irritate the bowels anew. The same 
may be said of all stimulants whatever, whether applied externally or given in 
the form of cordials, notwithstanding the animal may evince signs of return- 
ing pain, and these be ascertained by the corresponding symptoms of low 
pulse, warm legs and ears, to arise from spasmodic or flatulent colic only. 
For these returning pains are usually occasioned by the soft kind of regimen 
just recommended ; to which the patient may have been subjected during this 
illness for the first time since it was a foal. 1 have known a small feed of corn 
or two effect relief from lowness, in the case of horses which had been long 
time previously used to hard food : if these be devoured voraciously, this will 
tend to prove 1st, that the change is desirable, and 2dly, that the next feed 
should consist of broken oats — or a new disease will be engendered. Adopt the 
tonic system, recommended generally, at page 69. 

MOLTEN GREASE 

Is but a variety of inflammation of the intestines when the subject of attack 
happens to be very fat, and little accustomed to exercise; when marked by 
costiveness, it may be treated as such ; or, if attended by a looseness, may 
rather be considered as a spasmodic effort of nature to relieve itself of an un- 
natural load. The vulgar name given to this affection of the intestines is 
farther supported by the popular notion that the fat, or grease, which the in- 
dividual possessed in a superlative degree, had melted (or was molten) and 
passed into the guts, whence it was expelled with the faeces. This, however, 
w physiologically impossible, notwithstanding the support such a notion has 
received from some revered authors ; the appearance of slimy unctuous matter 
along with the dung, more particularly when this is much hardened, being no 
other than the mucous secretion described at pages 22, 23, at designed by na- 
ture to defend the surface of the intestines from the injurious action of hard 
sul)stances that might be taken into the stomach. Indeed, tbis intention of 
nature in providing such a defence is demonstrable in the fact, that the harder 
the knobs ofdungmaybe that the animal presseth forth, the greater is the 
quantity of this greasy, unctuous, or mucous secretion that is eliminated along 
with it, and which gives name to the disorder. Probably, the secretion of thu 
grease may then proceed with more celerity ; its access may be greater, the 
more it is thus required by nature to defend the alimentary passage. This 
supposition is drawn from the factjust stated; but, whether the well-founded 
conjecture be too hastily hazarded, is for the more minute inquirer to conclude 
upon, or investigate farther, as may seem good to him. 

At any rate, the doctrine of effusion, or the passing of those secretions, 
whether mucous or aqueous, from one part of the system to another, as natur* 
or accident may require the supply, is tolerably evident from another circum- 
stance that is often recurring in cases of molten grease. [The subject u> more 
fully treated of at the page just referred to.] The perspiration of the two se 
10 



I TREATMENT OF MOLTEN GREASE. COUC. 

cretions in succession, here referred to, is pretty well recognised, and is easily 
proveable, in the manner there set down ; the unctuous, mucous, or greasy se- 
cretion (tall it which we like) of the external surfaces following that of the 
more liquid, or watery kind, after any great exertion. Horses that contract 
molten grease are ever those which have been highly fed, without exercise suf- 
ficient to excite visible perspiration thereby ; and the feverish heat of the body 
occasioned by high living and indolence, in time exhausts the whole supplv 
of the aqueous secretion. So much is this the case, that the animal's dis 
charge of urine becomes less and less as its seclusion is continued, until the 
decided access of fever takes place, and we notice its colour is higher and highei 
as its quantity decreases. [Look again at sec. 55, page 52.] As before ex- 
plained, the secretion of mucous matter takes place within the guts, &c, or 
that surface which is next to the food ; on the other side, and every other part 
of the animal system, the watery secretion destined to lubricate the parts, t< 
keep them supple and to prevent adhesion, takes place. On that side (which 
is popularly considered the outer surface!) good quantities of fat accrue, all 
along the whole length of the intestines, which is usually scraped from slain 
beasts, and preserved as tallow. From this source is derived that access of 
grease, which, as I have said, is greatest as the inflammatory symptoms may 
be higher. When this has long been the case, and stools are at length pro- 
cured, a long thin wormlike portion of this fat comes away with the dung ; 
which would be of itself a sufficiently alarming appearance, though wanting 
animation, but for the well known, but inexplicable, doctrine of effusion, or 
communication through the gut : this appearance, then, of a long tenacious 
fatty portion of thin membrane, which usually accompanies molten grease, 
should be considered as little more than denoting the crisis of the disorder. 

Let the system be reduced according as the state of the pulse may dictate 
— for which consult again page 62. as to bleeding, and page 68, 69, as to treating 
him for " costiveness" simply. If heat and irritation be perceivable to the 
touch and sight about the anus, without high pulse, the first symptom may 
be reduced by administering 

The Sedative Clyster. 

Camphor, 4 drachms, 

Spirits of wine, 3 or 4 drops, 
to promote the solution, and add 

Sweet oil, 2 ounces. 
Mix well, and then add thin warm water gruel, 2 or 3 quarts. 

As before intimated, molten grease is rather an effect than a cause of dis- 
ease, and partakes of colic in one of its forms and of inflammation in the 
other; the symptoms that enable us to distinguish when the one or the other 
prevails being precisely those set down at page 90. Allowing somewhat for 
the feverish symptoms that always prevail with such fat and bloated animals 
as are subject to this disorder, the practitioner can not commit himself to the 
guidance of abetter test than that just referred to, nor more safely adopt a 
treatment that is more likely to reinstate his patient in health. For the treat- 
ment which is proper in case of spasmodic colic affecting fat animals, the 
reader is referred to the next head of information. 

THE COLIC, GRIPES, or FRET. 

This disorder has been frequently referred to, under the preceding head of 
Inflammation of the Intestines, to which it bears great affinity in some of its 



COLIC— DEFINITION AND REPRODUCTION OF. 95 

point? — as already stated, the cause of both being nearly the same in most 
cases, and long continued colic always ending in inflammation, if not effec- 
tually checked in time. Much of the difference that exists between the two 
kinds of attack depends on the previous state of the animal attacked : if it bo 
a high fed and hard-worked animal whose digestive organs receive a sudden 
check, he contracts inflammation in the first instance; but one that is lower 
kept, and therefore not so irritable in any part of its system, is soon troubled 
with spasmodic affection of the intestines, which receives the name of gripes, 
or fret in different counties, as it does that of flatulent colic in most of the 
books that treat of animal medicine. Colic, however, is the general name 
given by most stable people to every pain of the inside (of man and horse) 
that occasions writhing, or other demonstrations of that pain, which few can 
discriminate in their own persons ; much less in their horses. To this un- 
discrirninating manner of naming disorders that require such very different 
treatment at our hands, is to be attributed the loss of many lives annually, 
Into this anomalous manner of treating those disorders it is painful to notice 
one of the most scientific veterinary writers of our time has fallen. We do 
not find in Mr. Richard Lawrence's " Complete Farrier" any reference what- 
ever to inflammation of the intestines: though under the head of " Colic or 
Gripes," he proceeds to describe the symptoms of inflammation in such a 
manner as might mislead ignorant or half-taught persons to treat both alike, 
and thus destroy their horses. 

A violent cold, or a slight one, will also determine the disorder one way or 
the other, when the individual's system may be of no decisive character at the 
time of contracting it. That a low state of the animal system is favourable 
to engendering spasms of the intestines, is inferred from the circumstance, that 
subsequently to a horse afflicted with inflammation undergoing the copious 
evacuations recommended in the preceding pages for the cure of that disorder, 
he is frequently visited with spasmodic affections that require sedatives and 
tonics to restore the patient to complete health. 

Causes. Next to drinking cold water, and catching cold by exposure to 
air or water whilst heated, the eating of bad, ill-got, or rank hay, is a prolific 
source of spasmodic cholic. If it lie in the intestines chilly and comfortless, 
and thus predispose the animal to acquire cold, the cause of epidemical colic 
is plainly attributable to such bad hay; for it then prevails usually over certain 
districts, and mostly among country cattle. Pushing a horse in his work 
when large lumps of undigested matters distend parts of the gut, will bring 
on spasms, torpor, and inflammation in succession. Horses that gormandize 
much, being worked hard, and the stomach becoming empty, occasions the 
fret, and inordinate action of the intestines expels the mucous secretion that 
is designed for their defence. This constitules molten grease, of which I 
have treated largely just above } and am decidedly of opinion that the expulsion 
of offensive matters in all cases where the animal evinceth but small sensa- 
tions of pain, is but an effort of nature to relieve itself, and ought rather to be 
assisted than abated by hot or "cordial medicines." 

Strong astringent purgatives, oft repeated, or neglect during the operation, 
tre frequently succeeded by flatulent colic, that soon becomes inflammatory 
if the internal commotion be not judiciously arrested by sedatives. Cordial 
Sails and drenches, as they impart a short-lived vigour, so when their stimu- 
lating effects die away, they leave behind a debility that is more excessive as 
those factitious effects have been most intense ; in this respect, the cause and 
its consequences assimilate closely with those which succeed the disease of in- 
flammation, and the debility which follows the cure thereof, with spasmodic 
colic. Dia r *mte, and other provocatives, that are given to stallions in tho 
season, leave behind them the same species of debilitating effects aftei rover- 



96 SYMTTOMS OF COIJC. DOTINCTTONSL 

•1ST, and Mild devolve into colic first, ami inflammation afterwards, but that 
those horses' evacuations arc well looked after, and the system of stimulants is 
Kept op by repetition. Tins treatment, however, can not always succeed, so 
we frequently find that stallions die suddenly of inflammation in the intestines, 
in the spermatic cords, or other parts of" generation. Cases of death, in actus 
coiiu, from the same causes, are upon record. I mentioned this before, at 
page IS. 

All horses that have been pampered in the above manner, or ov being kept 
in close stables, or having their water chilled, when they come to be subjected 
bo common usage, are most likely to suffer by colic in its worst forms. Horses 
thai are made up tor sale by dealers and cunning breeders, in order to gi\e 
their coats a afoot appearance, upon passing into the hands of new owners, 
commonly undergo attacks, more or less acute, of spasmodic colic, if they o)o 
not at once fall ill of inflammation ot bowels, kidneys, or bladder. With ani- 
mals so circumstanced, mere flatulency or loose nes s may be considered a fa 
vourahte termination of the making-up system before alluded to. 

Symptoms. These, as contra -distinguished from those which denote in- 
flammation o( the intestines, will be found m the table of comparative symp- 
tom! at page 9Ql In addition thereto, other symptoms, that mark the degree 
of spasmodic attack, require equal discrimination, seeing that treatment which 
may be highly proper in the more virulent attacks, would be injurious if em- 
ployed upon every slight occasion. Neither is it every horse which shows 
si^ns ot' (Kiin in the inside that has the colic, even though the symptoms set 
down in the second column of the "table,*" at page fX*, do not appear; for, he 
mav be atiiieted with pain in the kidneys, or inflammation ot the bladder, 
which the attendant should ascertain before riving the stimulants that may be 
very proper IB most stages of colic, but would accelerate the diseases incident 
to those "urinary organs." The careful reader should therefore turn to the 
subjects "Kidneys," and "Bladder," before he proceeds to treat the animal 
simply for colic pains. 

In its mildest state, flatulent colic first appears in the form of violent purg- 
ing, which is in fact do positive disease, as besom observed, but an etl>t oi 
nature to rid itself ot' a collection of offensive matter, either indigestible, cold, 
or irritating. Of what precise kind this may be at any time is ascertainable 
■nan the \iew, and requires only to bo assisted in eonuttf off, provided but 
little pain is evinced by the animal. If he be a cril>-biter, pieces of extraneous 
matter are usually found among the dung, as bits ot wall, ot wood, litter, 8uu\ 
if an aged horse, or one that has been kept on bad hay, his food comes off un- 
digested ; it a very fat horse, the mucous secretion comes away as described 
under "molten grease," just above — and ail these require at most some of the 
milder purgatives that are least likely to irritate the bowels, 

"Whenever the ears become cold, ami gripes have continued some hours, it is 
a certain indication that inflammation has taken place ot some one or more or- 
£Ti:is, mostly of the intestines. This is sometimes discovered when too late, to 
attend a rupture of the distended bowelstbroagh the peritonamm (Vide Book 1. 
page 46\ when the protruded gut mortifies ^as is found after death) KB conse- 
quence ol strangulation. After this, the pain seems to subside, and the ani- 
mal dies quietly. The ruin that has taken place is only told est dissection. 
Yet ds most ignorant pe rs on s pronounce horses still alive to have a "twist in 
the £uts," and stranger still, they p r escr ibe a remedy for it, although it is in- 
>Io. The ears act also as a go^nl barometer, when inflammation of the 
kidneys mav be apprehended, or inflammation of the bladder is more than sus- 
se ct e u , an account of the difficulty evinced by the patient in passing it- urine. 
If the water f WttB off high I QSMHTfd. it is a sure si^n of inflammation, which is 
further corroborated by cold ears; if of its natural colour, the ears wUJ b«» 



MANNER Ol TIIK PATIENT. & 

Warm, and the difficulty in staling is oecsjeionod by the hard distended gut 
pr< ising upon the ureters and neci of the bladder: procuring a good stool or 
two, or a clyster, then restores the functions of the bladder. 
The earliest symptom ob serva ble in bio manner, is when the hone look* 

round at his flanks occasionally, whisking his tail at intervals ; he U*>W» at 
the attendant if there be any breed in him, leaning to implore help. lie 
■tamps with his hind feet alternately on the ground, sometimes striking at bin 
belly. As the pain increases, these symptoms are oft.ener repeated, and with 
more rehemence; he gathers his legs under him, as if preparing u> he down; 
Which he at length effects, rolling about in the stall and getting uj> again re- 
paatedly. It may here be remaned, that this rolling on the hack is well cal- 
culated for affording temporary aaaa to the boerele \ but should inflammation 
have already attached these, or at the kidneys, this rolling on his hack, would 
but increase the pain of the animal, and bis jumping up instantly upon hi* 

lege, as if the spur or whip had been applied, goes to prove the existence of 

inflammation at one or the other viscus. 

Cure. Too much care can riot I*- exercised in ascertaining the precis*: sjs> 
ture and amount of the disease; for, in error in this SSSJpect resides extreme 
danger of life, which is too often sacrificed to precipitancy, to ignorance, and 
presumption. As soon as a horse is pronounced "ill of the COM)" the atten- 
dants, without investigation, proceed to give "something to do him good ; : ' 
which is ever of the stimulating class of domestic remedies. Warm ale, with 
ginger, peppermint water, gin and water, whiskey and pepper, are the com- 
mon popular remedies usually applied in this caw;; and, provided the disorder 
l>< really flatulent colic, relief from the pain must follow the exhibition of either 
one or the other, Frequently, however, it happens, that the doing good is 
carried too far, and inflammation is thus superinduced, if it do not already 

prevail. By such persons every internal pain is pronounced M the colic ;" and 

they all conclude that what has removed it once will remove it again, without 
tK-ing certain that it is the same disorder — as they do, that whatever is good 
in small quantities must needs be more so in larger ones. But 1 have already 
observed, that the removal of Umbilical affections, whether flatulent or inflam- 
matory, by rough, harsh, or protracted means, scarcely ever fails to produce 
the other concomitant disease, and the inflammatory symptoms no sooner sub- 
side, than the jaded vessels contract spasmodic affections, as do also the con- 
tinuance of flatulency, and some of the means of curing it superinduce inflam- 
matory symptoms. 

In whatever shape the horse is attacked with those disorders, the first and 
most obvious duty is the employment of clysters, to be repealed at short in- 
tervals, with this single variation ; viz. in case* of relaxation, where the ani- 
mal is already purged, the clyster is to consist of simple water-gruel only; but 
when the patient's l>owelg are overloaded with hardened dung, the addition 
of salts, as prescribed at page 92, will be found most effectual. In the ab- 
sence of Epsom salts (for no time must be lost), a handful of common culi- 
nary salt may be employed, in the quantity of four or five ounces. Back- 
raking, too, should be assiduously applied, when the body is in this state, as 
recommended in the case of inflammation at p. 91, with the laxative 
drench prescribed at the same page, or the simple salad or castor oil in default 
thereof. 

In oid i nary cases, when the attack is not. of the most violent kind of either 
description of colic, that is to say, when neither purging nor constipation 
prevail extremely, let the following l>e given. 

10* 



96 TREATMENT. 

Colic Drench.— No. I. 

Epsom Salts, 4 or 5 ounces, 
Castile soap, sliced, 2 ounces. 
Dissolve tnese in a pint of warm ale, and add 

Oil of juniper, 2 drachms, 
Venice turpentine, 3 ounces. 

Mix well together, and give it warm ; repeating the same in four or five hours, 
and if the symptoms do not visibly abate, repeat once more. Tincture of 
opium is sometimes substituted for the turpentine to the amount of 4 drachms; 
but the drench is thereby rendered exceedingly nauseous, and should be given 
deliberately. Opium is, moreover, least proper when a tendency to costive- 
ness is discovered to exist. 

Colic Drench.— No. 2. 

Tincture of opium, 2 drachms, 
Oil of juniper, 8 drachms, 
Spirit of nitrous ether, 1 ounce, 
Tincture of benzoin, 4 drachms, 
Aromatic spirit of ammonia, 3 drachms. 

Mix together, and preserve the same in a bottle, and give in a pint of warm 
peppermint water. Repeat in three or four hours. 

When the case is not very alarming, a neater manner of giving opium, in 
the form of a ball, is recommended : — 

Sedative Ball. 

Asafcctida, 4 drachms, 
Opium, 4 drachms. 

Make into four balls with liquorice powder and syrup, and give one every 
two hours. The balls may be given along with the oily laxative at page 91; 
immediately preceding it, or before the laxative has operated. These balls 
are very serviceable to travellers on their journeys, and may be given to horses 
that are liable to contract spasmodic colic, which is the case with heavy, fleshy 
draught cattle, with post horses and the like. 

Colic is not often fatal, uidess it terminate in inflammation; whilst it 
should be kept in mind, that colic always ends in inflammation if not removed 
in time. A day, or at most two, may pass away without danger and without 
relief, in ordinary attacks of spasmodic colic ; and where a looseness takes 

Elace, a short time longer of neglectful carelessness might not terminate the 
fe of the animal; but, when inflammation commences, a shaking or undu- 
lation of the tail is observable, with evident shivering of the whole frame. 
The danger is then great ; especially when each fit of shivering is not suc- 
ceeded by perspiration. 

If the costiveness is not well removed when those symptoms, with cold ears 
and legs, come on, let the belly be fomented with warm water by means 
of woolen cloths steeped therein. A horse rug may be used to advantage 
in this way by two men, one standing on each side the hone and foment- 
ing the bellv by bringing it nearly together across the back and supplying 
mtb warm water. After half an hour's application, or more, let the cotJ 
toe well rubbed with dry cloths, and the animal wrapped in body clothing 



FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER. INFLAMED LIVER. 00 

The clystering, and other remedies recommended in cases of inflammation, 
should then be employed with assiduity. Lastly, employ the tonic system 
recommended, generally, in all inflammatory cases, at page 69. 

DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 

1. INFLAMMATION. 2. THE YELLOWS, OR JAUNDICE. 

When we consider the vast active functions the liver has to perform, in 
cleansing the blood which takes its passage through it, and the secretion of 
bile, that becomes more obnoxious as this organ is more diseased, we ought to 
feel surprise that so large an animal as the horse has so few ailments spring- 
ing out of that source, rather than lament the frequent existence of this one. 
For, the two names set down at the head of this article, agreeable to the gene- 
ral practice, have only one origin, viz. inflammation ; but differing as to the 
amount of heat, and situation of the evil, which is scarcely distinguishable 
until after death. The symptoms of both are the same, and the first attack 
ever becomes the most lasting, if the remedies be delayed, or wholly neglected. 

Having been led to enter somewhat at large into the causes and remedies 
for certain affections of the liver, while describing its structure and functions 
in the first book, p. 49, I shall find less occasion to add much more at this 
place. The reader will of course turn to that page. 

Cause of inflamed liver. — Inflammation of the liver does not very often 
take place as a primary affection, but more frequently participates in the dis- 
ease of some of the adjacent organs, as the stomach, bowels, &c. and accord- 
ing to the acuteness of the inflammation, an increased or diminished secretion 
of bile is the immediate consequence. The blood, in passing through the 
liver, acquires a portion of this extra heat, which reproduceth more at its next 
passage through it, more at the next, and so on, until the inflammation of the 
whole liver is completely effected. Increase of the bile or gall proceeds in the 
same ratio, until the gall duct, that communicates with the small gut, is closed 
by the uncommon heat of the inflammation, or by the thickening of the gall, 
or by both operations united, no matter which. At any rate, the bile which 
ought to be conveyed away by stool, is returned into the system, and occasions 
yellow skin — whence the vulgar name. When this occurs, I apprehend the 
inflammation lessens, but the communication with the bowels does not always 
return to a healthy state, though 1 believe it to be partially the case. Indeed 
constipation in the first instance often obstructs the passage of bile into the 
bowels, and thus increases the evil. Over-feeding has the same effect, and 
both produce slight temporary yellowness, which goes off upon the removal 
of the cause; generally followed by diarrhoea. The feverish symptoms also 
which accompany the commencement, also pass off, leaving a low, irregular 
pulse, until the bowels resume their wonted course, either naturally, or by the 
aid of medicine. 

Symptoms of inflammation before yellowness comes on. — As this last and 
surest indication of diseased liver only appears when the evil is a confirmed 
one, and is extremely difficult of cure, particularly in old animals, we should 
assiduously set about ascertaining its commencement, so that the remedy may 
be promptly employed, and a further procrastinated mischief be timely pre» 
vented. And the more so, seeing that what constitutes a remedy in iu earliest 
-stages is no longer so after a time has ber n spent in delay. 

Whenever inflammation, or extraordinary action of the kidneys, or af the 
diaphragm, has lasted some time, in ever so small a degree, in that degree will 
heat or inflammation attend the fiver. It enlarges upon the accession of this 
heat, visibly so when this has continued a while, but may be previously ascer 



100 TREATMEfO IN LIVER COMPLAINTS. 

tained by the feel. As will be seen,* the liver extends much farther back 
than the last rib, and a little beyond the false one. Here a considerable pro- 
tuberance appears when the liver is enlarged, and disease may be ascertained 
that is attended by the presence of pain only. Old horses, which have been 
well bred, retain chronic affections of the liver to a very great age ; and this 
is frequently the main disease under which they suffer for many of the last 
years of their lives: great numbers of such animals die with a liver of so small 
a size, that nought but its situation could assure us it ever had any functions 
to perform. Horses so visited with a trifling undetected affection of the liver 
lose their courage, and gradually sink into lethargy the longer it lasts : we 
often hear such animals accused of being " used up, done for, or 'tis all up 
with him," and yet driven about to the last moment of a painful existence. 

When the attack is rapid, and acute inflammation, arising from the causes 
just set down (page 99), the pulse is the sure indication of the ruin that is 
going on, by its irregularity, quickness, and uncertain vibration. See page 
62. One lobe only suffers in this case, and then the animal turns its head 
round sharply to that side from time to time. Constipation always accom- 
panies acute inflammation of the liver. 

Remedy. — Acute inflammation, which uomes on with dangerous strides, 
when the subject of attack is of vigorous habits, must be met by a bleeding 
proportioned to the state of its pulse, and that without delay. For, it speedily 
communicates to the intestines, and death ensues; or, being suffered to ex- 
pend its virulence (provided the animal possesses strength sufficient) by stool, 
the bleeding will then be unnecessary; or being persisted in, will confirm the 
slighter affection just spoken of probably to the end of his days. A purgative 
ball should accompany the bleeding, as in all other cases is prescribed gene- 
rally at page 63 ; but, if the animal produce a stool voluntarily, the disorder 
has taken a turn, and neither the operation nor the physic is required. 

After bleeding, let the sides be rubbed with the blistering ointment (vide 
page 76), and apply a rowel to the chest. These latter, however, are doubt- 
fully eligible, though always employed by the regular collegians. The pa- 
tient will require the same treatment, as to diet and regimen, as for inflamma- 
tion of the organs of respiration and general fever, before treated of at page 
60, in the course of which his pulse and faeces should be watched, and a re- 
lapse provided against. Calomel is that medicament which more immediately 
acts upon the liver, and unless the horse scours, should be administered in 
the form of 

Alterative Balls. — No. 1. 

Aloes, 9 drachms, 
Calomel, 1 drachm, 
Hard soap, half an ounce. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient, and divide into three balls ; to be given en three 
successive nights, unless a thin stool comes off with the second ball. But in 
case of scouring, give 

' In the plate of skeleton, at the parallel lines H, 30, is placed the kidney of the near side; 
wiiilst the- off-side kidney in the same subject would be intersected by the line 29. With this 
latter, the right lobe of the liver lies in contact, and when an enlargement of it takes place, it 
may here be seen and telt: when the access of inflammation and tension render it painful only., 
Ihe doctor should press the points of his fingers (of the left hand) gently behind the last or false 
r ;h several times, whereby he will ascertain whether any and what degree of pain the patient 
endures. If seated high up on the liver, he will not, of course, flinch at the first slight touch 

'.* To prevent error, I would here mention, 'hat in the picture of a skeleton now rf^rred 
to. ft is the left lobe of the liver that is there represented, and thi3 was reduced in size, ir. ordei 
io show a clear profile of the stomach. 



JAUNDICE. 101 

No. 2. 



J of. 



Oil of turpentine, 

Hard Soap, ^ of each 1 ounce. 

Ginger, powdered, 



Mix with flour and mucilage to form three balls; and give one on each of 
three successive nights. 

THE JAUNDICE, OR YELLOWS. 

Cause. — Inflammation of the liver, or any other obstruction of this organ, 
which, preventing the escape of the bile into the duodcenum, or smallest gut, 
through the gall duct, by reason of this duct being inflamed, or choked up with 
the thickened bile, whereby it is sent again into circulation, and thus pervades 
ihe whole system. When the inflammation is very great, the disorder quick- 
ly carries off' the patient; the inference therefore is, that poor animals alone 
acquire the yellowness which gives name to this disorder, though it must be 
allowed that the same effect may be produced by over-feeding and constipa- 
tion, by swallowing hard substances, or otherwise offending the said gut, or 
the pylorus orifice of the stomach, as described at pages 44, 45. Its situation 
may also be seen depicted in the plate of a skeleton at the intersecticn of K 
26. At that place 1 did not choose to speak of negatives, and therefore omit- 
ted to notice the fact, that the bile or gall secreted in the liver of this animal 
proceeds at once, as soon as it is formed, into the gut, without being detained 
in a sac, or gall bladder, as is the case with all other animals, except deer ; so 
that, upon any revulsion or hindrance to its free entry to the bowels, the gall 
must at once return to the numerous cavities that pervade the whole liver, and 
its re-absorption by the blood is no longer problematical. 

Symptoms. — A dusky yellowness of the eyes, bars of the mouth, and tongue, 
The dung scanty and pale, generally hard, and covered with slime; but in 
some few cases the horse scours; that is, when slight inflammation of the bow- 
els also attacks an ill-conditioned horse. The pulse is that of low fever, and 
the same kind of drooping inactivity, with loss of appetite, noticed under that 
head at page 64 ; differing from it only in respect to the seat of disorder, the 
low fever being general, or of the whole system, jaundice of the circulation 
only. Sometimes, however, yellowness comes on without the other symptoms, 
after an inflammatory fever ; an occurrence that can not fail to be foreknown. 
Genuine jaundice may further be discriminated by the yellow lips, yellow 
saliva, and dark urine. From this latter appearance we may draw these curi- 
ous inferences — viz. that the colouring of the bile which has ceased to impart 
its property to the dung, having gone with the blood to the kidneys, there 
leaves its darkest or more earthly particles — the lighter or brighter ascending to 
the heart, and passing through the vascular system, there imparts its yellow- 
ness. By this providency of nature we see how it is that malevolent particles 
in the blood are cleansed at the kidneys, and pass off* by urine. Thus it is 
that grease and other tumours are cured by judiciously stimulating the kid- 
neys. The urine voided, as above described, which is ever done with evident 
pain and difficulty, leaves on the ground an appearance rf blood. 

Cure. — Young horses and fat ones, are easily cured: they have indulged 
too freely in good living, on hard meat, and require no more treatment than a. 
good physicking. Give the purgative ball (page 63), or the alterative hall, 
No. 1, prescribed in page 100 Give bran mashes, green food, and succulents, 
according to the season. Bleeding is seldom necessary, or proper, whicl *h# 
•tate of the pulse will show. 



102 INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 

The Ltver is also frequently affected with tumours on its fine surface, as 
\\?\\ as with ulcers or schirrus, which are all the effects of an evil state of the 
blood, of over action, and probably of accidents from external injuries, com- 
municated by the kidneys. 

We can easily conceive that the thin parts of this large viscus may be dis- 
eased, and even inflamed, without causing derangement of the biliary function, 
further than increasing its action, and by thinning the blood over much, it 
obtains more bile. The animal then waxeth thin, though devouring his food 
as usual for a while; and we may ascertain when this evil has begun by the 
state of his dung, principally as to colour, which will then be of a much deep- 
er hue. As pale dung is a symptom of suppressed bile, so is deep colour an 
indication of a superabundance, that is caused by over action, which is itself 
occasioned by the heat of the liver, from some cause or other. One of these 
may be "inflammation of the kidneys," or it may be occasioned by ulcer, and 
we set about ascertaining which, according to the instructions set down at 
page 100: and in the latter case give the alterative balls, the same as for in- 
flamed liver, at page 100, 101 according to the circumstances there discriminat- 
ed; but it never happens that a scouring is of a dark colour, and No. 2 would in 
this case seldom be required, a strong purgative never, though the boweJ* 
should be kept moderately open. When there is reason to apprehend that 
the adhesion of the ulcer to the intestines has taken place, as described at page 
50, the animal should not bfl worked hard, though moderate exercise is de- 
sirable, and so is change of physic, as in all cases that require alteratives. 
The following balls may take place of the preceding, particularly when the 
coat is staring. 

Alterative Balls. 

Emetic tartar, 3 drachms, 
Aloes, 9 drachms, 
Hard soap, 1 ounce, 
Ginger, 1 scruple. 

Mix, and divide into three balls, one to be given on successive nights, unless 
two have operated. 

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 

This being one of those diseases which bears resemblance to another, and 
as the mistaking and treating the one for the other generally proves fatal, re- 
ference should be had to what is said under the head "Inflammation of the neck 
of the bladder." Such a mistake of the disorder in the present instance is very 
likely to bo made by the common observer, inasmuch as the kidneys, as soon 
hs they Ivcome inflamed, secrete much more urine than in a state of health, 
and anyone noticing this, and subsequently its defalcation, as the disease goes 
on, may easily imagine the bladder itself is affected at the neck. It is worthy 
uf remark, that mares are more liable to affections of the kidneys than horses, 
particularly brood mares: while, on the contrary, they are less liable than the 
male to inflammation of the neck of the bladder, in consequence of its short- 
ness, its straightness, too, affords easy proof of the real seat of the disorder, — 
'.hat essential prelude to effecting a cure. See page 53. 

Causes. — Too constant use of the diuretic powders anil balls, commonly 
brings on inflammation of the kidneys, by the irritation and over-action of the 
glands which are thereby occasioned. When one kidney only is aflected 



SYMPTOMS: BLOODY URINE. 1<)3 

though in a mild degree, if suffered to continue, it soon communicates to the 
other, and sometimes proceeds with such rapid strides as to affect the intes 
fines, when mortification and death ensue ; but we have no means of ascei 
taining when this last incurable mischief has taken place until after the animal 
is dead — nor would the knowledge be made available for any present purpose ; 
though finely instructive as to future cases; then it is the kidneys present an 
enlarged and rotten appearance and feel, their texture yielding to the slight- 
est impression of the finger-nails, which shows in what degree and how long 
they have been affected. 

A hard blow across the loins will injure the kidney on the side so struck, 
and, as is said before, soon affect the other also. Sudden transition from an 
open airy situation to a stable that is close and hot; violent riding or driving, 
or an ill-cured affection of the bowels, whether inflammatory or spasmodic, 
will affect the kidneys in more or less degree. Those causes all together com- 
bine to affect these parts more frequently than is generally supposed, the rea- 
son for which misconceit is nevertheless most apparent to me: it is owing to 
the neglect of a'l the milder symptoms; some persons imagining that unlesa 
bloody urine be produced, the defective staling is caused by something less re- 
mote than the kidneys, though in all obstructions of the liver, as we have seen 
above (page 101), the quantity of blood these send to the kidneys leaves some 
of its colouring proj>erty to the water. This class of unreflecting people gene- 
rally fix upon the bladder as the seat of disorders that so affect the quantity of 
water. They almost invariably give stimulating medicines, that do but in- 
crease the disorder and confirm the ruin it is their duty to prevent. 

Symptoms. — The most evident of these has been just now alluded to, and 
was formerly treated as a distinct disease, under the coarse title of "Bloody 
Urine:" it is, however, considered as happening more frequently to horned 
cattle than horses, and to the female rather than the male. 

When this symptom appears, it is accompanied by a corresponding symp- 
tom, viz. great tension and soreness of the part; which may be ascertained by 
passing your hand along the small of the back, over the kidneys, when the 
animal shrinks from the touch. No doubt can then exist that this bloody urine 
indicates genuine inflammation of the kidneys; and of course that we should 
treat it as such, and nothing else — nor by any other name. If the pain and 
tension cannot thus be ascertained, then " bloody urine" is caused by obstruc- 
tion in the liver. Another symptom that may be relied upon is a stiffness of 
the hind leg on that side which may be attacked first ; afterwards, when both 
kidneys are affected, the animal becomes stiff of both legs. This symptom 
does not occur in "inflammation of the bladder," and is a good distinctive 
mark to go by, when we may be labouring under doubt in some other point 
of resemblance between the two diseases. In all stages of this disorder, the 
horse stands as if he wanted to stale ; straddling, and making the most exer- 
tion when he voids the least urine (then generally bloody), which shows the 
destructive tendency of these efforts on the gland itself. The consequences 
are, that the kidneys waste away, and the disease communicates to the blad- 
der, until the final ruin — mortification, ensues. The practitioner, in this 
case, will not fail to look at what I have thought proper to say respecting 
" stone and other calculus," a few pages farther onward. 

" Suppression of urine" is also a sure indication of the genuine inflamma 
tion of the kidneys; that is to say, the capacity of secreting it is nearly ex- 
tinct, or it is performed with exceeding great difficulty, pain, and danger. 
Whereas, in affections of the bladder, the secretory function is not lost by the 
kidneys (or suppressed) ; but, when the urine has been sent into the bladder 
this latter has not the power to expel its contents. How this happens, sea 
page 53, &c. 



|0l PHYSIC AND REGIMEN. 

But the most prolific source of diseased affections of the kidneys, and the 
least perceptible of any are ill-cured pains of the intestines and of the liver. 
These leave behind them certain morbid effects that are not immediately felt 
nor easily discoverable, but nevertheless vvo^k their ruin imperceptibly; for, aa 
previously observed, when the kidneys lose their function of secreting urine, 
they enlarge, and after death scarcely bear the pressure of a finger point. 

Cure. — Seeing that strong diuretics are reckoned with truth, among the 
causes of diseased kidneys, no man in his senses would think of administering 
any such, after he has ascertained that this organ is disordered in any way 
whatever. Such, however, is too often the practice of unskilful persons, who, 
after noticing the defective quantity of urine produced, think of restoring the 
animals capacity for producing more by medicines that stimulate the parts, 
which already 'abour under a disease of too much stimulation. " As in all 
other cases of inflammation or fever [how often have I not repeated the same 
words!] when the pulse is high, let the animal be bled according to the amount 
of attack." See general observations at the head of this chapter, pages 59 to 
63. Give warm clysters frequently as there prescribed; and with a similar 
view give him a loose stall, if the paroxysms are so acute as to cause him to 
lie down and get up again. Immediately after bleeding, give castor oil 18 
ounces, provided the animal has not dunged during the last twenty-four hours, 
as commonly happens ; less may suffice in general ; but a horse that has been 
much addicted to diuretics, though his bowels may be in a tolerable state, will 
not suffer aught from a small proportion of aloes : 

Mild Purgative Ball. 

Aloes, 4 drachms, 
Castile soap, 4 drachms, 
Mix, with mucilage enough for one ball. 

Should the symptoms abate nothing in consequence of this treatment, the 
bleeding must be repeated and the purgative too. Rub over his loins with a 
stimulant 

Embrocation. 

Spirits of wine, 2 ounces, 
Soap, 2 ounces, 
Camphor, 1 ounce. 

Mi* and apply it with the palm of the hand to the loins; cover the animal 
up well, and be careful how it is subsequently exposed to the air. The mus- 
tard embrocation is equally efficacious: being rubbed on soft sheep-skin, covei 
the loins therewith. Give the cooling decoction in large quantities, as at page 
70; and if the animal is disposed to eat the sodden seeds, it may be permitted 
to indulge: they are little nutritious when the saccharine has been drawn out 
by the hot water. 

* The food should consist of bran mashes, green food, and the cooling regi- 
men already recommended in all cases of inflammation at pages 61, 69, to 
which the reader is respectfully referred for some general directions for his rule 
and conduct, equally applicable in all such cases. 

DISEASES OF THE BLADDER. 

These are really much fewer than are commonly ascribed to it, the bladder 
tying but the vehicle or outlet for several evils that take their rise higher up; 



BfFLAMWATKM Of THE BLADDER. 105 

ind among these I li.ivc already denounced the alarming appearance of (< Moody 

urine" as a disorder of the kidneys and liver, page lO.'J. .Neither is the " nu|>- 
tori of urine," nor itfl obverse "diabetes," ascrihable to the bladder, but to 
the kidneys; for if these secrete none or imperfectly, little or none can be sent 
into or escape out of th/ bladder ; but retention oi urine may l>e a fault of the 
bladder, or collapsion of its neck ; and tin: means of procuring its escaj>e was 
before recommended at page 53, &c. 

Inflammation ok tjik hi.amokh, and consequent "incontinence of urine," 
are the aame disorder! the latter being the irritating effects of the inflamma- 

tion only, and this I shall consider separately, referring those other Jisorders 

that are commonly ascribed to the bladder, to consideration under the head 

of " Diseases of the urinary organs, generally." 

Cauae. Heat and inflammation of the kidneys communicate this efp <t to 
the ureters arid bladder. It may he inliamed also by the irritation of atom - 
or gravel concreted within it; or the excessive lalxmr impose d upon it by the 
great access of diabetes, after these have reused. 

SymjilomH. Frequent desire to stale, the hladder contracting upon every 
drop of water, almost, that finds its way into it. A <pjick, sharp pulse, and 
small, accompanies, if it has not preceded inflammation off* the bladder j yet 

bleeding would not he proper in this case, as it is the jx>orncss of the hhxxJ 

which hrought on the diabetes that, caused the innanunation. When, bow* 

ever, this symptom has not preceded iuilammation, the pulse will lx: more full, 

and bleeding to an amount proportioned to the state of the pulse (see page 02;, 
would then Ix; necessary. 

JRcmcdy. — A slightly purgative hall should of course follow the b leeding, 
but employ neither in the extreme. (Jive the cooling decoction recommended 

in general fever, at page 70; administer clysters of the same, two or three 
times in the day. Should great heat of the hladder continue, notwithstand- 
ing these remedies, give the fever powder, No 2, at page 65, and uftcjfwarda 
No. 2, made into a ball, daily. 

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS, GENERALLY. 

Betide* the foregoing main diseases of the kidneys ami Madder, there an 

several other conjoint affections of the same organs, <>r parts dependent there- 
in, which require notice, and demand attention, while we examine the dis- 
tinctions that ought to lx- drawn between the one set and the other. Mistakes 
■a to the actod seat of disorders are more dangerous than the unskilful ad- 
ministering of medicines, for these might do ;n,<xl hy accident, the form* r 
never can be applied properly : the better the "receipt' may be, the worse for 
the horse. Pew of these lesser diseases are original, hut arise from some de- 
fect or ill-cured disorder in the other parts of the animal's system. They may 
lx; considered under the heads — 1. Diabetes, or excessive (nscharjge of urine. 
2. Bloody urine. '.S. Calculi, or stone. 4. Strangury. 5. Suppression of urine. 
1 am aware that the ingenuity of some d(x:tors has subdivided these, and 
added to the number of diseases incident to the kidneys, ureters, and hladder; 
hut, omitting those which attach to the organs of generation in breeding ani- 
Oiali, and also those seated higher up the communication of acute pains to 
the more vital parts, hy means 'of the enulgent ami vena cava, to the heart 
itself This last, however, is so immediately the pnxursor of dissolution, that 
no other benefit can arise from the d.xtor's skill in this respect, than bidding 
him to cease his efforts, to Ibrbeaff to torture the expiring patient, and to ore 
*erve his medicines for a l-ss forlorn purpose: the pulse, by its extreme lar. 
guor, tells when hope itself must rrsigii its place. 



IQ£ PLABLTES 

DiABE PBS tl JCCKSS1VK BTA1 i> 

The cause of s«Ss quantities of urine can not in e^ 

ou^lxMnav. i.'"<r;^': - ~ ' • , irri- 

rabilitv of the blao. - of the mucous that 

pMAKfl it against tho saline efforts of the urine : see page 53. A 
in the mucous secretion of tht - - s termed mol- 

ten grease, and the. 

which are thus eon secrete urine to tho Utmost oxtont of their pi 

and to send it forward to the Matter, roan unpoeerisbi 
arising mostly from tho I 9 I l *ng medicines — tor the cure of inrlamma 
diseases leaves inon m in the vital flukl, with an i 

s 
of this obstinate »uh fflueug o , ami the 

season, havo a sinu effect on the blood, 

order dem . - - vent and in \e- 

the water is eotM dly comes off like puddle. 

craving after water, a staring cov.' weakness, aiut weak quick 

poke, succeed eaeh other, and in. sous - s suffered to pr< 

■KMCBOSi 

Cure. — Cha - animaTs 

horse be labou- ne Mi-cured disorder, attend to that 

first, and by removing j| neat m staling, which in so is ut an 

t'.-'.v: : :-..' -a . so .v a so. Li i*o fetches pass sodden oats, w a t u ins—! 
quantities and often. If higher than ordinary. gir« the fever 

powders, page tv»: and when tho numhe- i minute is reduced, 

let the oats be I and resort to bracing medicines. In slight ar 

as well as for the loss robust animals, the various preparations of bark will be 
found sufficiently tonk\ 

IVaic 2W/.— No. I 

n^rvv: | raohm& 

Fowdenv s, half drachm, 

with treacle sufficient to form t: GSea morning and 



In the MM fbnnidahle cases, where greater strength or more tedious syuip- 
toms require to be combated, give the 

Tbsie BaiL— N\ 

fan turpentine. 1 scruple, 

J of each 1 drachm, 

Mix, with liquorice powder sufficient for one de> gm twice a day for 

two or three days. After this, a return to the use of No, 1. would be desira- 
hie, until the disorder is =■ Should oastnenesfi oasus giwj ac 

which will also relieve the irritation of the parts; castor oil, one pint must 
also be administered, if the costiveness appear obstinate. 

Abowi all things, the horse-owner should avoid the use of such excess] 
Ignorant prescripnons as are recommended, in this disorder most particularly, 
hy erenr village quack : they are mostly the horses of hard-working people 



MAX)DY URINE. CALCULI* KJfJ 

that are attacked with this disorder, and those people more than any other lie 
open to this kind of advii e. 

ontinence of urine is of the same nature as the last- mentioned, only 
differing ir: the discharge taring involuntary, and the amount, r-r quantity pro- 
I. The disposition to stale frequently, or the urine coming away with 
scarcely an effort, proves that great irritability of the bladder is the proximate 
cause, arid we m;iy infer that tin: quantity would be greater if the animal had 
■ore in his system. For this feature of the dial»etes attack* only old worn 
up horses, in whom the quantity of blood is small, and its course slow. Dia- 
linger animals sometimes terminates in this mode of producing 
■rater by driblets and in small quantities, but to which the moderns have g 
a distinct term, though both are the same disease; a hrnall degree; of in- 
flammation prevails when the animal is greatly affected with mconti/.' 
page l(KJ. 
The treatment should be the same, nearly, as directed at page 10G. f 
occasionally the took ball, No. 2, page 70, for two or three days. A run at 
grass for a week, and generous feeding afterwards, generally complete the cure, 
no other obstacle intervening. 

BLOODY URINE, 

I have already said, is but one feature among many other symptoms of in- 
flamed kidneys; and the only reason why I deem it worthy of separate notice 
is, that real u inflammation of the kidneys" is not always present when bloody 
urine appear*, especially when no other symptom thereof accompanies this 
single Demonstration of disorder. Its causes may be traced to excessive la- 
bour, as drawing in a cart or wagon, whilst a slight cold of the kidneys may 
abstract their proper action : the office of separating the blood from the water 
is in this event per fo r m ed with much difficulty, and of course imperfectly; 
and small portion* of the former, instead of ascending towards the heart, de- 
scend to the bladder with the urine, while the animal lb straining every nerve 
and vein. 

Rest and a cooling diet are the best remedies for this apparent affliction. 
Should tenderness of the kidneys be evinced upon the touch, or other symp- 
toms of augmented pain appear, give the tonic ball, No. 2, page 70, occasion- 
ally employing ~So. 1 instead : the alteration will be found beneficiaL If these 
symptoms increase (which I should not apprehend), then of course the attack 
must be met with strong appropriate remedies. But I have never known one 
case of bloody urine out of several score, where the appearance thereof ceases 
with the day of rest, and comes on again with hard labour, that did ever ter- 
minate in genuine inflammation of the kidneys: it will return at interval* 
(upon haru work) during the animal's whole life probably, without any fur- 
ther ailment attending it. 

CALCULUS; OR STONE IN THE CCECUM, KIDNEYS, 
URETER, AND BLADDER. 

When we consider for a moment the vaet circulation that passes the (liver 
*LCrl) kidneys, there to undergo separation, as before fully described in the first 
book; and recollect, that hard extraneous substances pass through these or- 
gans, and find their way even into the blood, our astonishment ought to cease 
it discovering earthy particles, often hardened into stone, in some one or other 
of those parts. 

Cause. — The first particle that is deposited or left behind is no doubt very 
trivial, as the bisectnu of many such stones most amply proves. WiE-t of 



lfJB CAUSES OF CONCRETIONS. 

vigour at the time of its access, and the consequent inability to expel the intra 
sion, appear to be the immediate cause of this otherwise inscrutable disorder 
Subsequently, other congenial materials reach the original evil, mostly in the 
liquid form, and thus add to its size, increase the number of striata, and height- 
en the danger. The water that is drank by quadrupeds is abundantly impreg- 
nated with fit materials for generating calculi : soft river water, and that of 
turbid pools, convey the softer or earthy particles into the animal's system, 
whilst that drawn from springs contains the elements for forming stone, as 
perfect as any geologists find in the strata of our earth. The softer kind of 
these concretions are found in the blind gut, or coccum; the harder, or stony 
kind, in the other viscera above named. 

Heat is the power that separates these elements, and hardens each addition- 
al lamina that has accrued, or grown over the preceding, from time to time, 
as the animal may have been exposed to drink so impregnated. This is visi- 
ble on the section of those stones which have been found in horses and other 
animals, and preserved by the curious, and cut in two l>y the lapidary. Every 
such concretion so found, of whatever nature it may be, exhibits in the centre 
the nucleus or commencement of the evil, which proves itself to have l>een 
either originally stone, or some soft substance, as a bit of chaff hardened by 
the heat; but much oftener it presents a perfect pebble, that must have been 
Dome along by force of the current, and in the cleansing function of the kid- 
neys got detained and deposited there. If not entangled, as it were, in the 
cellular membrane of this gland, such a pebble will detach itself occasionally 
and descend through one of the ureters into the bladder. For full informa- 
tion as to the structure and functions of these several viscera, the reader is 
again referred to the second chapter of book the first, which treats alone of 
such matters ; as regards the coecum, at page 46 ; the kidneys at page 51 ; the 
bladder at page 53. 

One original cause of such concretions has been ascertained beyond contra- 
diction, and as the information may prevent its recurrence among a numerous 
class of horse proprietors, 1 quote my authority much at large, by way of pre 
ventive advice, seeing that a cure is at present beyond the reach of art ; reme- 
dies worse than useless. Let us hope, notwithstanding, that the mite which 
.s here contributed may not be thrown away, but incite some future close ob- 
server of nature and her ways to add hereto the result of his own inquiries, 
and so increase the sphere of his utility in one respect, since imperious cir- 
cumstances have contracted it in another and more obvious line of his profes- 
sion — the desire of gain. 

Millers' horses are most liable to contract this disorder, and for obvious rea- 
sons; being large heavy animals for the most part, their owners opulent if not 
rich, and grain and pulse ever at hand, dry food is invariably given to them 
with a liberal hand. To render these substances more agreeable, to hasten 
digestion, and thus produce a fine coat with a well-filled carcass, their corn is 
passed through the mill, the beans also are usually broken; and, thus pamper- 
ed, they eagerly devour the ready feed, and with it whatever extraneous sub- 
stances it may have acquired in the process of grinding. These are not few 
in quantity, it seems; for such articles are invariably ground between stones 
r\f a soft nature, that easily part with their rough surface, and these stony 
particles all find their way into the stomach and intestines ; some, here and 
there, pass on through the circulation, by means that are neither uncertain 
nor inscrutable in the minds of those who have studied such subjects, and will 
refresh their memory by turning to what 1 have said thereon in the second 
chapter of the first book. 

Dr. Withers, of Newbury, Berks, having many years lwfore given to Dr. 
Hunter a large intestinal stono, which proved fatal to the horse whence it had 



CASES OF STONE IN BLADDER. 109 

been taken, communicates to the Medical Society of Crane Court, London, t 
similar circumstance which had come under his observation — both being cases 
of millers' horses. He then describes "the case of a very valuable horse be 
longing to Mr. Andrews, another miller, which lay ill of the colic," as the 
owner supposed. " 1 told him (says Dr. Withers) that if he would examine 
the intestines after death, he would most probably find a large stone, which 
was the cause of the horse's illness." This, the miller, of course, neglected 
to do; but his dogs made the discovery for him; it was a large round stone, 
broken, from which circumstance 1 infer that it had been at first a soft or earthy 
concretion, and proceeded from the caecum. Four such instances all together 
were remembered at the same mill, besides many others elsewhere ; but, with 
--haracteristic negligence, the millers in no case thought proper to furnish the 
lector with the when and the where found, nor does the doctor say why. 

The symptoms of calculous deposite throughout apparently resemble colic 
to the view of common observers, as in the case of Mr. Andrews' horse, just 
quoted; the animal looking at his flanks, straddling when a kidney is affected, 
as if he would stale, which he does with great difficulty, and sometimes a little 
bloody. This last appearance also occurs when the bladder has been affected 
for any length of time, so that the anguish of acute pain had communicated to 
the kidneys by means of the ureters, in which manner alone blood could pos- 
sibly have been produced in the celebrated case cited by two contemporary 
writers from M. La Fosse, the elder. When stone resides in a kidney, it may 
be ascertained by pressure of the hand thereon: I will not exactly say you can 
feel the stone, for it Iodgeth underneath, but the greater tension and enlarge- 
ment of one kidney beyond the other, leaves that notion on the mind; besides 
which, the animal will shrink, or rather start, a little quicker that in case of 
" inflammation of the kidneys " — the symptoms whereof, as set down in a pre- 
ceding page (103), the reader should consult in order to shape his practice ac- 
cordingly. 1 

Calculous, or earthy deposits of substances in the coecum may be ascertain- 
ed and distinguished from simple colic or gripes, by passing the hand along 
the lower part of the belly, as described in the first book, at page 46. While 
such an obstruction remains deposited near the blind part of that gut, no im- 
mediate danger or inconvenience is to be apprehended ; but when the lump, 
by any means whatever, moves to the oriflce, and obstructs its only passage, 
the most distressing consequences ensue. One of the causes hereof is the ex- 
hibition of hot, strong, or drastic medicines, which are usually given in cases 
of genuine spasmodic colic; and as the symptoms that attend both are alike 
almost throughout, with the exception just made, no mistake is more general, 
probably, than people treating this disorder as they would colic, which course 
endangers life. 

The ureters, it will be seen, are but of small capacity, and in its descent 
from the kidney, whence it has been detached, the stone sometimes meets with 
an insurmountable obstacle; the irritation it thus occasions communicates to 
the adjacent parts ; entire suppression of the urinary secretion is the immediate 
consequence, and mortification of the intestines and death ensues, without the 
possibility of relief. Indeed the remedies that seem most proper do but ac- 
celerate the catastrophe.* 

Much perspiration attends the first hours of the suppression, and it affords 
evident relief; but painful efforts to void urine, which comes off in very small 
quantity; and ultimately ceases altogether; and then cold ears, cold legs, 
tremor and an alarming irregularity of pulse, preceue but a short time the 

* I say seem, for none can say precisel) what is taking place. He whose judgment Icing* 
hiro nearest the real cause of pain being most likely to apply the proper remedy. 
11* 



HO ABSCESS AND TUMOURS. 

dissolution of the functions of animal life. This is the most dangerous species 
of disorder, arising from calculous deposit, that I know of. 

In the kidney, however, little danger to life is to be apprehended from the 
stone, unless the animal is put to severe work, so as to produce the symptom 
of bloody urine before described. They are mostly fat horses that die with 
stone in the kidney ; in fact, all that 1 have ever seen or heard of, and these 
have been numerous ; for I have long made a point of inquiring after such 
cases of calculus, where they seldom escape notice, viz. the horse-slaughterers' 
yards, of which it is proverbially and truly said, that not a hair enters but is 
turned to profit. The probability is, that when the stone detaches itself and 
descends into the ureter, the fat which partly enveloped it and the residue of 
the kidney had been withdrawn, through disease or poor living, and the mem- 
brane which supported both had divided. I once thought I had made some ob- 
servations on this part of my subject which would be worthy of public perusal ; 
but these are not sufficiently mature to find place in this little volume, devoted 
as its pages are to matter of fact, and fair deductions therefrom, and wholly 
exclusive of theoretic speculation. Nevertheless, in aid of what others may 
think fit to say in any other place (out of a spirit of controversy), 1 would just 
add, that only one kidney is affected at a time, or one ureter ; that the calculi 
found in either of these are invariably of the hardest kind, whilst, those of the 
bladder are softer, and those of the intestines softer still, or little more than 
concrete earth. Lastly, that none of those horses which I have found troubled 
with either kind of calculous disorders suffered under a second at one and the 
same time. 



CHAPTER II. 

EXTERNAL DISORDERa 



Abscess and Tumours. 

Swelling, with inflammation of the solids, the glands, or simply pustules 
on the skin, are all tumours, have been divided into eight classes, and accord 
ing to their situation, are termed superficial, or deep seated abscess. Super- 
ficial are those which appear on the skin, as farcy, &c. — Deep seated are those 
which more generally are hidden amongst the muscles, ligaments, &c. as poll- 
evil, fistula, &c. — A few general observations on the remote causes thereof 
seem necessary to a right understanding of each particular complaint. 

All those disorders in common, together with several others, 1 have no hesi- 
tation in attributing their remote cause to constitutional defectiveness at least, 
or incapacity in the function of circulation, better known by the homely ex- 
pression, "a bad state of the humours," as before insisted upon, principally at 
pages 53—61. Both series are referable to the same predisposing cause. That 
species of inflammation of the whole system which we have agreed to term 
fever, frequently terminates by concentrating its latent humours, and deposit 
ing the same critically in some fleshy part of the carcass or limbs, producing 
rnattei (or pus,) which, with heat, constitutes the disease. Whether abscess 
or tumour supervene, both have immediate connexion with blood-vessels of no 
small consideration, though the disorder may have commenced with the finer 
•©sscls (capillaries), as insisted upon at the pages above referred to; and hath 



TUMOIIIls, WISED. HI 

been repeatedly proved. First., as regard* tumours, these bring probed, the 
patients have bled to deaths with arterial Mood. Ami secondly, in every case 
of abscess, in proportion as they increase in size, so docs the patient's strength 

invariably diminish. When nature makes an opening to the surface, after 
iong-protracted illness, the patient is usually so exhausted, and the parts ad 
jacent rendered so unfit to re-unite, that the strength of the constitution ap- 
jjears to run off at the orifice : life is seldom preserved, health never com- 
pletely restored. 

Tumours sometimes appear of tolerably large size, that become indolent, 
without feeling, and are moveable under the skin. These are caused by the 
same evil state of the blood, or its vessels, and the inflammation or irritation 
having ceased at some time or other, the enlargement remains, though the 
connexion with the system of animal life has long ceased. Although wry 
unsightly, the animal feels little inconvenience from those protuberances J they 
receive the name of wen, and might be taken off by dividing the skin, and 
pressing out the wen: it is then to be drawn forth with the forceps, and the 
healing of the wound is effected by strapping down the skin with adhesive 
er; the cure is thus said to be effected by the first intention. The usual 
precautions of taking away the hair, and afterwards keeping the patient's h.'ad 
up for a few days, would of course be adopted. 

The genuine tumour is soft and tender, and is contained in a membranous 
case, or coestus, that has been likened to the finger of a glnve, or to many of 
them, when it acquires the distinctive namo of fistula. The case, or CflBstUS, 
having been formed by the disorder, and matured by heat, acquires strength 
the longer it is suffered to continue unopposed, seeking its way inwards, until 
the knife alone can afford relief. At the shoulder the fibrous and membranous 
construction is exceedingly strong. Look at page 11. Generally speaking, 
all swellings of a circumscribed nature are tumours. 

Some objections which have been raised against the view I have taken of 
the origin of this whole series of diseases must not go quite unnoticed here, 
though I dislike controversy as much as any writer who has gone before me 
on either side the question. At the very commencement of this book (page 
51)), and without adverting to either set, or indeed thinking at all of the con- 
troversy, I assigned a reason why the apparently triumphant proof of Mr. 
White, at page 21), is no proof at all, but the contrary, as to the thickness or 
viscidity of the blood increasing with the continuance of inflammatory fever. 
Every writer on this subject allows that the swelling and discharge of matter 
that frequently occurs after a fever, or inflammation of the whole system, de- 
notes the crisis or termination of that disorder; and insists that it must bo 
considered as but an effort of nature to throw off something that is offensive 
to the well-being of the animal. The same happens often after "inflamma- 
tion of the liver" has been reduced ; but this kind of occurrence, though it adds 
nothing material by way of argument, leads us directly to the point at issue. 
General inflammation (fever)., it is allowed on all hands, begets something of- 
fensive, and so does partial or local inflammation of any organ through which 
the blood passes, particularly of the liver and kidneys, through which the 
whole mass gets filtered, as it were : and nature's efforts to get rid of this of- 
fence against her rules are evinced in swelling of the external parts, in the in- 
flammation thereof, and subsequent escape of the offensive something, where 
by a cure is effected. 

All this is agreed upon by those who deny the necessary pre-existence of a 
general ill state of health, as well as by those who already know, or have yet 
*o learn, that the liver, that acknowledged cleanser, permits much grosser ma 
»erials to pass through it than those offensive matters, or gross humours, which 
we contend reside in the blood, and constitute disorder of one kind or other ov 



1 1-3 KIND OF HORSE MOST LIABLE TO TUMOURS. 

the surface, or at least predispose the animal to acquire such, according as cif» 
cumstances may determine, one wav or the other. Seeing that such gross sub- 
stances as bus of straw, chali] dbc*, have issued front a vein on blood-letting, 

it is t»>o much to concede tlic ultimate point that the feculent humours, which 
constitute tumours, faivv, eve. may not in like manner escape into the circula- 
tion, and be detained at that particular part which is rendered by some acci- 
dent less c a pable of continuing the harmful matter in a Quid state 1 A blow, a 
Sail, a ligature, or bruise, are known to occasion tins disability and bring on 
lsease in one of its varied shapes. So does "a cold" produce fever in some 
animals sooner than in others; according as the circulation may be more lan- 
guid, or more predisposed to inflammation, or otherwise unfitted for its pur 
poses ] whilst some again acquire inflammation without any such accidents or 
cold, the fever being lighted ii|> occasionally by warm stabling alone, though 
the air they breathe may be perfectly innoxious. 

How it is that those external diseases, enumerated at the head of this chap 
ter, are generated, 1 shall not here repeal : the reader may consult the princi- 
ples upon which my opinions are founded in the twenty-ninth section of book 
the first, page 30: to which I will here merely add, that the tumours we per- 
ceive on the body that are not of a nature to break and discharge their con- 
tents — as farcy, grease, 6Yc — are usuallv, if not always, accompanied by cor- 
responding tumours on some vital organ, as the lungs, liver, ccc. But single 
tumours, containing matter, as the whole tribe of fistula, &C, are designed to 
counteract and carry off obstructions ami all baleful affections incident to the 
organs just mentioned, and of all others: an owner ought therefore to deem 
himself fortunate, when some inscrutable long illness of the inside terminates 
in this manner. The appearance of these latter on the surface may be taken 
as a goud assurance that none then exist internally; nor, indeed, any other 
disorder whatever, the natural strength of the animal system enabling it thus 
to cleanse itself. Again, we mav remark in general, that as it is the better 
bred animals that are most liable to affections of these organs, so is it the 
w country -bred cattle," without any breeding in them, that mostly sutler those 
external attacks. To the reflection of every man of experience 1 refer this 
material point of dissonance between the two varieties of horse, which serves 
to prove that those having great lumps of muscle at the parts liable to such at- 
tacks are most disposed to contract local inflammation, and that puffing up 
of gland or lymphatic which we call tumour of various kinds. Local inuattV- 
nation alone, however, could not effect the evil, without some corresponding 
Ci use ; else, how comes it to pass that none but aged horses, that are heavy 
in the hand and low in blood, contract fistula or abscess; young and lively 
horses, and those with some breeding in them, never? Once more, — if the 
disorder reside not in the blood, how does it come to pass, that a horse having 
contracted one species of tumour, he is never known to undergo an attack of 
any other species — and there are a dozen at the least I For example, give a 
horse the poll-evil, and see how little he will be disposed to contract the 
g la rulers. 

Fleshy horses, those of the cart breed and of indolent habit of bodv, are 
most liable to contract poll-evil, fistula, &c; indeed I might say, the ready dis- 
position thereto is confined to that breed, though either could be inflicted upon 
higher bred cattle, which might not be so predisposed by a bad habit of body 
or by the gross humours before noticed. When the animals are young, and 
feed ravenously, the strangles carry off those humours; when youth leaves 
them and more doltish habits comes Oft, these humours appear in some other 
varied shapes: besides those diseases just named, the farcy, grease, ^c. all 
come on from the same indolent habit of body. They are always ravenous 
paters, gross feeders, and consequently lethargic in their movements, that at- 



K 01 J UK HABIT. 1L» 

^uirw poll-evil ; for they demand harsh treatment to keep them at their work 
which frequently d< »•*■ possess the pa 

e of Job. 
Hence the duty of attending lo the health of men horses, ah much as may 
tent with the avocations of the owner] of avoiding the infliction that 
ten the immediate canoe of either ipeejm of ailment; and, these being 
i of applying the neeei nee for their inatant dbsperafea — 

if the symptoms are mild, and thus promise success, a low r'girnen foih#waof 
Bat delay b/o often confirms the dtame ; it approaches towards ma- 
turity, and will not he repremod i then does the duty of" bringing it for-.- 

to suppuration present itself as the only means of obtaining a radical cure; and 

I may add, that this is always the safest, the ben\ and the nwat eertaia means, 

when the iftariiar yields not to the first efforts at dispersion. In ordinary cases 

Idle gall, the swelling and heat will bend before an assiduous and i 
application of the repellent lotion; not so easily, however in case of "fistula 
in the withers," which lies deeper and is D* :te. Least of all will con- 

firmed poll-en] pre way before the strongest repellente; or, if the resolution 
\»: a p p aren tly effected, me least external injury, or none whatever, will sub- 

■eqnently reprodnee the disorder with more than its original virulence. P< ■:- 
in no part of the farriers art has he the opportunity of evincing his 
judgment more, than in choosing die precipe period when he will quit all at- 
tempts at suppressing the abscess or tumour, and s<-t ahout hringingit forward 
to suppuration and a radical cure; when he will also quit the low regimen 

which was proper in the first attempt, and adopt a new z: 

better adapted to the painful discharge hie patient will now be t onm clad to 

undergo, either by dint of medicinal applications or the knife. 

Abscess in the more fleshy parts of the body, or under the belly, are far less 
dangerous or troublesome sanations than OH the parts just named; they also 
prove to \xt symptomatic of the actual state of the blood, of which they then 
form the crisis or point of cure, and therefore the repression of such (as re- 
commended in other cases) should not be attempted, neither should the animal 
system be lowered, but the contrary. If, however, the tumour appears near a 
joint or just above it, as the hock, so as to impede its action, in which case it 
would soon assume an ulcerous appearance, by reason of the movement of 
the muscles of the limb in going, repression should then be resorted to with 
jity and skill. Artificial inflammation, excited upon the skin and cellu- 
lar membrane, near the part, by means of blistering, or rowelling higher up, 
has the good effect of drawing off the heat and tension from the more import- 
ant joint, nor ihj&i the animal by this application undergo so much pain as he 
would were the tendon affected, whereby the limb would become irremediably 
stiff and useless. 

CRITICAL ABSCESS 

Is that swelling or tumour which is occasionally thrown out on the body or 
limbs from no apparent accident, hut what may be traced to that derange- 
ment of the system we call fever, and is sometimes attendant upen protracted 
inflammation of the liver, when the disease appears on the fascia of the mus- 
cles of the belly, on the jowl, or other glandular parts. 

The cause and the effect thus U-corne manifest together; and when great 
tenderness is evinced uj>orj touching the parts in ordinary cases, nothing rn'.re 
is required ihan to make an opening in the lowest edge of the swelling, and 
expressing the contents; the cure in » .' ** the common "di- 

gestive ointment," which i» preeerihed under the article '■' Poll-evil," farther 
Sown. But the proper time at which the opening is to be thus made requires 



114 FORM OF BANDAGES 

close observation. In genera!, this may be ascertained by a change in the 
animal's manner: he wiil eat more heartily as the matter increases: which 
proves that the disease of his habit has accumulated at this precise spot. He 
should not be allowed long to remain in this state, lest the offensive matter 
should penetrate inwardly or laterally. If the disease is thus distinctly known 
to proceed from the remains of ill-cured fever or inflammation, poultices should 
be applied to bring it forward to the surface, and the animal receive increased 
feeds of dry oats, of beans, or sodden oats, according to his former habits, in 
order to encourage the access of matter ; for nature, exhausted by the violence 
or the continuance of the disorder, is incapable of expelling this last remains 
of the enemy, and stands in need of support. Should the horse have been 
lately laid up with fever, or for some time past shown languor in his gait, and 
heaviness about the. e3 - es, or it may be concluded from his recent hard labour 
and hard mode of living, that he has been long ailing inwardly : in this case 
the abscess being evidently a critical symptom of the general evil state of his 
blood, nature must be assisted in getting rid of the offensive matter ; and for 
that purpose bring the tumour to a head by means of a poultice. The head 
is most commonly the seat of swelled glands. 

Drawing Poultice. 

"White bread, the crum of a 41b. loaf. 
Onions chopped, 2 lb. 

Boil the onions in water, and pour the whole on the bread: mix to a tolerable 
consistency, and whilst blood-warm apply copiously to the parts in a cloth. 
Support the application by means of a bandage of stout linen cloth, with liga- 
tures tying over the forehead and across the poll thrice, as described in 
the annexed sketch. Some persons have recommended the use of a so- 
lution of gum to render the cloth impervious to liquids. See page 79. 




CRITICAL ABSCESS AND THE DEEP-SEATED. POIJ.-EML. 1 15 

Should circumstances require a more extended application, or that the patient- 
yestlessness might rub off the bandage, let a more extended bandage be em- 
ployed. For such a one, and as to further particulars, the reader may consult 
page 79, where a bandage for sore throat is depicted. 

By those means the swelling will come to a head, and give signs of being 
about to burst, but which 1 have reason to believe seldom happens sponta- 
neously by reason of the thickness of the skin. Apply the knife, or bistoury, 
as directed much at large in the case of poll-evil ; give a mild laxative the same 
day, and lower his diet. When it so happens that the opening has been made 
too soon, before it has accumulated sufficiently, the orifice may be kept open 
by means of a seton passing through it to the lowest or most depending side, 
•lid the running continued for several days, until it assume a healthy appear- 
ance and the swelling subsides. This plan must be always adopted with the 
slow or sordid tumour, which will not come forward, though heated with the 
onion poultice, and even with a biister : then let the seton be applied, chang- 
ing it daily and soaking the tape in the irritating mixture, as in case of poll- 
evil, page 119. That other critical abscess, called strangles, comes under a 
distinct head, farther down. 

Deep-seated abscess, under the fascia of the muscles of the belly, is scarcely 
ever curable, being seldom discovered to the eye until too late to render assist- 
ance in bringing it to the surface by means of strong drawing poultices, as in 
case of obstinate poll-evil. On passing the hand over the part, the animal 
may be observed to flinch from the touch ; but this symptom is seldom at- 
tended to, and it makes its way inwards, bursts in the eavity of the abdomen, 
and kills the patient. 

POLL-EVIL. 

Causes. — Next to a diseased habit of body, as just above noticed, which 
predisposes a certain description of horses to contract tummrs in various parts 
of the body, the poll-evil is frequently occasioned by a blow, or gall, of a very 
trivial nature, if it do not come on without this kind of excitement. The 
action of the head is very great, with some horses, arising probably from an 
itching in the upper part of the cervical ligament, where it is attached to the 
vertebra; of the neck ; and this causing irritation, we need not hesitate long 
in accounting for the inflammation that affects the muscle which interposes 
between it and the poll-bone, in a cavity that is greater with some breeds of 
horses than others. This variance in conformation is exemplified in the 
whole length portrait of a skeleton which is prefixed to chapter i. wherein the 
cavity that should form the seat of this disease is scarcely perceptible; whilst 
the small figure, inserted at section 16 of that chapter, to illustrate the uses of 
the cervical ligament, has this cavity of the usual extent. Of course, this 
latter would be still more predisposed to contract poll-evil than the former, 
which was a peculiarly formed horse in another respect also ; and it is more 
than probable, that, if the two were to fall into an equally bad habit of body, 
whilst the latter might acquire poll evil thereby, the constitution of the former 
might throw off any offensive matters that might accrue by some other means.* 
The reader will do well to turn back to the section referred to (p. 20), as well 
as to the skeleton [at A 5J. 

The wheelers, in a set of horses, will frequently throw back the head in 

' These might appear in shape of grease and farcy; but it has been generally obseived tnat 
a disposition to farcy abates, if it do not subside entirely, upon the appearance of poll-evil. 
Again, horses that are most liable to contract the grease, are precisely of the same disposition 
us iliose which are afflicted with tumour* &c. viz. of indolent habit, heavy in the hand, and 
•low of blood, fleshy and dulL 



UQ CAU.'ES OF POLL EVIL CURE BY DISPERSION. 

warm weather, or after brisk work, at feeling the reins that run through then 
head-harness to the leaders : this action is performed, as the reader will have 
learnt, by the action of the cervicular ligament, the upper end whereof termi- 
nates where the ear-band rests, and perhaps pinches the part. Horses that 
are given to shy are likely to contract poll-evil when hanging back, and throw- 
ing up the head with a jerk. 

But the most prolific cause of poll-evil I am inclined to attribute to the low 
stable door-way, whereby the animal gets many a trivial hit at going in and 
c6ming out; next in point of frequency is that brutal mode of attacking res- 
tive horses about the head with the butt end of the whip. Education of the 
lower classes has effected the abatement of this as well as many other unfeel- 
ing practices. Ofttimes, the edges of the ear-band, being sharp, create a 
painful itching, then soreness and irritation about the part, as does also the 
showy tip, or "cutting at a fly," practised by our flashy four-in-hand men, 
who may have discovered that touching up the animal in such a vulnerable 
part is "sure to make him go along." Stage-coach horses, however, do not 
now acquire poll-evil, so far as I can learn, like what they did formerly; for 
the great expedition these vehicles are constrained to, compels the proprietors 
to use better bred cattle than their predecessors — those that are less indolent, not 
so heavy in the hand, nor sluggish, consequently not so liable to contract dis- 
eases incident to a bad habit of body, or vitiated state of the blood, like poll- 
evil and its nauseous train of co-existent evils, that we shall proceed to take 
into consideration one after another. 

Symptoms. — At first the animal appears restless, throwing his head back 
and returning it to the former position, as if the efforts had occasioned pain. 
Soon after, it droops the head, holding it now on one side, now on the other; 
appears dull about the eyes, and becomes sluggish in its movements. In this 
state it continues a longer or shorter time (even weeks) as the violence may 
have been greater or less that brought about the evil ; the time depending also 
in some measure on the height of the pulse : a languid system making of 
course the slowest, advances towards bringing the abscess to maturity. Thif 
uneasiness of manner is accompanied by heat, swelling, and shortly by ten- 
sion of the part, and increase in the pulsation. As it goes on, a disposition 
to flinch from the touch is evinced whenever the part is approached with the 
hand ; if the evil be deep-seated, the swelling is wide, but not so high ; but 
when nearer the surface, it presents a point, is circumscribed within a well- 
marked circle, and ultimately tells how necessary it is that the contents should 
escape, by a throbbing which may be felt at this point. Again, to ascertain 
that the matter is near the surface, apply two fingers alternately on the sides 
of the tumour, and the matter will recede from side to side. Let it out. 

Cure. — At first, this may be attempted, in the earliest stages of the disor- 
der, by repression or dispersion, provided the disorder be not deep-seated near 
the bone ; which will be the case if it has been brought on by violent means, 
or it be a second attack, when endeavours to repress it would be vain indeed. 
On the contrary, if we can trace the cause to a hurt of no long standing, or of 
trivial import, and we know the horse was in good health before the swelling 
took place, then oui duty is to carry off the evil through the animal system, by 
means of active physic. Foment the part well with bran and water, warm ,• 
rub it dry with cloths, and apply the 

Embrocation. 

Spirits of wine, half a pint, 

Camphor, 2 drachms, 

Goulard's extract of lead, 1 drachm. 



POLLEVIL, RADICAL CURE BY SUPPURATION. U7 

Mix, and apply the same two or three times a day, gently rubbing the part t.s 
much as the animal can bear. Give also at the same time the 

Alterative Ball. 

Aloes, 4 drachms, 
Castile soap, 2 drachms, 
Calomel, half a drachm. 

Mix with mucilage, and give one every third day, provided the embrocation is 
applied so long. 

During these applications, a cooling regimen should be observed, the feeds 
being reduced to half the usual quantity of oats, and ultimately discontinued 
altogether. There will be no propriety in clothing up the patient, nor need 
he be exposed to the cold air, if it prevails. When the disorder has been 
brought on by simple compression of the ear-band, and is recent, I have never 
known the foregoing treatment to fail ; and in cases of vigorous constitutions, 
the swelling, heat, and tension have been reduced so quickly (i. e. in four or 
five days) as to leave certain careless observers in doubt whether the animal 
had really laboured under a genuine attack of poll-evil. 

Remove the halter, and if the animal be put to work, contrive to keep back 
the ear-band. A good and valuable embrocation will be found in simple vine- 
gar three or four times a day, or the sediment of very stale beer. Old verjuice 
answers the same end ; and all this kind of embrocation must be laid on warm, 
by means of cloths soaked and applied repeatedly. 

%* The same treatment and observations will apply to all the other specie? 
of abscess in its milder state, fistula, warbles, quittor ; but of these I shall 
speak more particularly under their respective heads of information. 

Second method of cure. — Very few cases present themselves to recollection 
of even recent poll-evil, that would admit of being completely dispersed, and 
a radical cure effected, by any means whatever ; and it is due to candour to 
acknowledge, that some of the most stubborn attacks were found to have re- 
lapsed after a while, which proved that the cure so effected to all appearance 
was not radically good, but had lei't a violent predisposition to renew its rava- 
es afresh. Probably, the time of inflicting the injury had not been accurate- 
y marked, nor its degree ingenuously reported to the owners in those cases 
of relapse. 

However this be, when the disorder is found to baffle the endeavours em- 
ployed to disperse it, the whole course of proceedings must be changed, as be- 
fore hinted in the concluding sentence of my general observations on this to- 
pic. Instead of putting back the swelling by those means, let us pursue a 
direct contrary course, in order to bring it forward : the mode of feeding must 
oe changed along with the medicines that now become proper to procure sup- 
puration, or a discharge of the offensive matter; a full habit being mainly 
conducive thereto, and proving how closely connected is this disease with a 
gross habit of body, which in all fleshy animals superinduces a diseased habit, 
vulgarly but accurately termed ,: full of humours." After having found use- 
less your efforts to disperse the tumour, or, mayhap, finding at the first view 
of it, or by the first touch, certain symptoms that prove it ought never to be 
dispersed, the practitioner will of course seriously set about permitting, or 
forcing, the offensive matter to escape. Every hour's delay in putting this 
resolve into practice serves but to render the ultimate cure still more difficul 1 
and hazardous; for the evil is' all this while extending its baleful effects in- 
wards and sidewise, and forming around it, in every direction, the fistulous 
i'Ane or caestus before spoken of, which is a film, vt skin-like substance formed 
12 



R 



118 



BANDAGE FOR POLL-EVIL. 



of tho cellular membrane, thickened by the disorder. (See Book I. Sect. 27. 
page 28.) In this event, the tumour has become decidedly fistulous, and is to 
be treated as such, when the great length of time it may have been suffered 
to make head, and its now extended surface, warrant that conclusion. The 
knife is almost the only remedy, notwithstanding the superficial tumour will 
in some cases break and discharge matter of itself; this, however, never hap- 
pens with the deep-seated abscess, which lies close to the bone, and destroys 
not only it, but the muscular substance of the poll, and the end of the cervica. 
ligament also. In these series of abscess or fistulous tumour, nothing but the 
knife can ever reach the disorder, and it must be employed fearlessly, but with 
a commensurate share of skill, after the skin has been prepared with fomen- 
tations, &c. Let the parts be softened and drawn with poultice of oatmeal, 
put on lukewarm, twice a day ; and if the effect be not visible to the eye and 
touch, as before described, increase the powers of the poultice, by the addition 
of onion chopped and mixed with the poultice whilst warm. Or, a mere 
change may be adopted, and a bread poultice applied instead ; for, notwith- 
standing oatmeal is stronger, yet 1 have occasionally found the milder have 
more effect when the former had not succeeded entirely according to my wish. 
The poultice should be provided in sufficient quantity to cover the whole 
swelling two inches thick at least, having a small quantity of sweet oil, hog's 
lard, or oil of turpentine mixed therewith. Fix it on by means of a contri- 
vance that is sufficiently explained by the annexed cut, in which it will be 
seen that the girth is to have a web breasting, to which the lateral corners of 
the cloth are to be attached by broad tapes, as was explained in another simi- 
lar case at pages 79 and 114. 




I have here represented the bandage rather longer than requisite, under the 
presumption that it may occasionally be applied to other affections farther back ; 
a prolongation of the bandage may be affixed at either end, either plain or 
plaited, according to the amount of the swelling. 

When the symptoms above stated inform our senses that the matter ought 
to be so "let out," an opening is to be made the whole length of the abscess, a 
little below its centre ; taking especial care that the knife do not pass cross- 
wise, lest the attachment of the cervicular ligament to the first (vertebrae) bone 
■hould be severed ; in which case the animal would droop its head ever after 



THE SETON, HOW APPIJED. |].j 

as may be learnt by consulting its construction at p. 20, of Book I. On the 
escape of the matter, after ascertaining by a probe whether it runs in pipe?, ot 
sinuser, this way and that, or with small hits of diseased fibre or membrane 
stretching across the cavity, so as nearly to divide it into unequal parts — let 
each be just touched with the knife or scalpel. There is no propriety in the 
old practice of squeezing out all the offensive matter from this kind of abscess, 
although it be very proper in that deep-seated sort where no pipes, nor the 
small cavities just spoken of, are to be felt or seen, for the following reasons : 
the first mentioned kind have the case or ccestus before described, which con 
tains the matter, and if laid open before the evil be sufficiently ripe, it doe 
not come away freely. This, however, the operation effect* in two or three 
days, if kept running by means of a seton, or other contrivance placed at the 
orifice; but the application of tow, or any other substance, that obstructs the 
escape of this mattei, is ever to be avoided. On the contrary, when the ab- 
scess is very deep, reaching to the bone, which may be felt, and presenting 
but one large cavity, then the matter should be expelled by pressing gently on 
two sides of it at once. Let the lips of the opening be dressed the first time, 
and as long as it may be found necessary to keep open the wound, with any 
ointment hereafter mentioned, on which has been strewed sulphate of copper, 
powdered. Should the lips adhere together, or appear much diseased, wash 
with muriate of ammonia, taking care it does not run upon the sound parts, 
nor into the cavity. In either case, wash off the dead parts with warm water, 
before each new dressing is laid, sponge it well and dry, after inserting the 
probe on every side into the fistulous sinuses, and continue this mode of treat- 
ment until the parts assume a healthy appearance. 

The seton should never be neglected in bad cases of either description, but 
be introduced at the lowest or most depending side of the abscess, after being 
wetted with the following 

Irritating Mixture. 

Spirits of wine, 2 ounces, 
Corrosive sublimate, 1 scruple ; 

Mix and saturate the tape therewith daily. This will keep open the orifice 
until the offensive matter has run off, and is succeeded by the more healthy 
issue of a thicker consistency, and nearly white. On this appearance the 
stton is to be withdrawn, and the parts dressed with the digestive ointment, 
the animal physicked once or twice with a moderate purging ball of six or 
seven drachms of aloes, and the cure will complete itself with the usual dress- 
ings, viz. 

Digestive Ointment. — No. 1. 

Yellow wax, ) 

Rosin, > of each 1 pound. 

Burgundy Pitch, } 

Turpentine (common) 4 ounces. 

Linseed oil, 20 ounces. 

Dissolve over a slow fire, and spread upon leather or stout linen cloth, suffi 
ciently large to come over the undiseased region of the evil, after the wound 
has been well cleansed. Fresh dressings hereof should go on daily, but in no 
case until the matter assume a healthy appearance, which it never can be 
brought to, unless the whole recess has been reached with the knife or by the 



190 SCALDING MIXTURES— PRECAUTIONS IN USING. 

operation of the "scalding mixture" of the old school of farriery. This reme- 
dy, so applied, though at variance with our modern notions of pathology, ha9 
been adopted by tbe collegians of St. Pancras, and with good reason, for it 
never fails to effect a cure, by effectually cleansing away the diseased parts. 
Three several mixtures are adopted in different parts of the country — the 
Hertfordshire and midland county farriers employing No. 1.; No. 2 is thai 
recommended by Gibson ; and No. 3 is Ryding's. 

Scalding 1 Mixture. — No. I. 

Tar, ) 

Mutton suet, > of each 2 ounces. 

Rosin, ) 

Bees wax, 1 ounce. — Melt slowly, and mix in 

Spirits of turpetine, 2 ounces. 

Verdigris 6 drachms. 

Mix and pour into the orifice hot, and close it with stitches. The next two 
have the recommendation of being more scientilic, and are withal better adapt- 
ed for penetrating into the sinuses. 

Scalding Mixture. — No. 2. 

Corrosive sublimate, ^ 

Verdigris, > of each 2 drachms. 

Blue Vitriol, ) 

Green copperas, half an ounce. 

Honey, or Egyptiacum, 2 ounces. 

Oil of turpentine, ) c . 

rp • A v ' > of each 8 ounces. 

1 rain oil, ) 

Rectified spirit of wine, four ounces. 

Mix, and apply as before directed. The difficulty of retaining this last in its 
proper place, is its only defect ; but Gibson appears to have prescribed a quan- 
tity sufficient to allow for spilling a good portion. Since writing the above, 
however, I have inserted the sketch of bandaging for poll-evil remedies at page 
118, to which the reader will refer, when requisite, and introduce such modifi- 
cations as the nature of the applications may demand to prevent the loss of 
any part. 

Scalding Mixture. — No. 3. 

Oil of turpentine, 2 ounces. 

Verdigris, 1 ounce, 

Ointment of yellow resin, 6 ounces. 

Mix and apply as above. In using any of those hot mixtures, a piece of tow 
fchould be so placed as to surround the orifice and prevent its running over the 
sound parts — which would be injured thereby, as would the operators fingers, 
&c. if he neglect the proper precautions. These he should not fail to take as 
regards the acrimonious discharge from the abscess, as absorption thereof 
might take place at the root of his nails; so, if the discharge be allowed to rest 
upon the sound parts of the horse, it will be found to corrode and produce 
ulcers. 

Frequently it happens — and I believe the old farriers always "repeated the 
dose," that a second application of the " scalding mixture becomes necessary, 



CONNEXION OF POLL-EVIL AND FARCY. J21 

for their cases were always very bad ones. In this event, opportunity is af- 
forded of employing both prescriptions in succession; but whichsoever is first 
adopted, let it remain undisturbed from sixty to seventy hours, if the stitching 
do not sooner burst. Sponge out the parts with warm water; cleanse away 
the adjacent filth, and either repeat the same or proceed at once to the cure — 
a determination the d<>ctor will come to, according as the rottenness may have 
sloughed off, and the inside of the abscess may present a healthy appearance, 
or otherwise. If it be quite clean, the adhesion of the parts will follow with 
very little further care than applying the digestive ointment according to the 
receipt in page 119, — or the following 

Digestive Ointment. — No. 2. 

Common turpentine, 4 ounces, 

The yolks of two eggs. — Mix these well, and 

add 
Myrrh, in powder, 4 drachms, 
Mastich, 2 drachms, 
Tincture of myrrh sufficient to bring the whole to a proper 

consistence. 

Should the cure of the wound proceed too fast, the over luxuriant granula- 
tions of new or proud flesh must be touched with caustic. 



But notwithstanding all that has been said above, it sometimes happens that 
a totally different course becomes necessary, when abscess in the poll is con- 
nected with another disease arising from the same vitiated state of the animal's 
system, and the remedy for one of these will cure the other. Farcy is the cor- 
respondent disease to which I allude, or rather I should say a tendency to 
farcy, visible in certain scanty lumps or tumours on the body and legs: these 
will run off sometimes by means of a copious discharge at the poll. More 
frequently, however, the farcy is of too inveterate a description, and proves 
that the whole mass of the animal's system requires correction, and that it 
must be treated with medicines proper for the farcy, as well as the local affec- 
tion of the poll. 

People in general like to be borne out in their most novel opinions by those 
of longer standing in society, and 1 confess myself one of those sort of people 
as regards the doctrine of a vitiated or a corrupted state of the animal's system, 
which it is absolutely necessary to correct by medicine before the cure of some 
disorders can be effected. I strongly touched upon this topic in the first book, 
and at page 59, to which probably the inquiring reader will turn, and become 
convinced with me that poll-evil may be no other than the critical abscess of 
farcy ; which farcy is a disease of the system, and is correspondent with glan- 
ders, as poll-evil is with quittor, &c. The writer 1 shall quote as agreeing 
with me, mainly, in this view of the subject, is Richard Lawrence. He says, 
" the poll-evil is sometimes connected with a disposition in the habit of body 
to farcy ; this may be known by the animal appearing universally [i. e. gene- 
rally] unhealthy in his coat, the tightness of his skin, and also by small lumps 
or swellings in different parts of his body, and particularly on the insides of 
his legs. When it is ascertained, therefore, that the poll-evil arises chiefly 
r rom a disposition to farcy, the mere operation of opening the anscess, and 
using the dressings usually recommended, will not prove sufficient, without 
the aid of medicine given internally ; because the abscess, not being then a 
12 • 



122 SYMTTOMS OF FISTtJlA : CURE. 

local affection arising simply from partial injury, it will l>e necessary to correct 
the general habit of body, before a cure run be effected. The medicines best, 
adapted for this purpose will of course be found under the head of "Farcy," 
a few pages farther down. 

FISTULA IN THE WITHERS. 

Cause. — Although closely resembling poll-evil in so many respects as to 
seem the self-same disorder arising from precisely the same causes, but differ- 
ing in situation only, 1 must here premise that some other distinctions are 
projH-r to be taken, which it will be necessary to keep in mind. We have 
seen, a few pages higher Up, that poll-evil may be produced without external 
violence; this never happens with fistula in the withers, which is always 
brought on by external injury — namely, the galling of the saddle: in the first 
case the tumour frequently turns out a simple abscess, in the present case 
never, but becomes fistulous at its very earliest stages. This arises from the 
quantity of the membrane which is found in the shoulder and whole forehand 
ot the horse, in the cellular structure whereof the offensive matter finds an easy 
receptacle, and spreads its ravages from side to side; and accumulating in 
quantity, by its own specific gravity, finds its way, eventually, amongst the 
muscles, and forms sinuses. How this operation of nature is performed, the 
reader is instructed in the first book, at sections 26, 27. I have also descant* 
ed somewhat at large, in the general introductory observations on this whole 
series of disorders, as to the distinctions proper to be kept in mind between one 
kind of tumour and another, how they are formed, and what description of 
horses are mostly liable to this or that species of the disorder. At page 112 
will this information be found, and which the reader would do well to consult 
once more before he sets about treating his horse for fistula in the withers 
The symptoms are most obvious to the touch, as in all inflammatory tumours, 
the animal shrinking when the hand is passed over the shoulder from the 
mane downwards. But the ill-formed saddle, or one that fits the particular 
animal like nothing, or one that is so badly girthed on, that the poor beast may 
be, perceived going in Real pain, shall be set down as the symptom of all symp- 
toms, that the animal is destined to contract this particular disorder of the 
parts so injured. Sometimes he tumbles down, or seems to trip frequently, 
which should admonish its inconsiderate rider or driver, that his carelessness 
is very likely to cost him a broken neck. 

Cure. — As soon as the journey can be brought to a close, which has been 
thus improperly pursued, remove the cause and bathe the part well with the 
cold saturnine lotion, and when the saddle has undergone the proper altera- 
tions, the journey may be pursued, if necessity demand such an exertion. 

Cold Lotion. 

Subacetate of lead (goulard), 2 ounces, 

White vinegar, 4 ounces, 

Water, 3 quarts. — Mix, and apply with a sponge. 

Should not this prevail, and the horse evince pain at the touch, with in- 
creased heat and tension, and swelling of the part commence, the disorder ia 
confirmed; and if not repelled in its very earliest stages, suppuration must en- 
sue. Let it be taken in time however — that is to say, in the course of a day 
or two, or a week, with healthy active horses, is not too long — and the heat 
and in fl a mm a t i o n will be reduced by employing the embrocation, recommend 
cd in incipient attack of poll evil, at page li6, and giving at the same time tLo 



RADICAL CURE OF FISTt/I.A. 123 

alterative ball there set down. Success more generally attends this first mo 
thod In tlie present kind of tumour than in that to which I have just referred 
viz. poll-evil; but this method of curing both is so exactly similar, that it would 
be a waste of words to go over the same grounds again, or make the same ob* 
servations which 1 thought proper to set down under that head of information. 
At page llfi, the reader will perceive, that when he is attempting to repell the 
tumour and allay the inflammation in its earliest stages, he is to emp'oy a 
cooling regimen ; that when the disorder has been hrought on by a trivial 
cause, this method of cure seldom fails, if taken in time ; and also that fistula 
icr prevented hereby than is poll-evil. "However this be, when the dis- 
order is found to baffle the endeavours employed to disperse it, (as I before ob* 
nerved), the whole course of proceedings must be altered;" the regimen, or 
feeding must be higher, the parts encouraged to collect matter and come to the 
surface, instead of making inroads upon the adjacent muscle and bone, which 
it will effect more hideously as the animal may be afflicted with a gross habit 
of body. 

After having found all efforts useless, the practitioner will change his plan ; 
and force the matter to escape as soon as may Im: ; for the disorder 18 every 

hour extending its baleful influence. For this purpose the knife, or common 
bistoury, is to l>e employed when the tumour is sufficient! y ripe, which is a 
state it may be brought to, by means of the application of a poultice. Of these, 
I prescribed two or three kinds, with the method of fastening them on, but in 
this latter respect, a material difference arises in consequence of the different 
shape; of the parts. The bandage in this case must be allowed to come farther 
back, and be there detained by tying the tapes short behind and lengthening 
the front ones. See figure at page 1 18. 

Fomentations of warm water, in which cloths have been steeped, slightly 
wrung out and applied to the parts, will be found highly serviceable, and may 
precede the application of poultice. When by these means the tumour ap- 
pears ripe and ready, open the most prominent part with lancet or bistoury, 
and insert a whalebone probe to as c e r ta in the direction that the fistulous sinu- 
ses or pipes extend, in order that these may be laid open, and the whole mat- 
ter suffered to escape. In some caws a stiffer and larger probe may be cm- 
ployed, and when a sinus lies favourable, introduce the probe, and cut down 
upon it. But as to the lowermost sinus, when it tends towards the shoulder, 
so as to interfere with the action thereof, the knife is not to pass through it, 
but a scton is to 1m: inserted in its lowest or most depending part, so that the 
matter may escape through. 

As directed in the previous case of poll-evil at page 119, the knife should be 
fearlessly applied in severing any small bits of muscle that may apj>ear to grow 
across the cavity; a touch of the knife will l>e sufficient for any purpose, as 
by keeping open the lips of the wound, all that belongs to this diseased part 
will slough otr, and should be wiped away as before directed, every time new 
dressings are applied. Let the seton be soaked in the mixture of corrosive 
sublimate and alcohol as directed at the page just referred to; and in the worst 
cases apply either of the scalding mixtures in the manner mentioned at page 
120, and repeat the same if the first does not accomplish all that is desired 

The operator in this case will not fail to use the proper precautions as re- 
gards the application of those scalding hot remedies, nor neglect to remove the 
matter that is discharged from the wound, in the manner set forth at page 
191. Most frequently the lips or edges of the sore are thickened, and assume 
a very inflamed and ulcerous appearance; this should be reduced by the knife 
or caustic, or it becomes so luxuriant at times as to close the orifice, and to 
cause a renewal of the fistula, in which case you have all your trouble to go 
3ver again. At Alfort, they have a very neat method of cleaning out fistulous 



124 FRENCH METHOD OF CLEANING SORES. 

ulcers, by rolling up pledgets of linen cloth, the edges whereof have been 
scraped out thin, so that when introduced dry to the bottom of each sinus or 
pipe, and being twisted round, it brings forth the offensive matter and any 
residue of blood which may have got into them during the operation. They 
also employ gentian root to keep down the swelling or thickening of the lips 
of the sore. The healing is not to be suffered to go on too fast, nor until all 
the offensive matter has been expulsed, and a more healthy discharge, whilst 
it manifests the change that has taken place, and warrants youv closing the 
sore. Blue stone spread on any plaster of digestive ointment will effect this; 
or take 

Ointment of nitrated quicksilver, 3 ounces, 
Oil of turpenVine, half an ounce. 

Mix, and apply as long as may be found proper to keep the orifice from closing, 
to which it will be ever too much disposed. 

Something was formerly said about scraping the bone when the long con- 
tinuance of the disorder, its virulence, or the bad state of the horse's general 
nealth, hath been such as to affect its surface ; but this part of the operation 
is rather showy than useful, as the rottenness so occasioned will come away 
as the discharge is kept up, there being a constant disposition throughout the 
whole system to throw off all such offensive matters. 

SADDLE GALLS; viz. WARBLES, SITFASTS. 

The first of these partake of the nature of the disorder just above treated of, 
viz. fistula, and are caused by the same means, bruise of the saddle ; but being 
situated farther back, less scope is allowed for the spreading of the original tu- 
mour. Consequently, the smallness of the affliction renders it much less for- 
midable, though, if suffered to suppurate, they become most troublesome sores. 
The means to be adopted for the cure of warbles are similar to those recom- 
mended for other tumours, viz. at first try to prevent the accumulation of mat- 
ter by repellants, such as the embrocation prescribed at page 116, the domestic 
remedies in the next page, as verjuice, made hot and applied by means of 
cloths soaked therein, and repeatedly changed. Or apply, in the same man 
ner, the following 

Cold Lotion. 



White vinegar, ) e , « 
Spirits of w f ne ;j of each 3 ounces. 

Super-acetate oi lead, 2 ounces, 
Water, 6 ounces. Mix. 



Should not these succeed, change your treatment, adopt the direct contrary 
mode, and bring the tumour forward to suppuration by means of poultices, 
&c. as before recommended ; and finally, when ripe, open the tumour with a 
lancet, promote the escape of the offensive master, and then proceed to healing 
the sore, as in the former case of poll-evil and fistula in the withers. 

Sitfast is an indurated tumour, one that has neither matter nor motion in it, 
and may arise from either of two causes. The first is simply a gall or bruise, 
which has produced no inflammation, and consequently no matter has been 
engendered ; the second comes of an ill-cured warble, that has closed, leaving 
a hard insensible swelling behind. Blistering is the favourite remedy with 
roost farriers, though fomentations and poultices will frequently achieve as 



S1TFASTS, HARD TUMOURS, QUITTOR. 125 

much good in very little more time. When suppuration has taken place, 
the cure is to be completed by dressings of detergent ointment, taking care 
that the sore does not hea! too fast. Should this be the case, put blue stone 
powdered, upon the plaister once or twice, or merely touch it with lunar caus 
tic as often. Sometimes the callosity does not come off of itself, though the 
edges rise up ; it is then to be taken away by force, separating it from the 
living parts with the knife. The small portion of blood that comes away does 
no harm, but the contrary. If, however, any one objects to the use of the 
knife, or doubts his skill in this operation, mercurial ointment will effect the 
same end, as follows : 

Ointment for Sitfast. 

Oil of turpentine, 10 ounces, 
Blue ointment, 8 ounces, 
Gum ammoniacum, 4 ounces; 
Mix and apply to these and all hard tumours. 

aUlTTOR 

Is a disease of the foot, at the coronet, but is so decidedly fistulous, that I 
choose to treat of it in this place, rather than in the chapter devoted to the foot 
in general, that the student may more readily remember the general observa- 
tions I thought necessary to prefix to this whole class of diseases, at page 110; 
&c. 

Cause. — A tread which the horse inflicts on itself, for the most part, seeing 
that it generally occurs on the inside of the foot. This tread or bruise may 
either be inflicted upon the coronet, or lower down, by over-reaching, or even 
at the sole ; by taking up a stone or other hard substance ; also by a prick or 
blow in shoeing. A quittor is also sometimes occasioned by gravel working up 
into an aperture left by an old nail, acting upon the sensible laminated sub- 
stance, separating it from the insensible, leaving a cavity from the aperture 
quite up to the coronet, where it lodges, inflames, and produces abscess, which 
is frequently very difficult and troublesome to cure ; if not early attended to, 
sinuses form, sometimes reaching to the coffin bone. The blood vessels at 
the coronet cease to perform their proper function of secreting new horn and 
the consequence is frequently the loss of the inner quarter of the hoof. 

Cure. — The sore is always very small, but admits of a probe being intro- 
duced, by which the extent of the evil may be ascertained, and this is gene- 
rally very extensive and ruinous, according to the time it may have been al- 
lowed to make head. The probe will pass readily forward and backward to 
the whole course of the disease, and sometimes it will be found to have pene- 
trated to the coffin bone, every where forming sinuses or pipes, as in fistula of 
the withers before described. But in this case situation makes considerable 
difference : unlike the former, poultices are rendered inapplicable, whilst the 
employment of the knife or lancet is dangerous in the extreme. Besides 
which, the diseased part is already open, and seems to invite the only species 
of remedy yet known, in the shape of escharotics, that by irritating the case 
or cajstus, which forms the sinuses, shall cause it to slough off. In slight 
cases, those which are found not to have penetrated deep, the simple applica- 
tion of a wash will prove sufficient, and may be employed in this manner. 
Dissolve blue vitriol in water, and charge a syringe therewith; this is to be 
discharged into the orifice, and suffered to remain, as much as can be retained. 
A poultice of bread or oatmeal is to cover the part, and the cure will be com- 
pleted after two or three days. But unfortunately tor ihe owner and the ini- 



136 THE VTVES ; CAUSE AND SYMPTOMS. 

mal, the disease is seldom taken in hand thus early, hut is suffered to proceed 
until much stronger means become necessary. For this purpose take a long 
narrow slip of thin paper, and moisten it with muriate of antimony; over this 
strew powdered corrosive sublimate, and roll up the paper, so that it may not 
be too big for the pipe which it is intended for. Generally it happens that the 
opening requires to be enlarged before this pledget so charged with the escha- 
rotic can be fairly introduced. Take especial care that the pledget reach tho 
bottom of the pipe, cut it off close, and pass a similar one into as many sinuses 
as may have been ascertained forms the disease. As considerable irritation of 
the part will quickly ensue, a poultice sufficient to cover the foot should be pre- 
viously got ready, and applied immediately. 

In three or four days, the bandage being removed, the diseased parts will 
6loughoff, a considerable opening presents itself, leaving a healthy looking 
sore. Let this be sponged off with warm water, and when dry apply tincture 
of Benjamin, which will effect a cure. A solution of white vitriol is used 
with advantage, especially when a disposition to secrete unhealthy matter is 
at any time perceptible. Physic the patient after the operation, according to 
the actual state of his bowels, the motion whereof will alleviate the pain ne- 
cessarily attending the escharotic quality of the pledgets applied to the foot. 
If the horse's bowels be found in the ordinary state, give two balls on succes- 
sive days, thus : 

First Alterative Bad. 

Hard'soap, } of each 2 to 3 drachms, 
Oil of cloves, 6 drops, 
Calomel, 1 drachm; 
Mix, with mucilage sufficient to form the ball for the dose. 

Second Alterative Ball. 

Aloes, 4 to 5 drachms, 
Soap, 6 drachms, 
Oil of anise-seed, 10 drops; 
Mix, and give one dose the day following the first ball. 

VIVES.* 

This is the term given to swellings of the glands just under the ear, to- 
wards the angle of the jaw, that mostly attack young animals. The tumour 
is easily repressed or driven back into the system, and by more simple means 
than those employed in more inveterate complaints of a similar nature, show 
ing themselves in other parts of the body. In some respects this disordei 
bears near affinity to the strangles. 

The cause of Vives may be distinctly pronounced " a cold," that prolific 
source of so many other disorders incident to man and horse. The vives 
usually comes on after hard work and sweating, by being then exposed to a 
current of air, or cold rain. 

The season of shedding the teeth, when the contiguous parts are unusually 
tender, is that in which swellings similar to vives pervade animals of any spe- 
cies. Nevertheless it sometimes attacks horses at an advanced age, notwith- 
standing they may have previously got over the most healthful form of stran- 

* From the French " avives," and the verb aviver, to be brisk and lively as if it were con 
fcrred ironically upon the animal in its dullest state. 



CAUSE AND SYMPTOMS. V1VES— A GLANDULOUS DISORDER. 127 

gles, when we might reasonably suppose nature had ridded itself of a disposi- 
tion to secrete any more such pestilent matter. Want of the usual head 
clothing is then the immediate cause of vives. The violence deemed neces 
sary in breaking colts also causes the vives, when the pressure on the parotid 
glands, at reining up the animal, irritates the parts. 

Symptoms. — Swellings under both ears, generally, that occasion manifest 
pain when touched : the animal coughs more than one which has the stran- 
gles, and a difficulty of swallowing soon becomes evident. Stiffness or aridity 
of the neck follows, and the patient makes frequent efforts to swallow the 
saliva, which it is the proper function of these glands to secrete, but which 
they are soon disabled from performing, by reason of the cold checking or 
chilling those functions. Of glands generally, their construction and uses, the 
reader will find many instructive particulars in the first book, at page 29 ; 
these of which we now speak being called "the parotid glands," from their 
situation ; and as they now refuse to perform the office of secretion, the watery 
humours flow from out the animal's eyes, which it partly closes, as if he were 
about to sleep. For want of the same supply of saliva, inflammation of the 
mouth and gums takes place, producing what is vulgarly called " the lampers," 
or swelling of the roof of the mouth near the front teeth, which I shall speak 
of separately a little further down. Sometimes the swelling of these glands, 
if not assiduously subdued, continues a fortnight or longer, becoming more 
troublesome everyday, and evidently occasioning very much pain; all this 
while the horse loses condition, is feverish, and at length so weak as to totter 
when he moves even in his stall. Spreading downwards under the throat, 
they at length terminate in strangles, and are then to be treated as such. 

The cure of the vives that arises from simple cold is very easy, but not so 
that which is connected with a general bad habit of body ; for then the swell- 
ing and subsequent suppuration of the abscess must be considered as an effort 
of nature to relieve itself from something that is offensive to it, and must be 
treated as a disease of the whole system, nature having adopted this or that 
particular spot for demonstrating its offence. But I have already explained 
my opinion on this interesting point of veterinary pathology, much at large, 
when treating of other tumours and abscesses. Vide page 110, &c. Often- 
times it happens that the vives depend upon glanders or farcy, of which they 
are then a correspondent symptom, and will only subside when the virulence 
of these are reduced. However, no harm can come of fomenting the part 
with warm water at least ; and after it has been well dried, clothe the head so 
as to keep off the air, upon the principle of "remove the cause, and the effect 
ceases ot course." The application of the bandage described at page 114, 
will sufficiently clothe the part. 

Much of the pain and tension of the tumour will be alleviated even by this 
treatment, and a slight attack will be removed by following it up with fomen- 
tations of marsh mallows; or, anoint the parts with ointment of marshmallows, 
and cover the head as before. A bread poultice affords relief, and bleeding 
in stubborn cases of simple vives is often necessary, with purgatives. In- 
deed, the body should be opened, whether we bleed or no : always leave open 
the main road for such humours to escape by. This alone will carry off a 
recent attack, provided the head clothing be kept on at the same lime, nature 
performing the remainder by absorption. To assist nature however, employ 
the fodowing 

Lotion. 
Sal ammoniac, half an ounce, 
White vinegar, 6 ounces, 
Goulard's extract 1 ounce ; 
Mix and rub the part well twice a day. 



1VS8 LA Mr AS, A 1MSORDER Ol YOUTH. 

Low diet, a plentiful supply of water gruel, and bran mashes, to which an 
ounce of nitre may be added daily, will reduce that thickened state of the 
blood which over attends tins species o( tumour. But, as In the preceding 

cases af tumour (poll-evil and iistula), it is sometimes found impossible to re- 
move the vivos In those means or any other; matter is formed, the tension 
and inflammation continue upon the increase, and plainly indicate that sup- 
puration must ensue, and all our labour is rendered vain, it" it ought never to 
nave been so employed. In this event, apply a meal poultice, restore the ani- 
mal to his ordinary diet, ami promote suppuration, which effects the cure in 
the same manner as all other abscess mentioned before. See page 114, &c 

False vivos, or imperfect ones, that are hard and insensible, sometimes 
cause a goinl deal of needless trouble. They neither come forward nor re- 
cede, do not seem to cause any particular pain, but still continue an eye-sore ; 
and give reason to apprehend disagreeable consequences, and always prevent 
an advantageous sale of the animal. Stimulating embrocations are well cal- 
culated tor reducing these hard tumours, and the blistering liniment, made of 
cantharides and oil, never fails. 

LAMPERS, OR LAMPAS. 

Cause. — As just said, lampas is occasioned by inflammation in the mouth. 
This is brought on by inability in the parotid glands to secrete the saliva ne- 
cessary for lubricating the throat and gums. These glands, though liable to 
the disorder WO term vives, yet the derangement of their secretory function 
does not always show itself by the fives : it may continue to flow, though not 
in sufficient quantity to meet the increased heat of the animal. Idle or ill- 
worked young horses are most liable to lampas. 

Symptoms. — A swelling o( the bars of the mouth follows the rising vigour 
and heat of the animal; they then project below the surface of the teeth, and 
interfere between them while feeding. The pain is necessarily very great on 
feeding, and the animal ceases to chew of a sudden; it afterwards commences 
anew, with greater caution; but as the disorder becomes worse, it refuses 
food entirely, and starvation would be the consequence if something did not 
intervene which is always sure to happen. 

The cure would be effected of itself, if the horse lived in a state of nature, 
or more probably in that state he never would have contracted the disease. 
Ov e r -g o rg i ng and consequent fulness of habit having occasioned the blood to 
flow luxuriantly towards the region of the head and throat, so that the disor- 
der is thereby produced, the reduction ot' that full habit follows this eompul- 
sorv abstemiousness which the aillicted animal practises much against his will, 
and might teach man himself a monitory lesson he is usually slow in attend- 
ing to, until too late. Reducing the system is the neatest method of removing 
lampas, and purgatives should In? employed; bran mashes, in which an ounce 
of nitre daily lias been introduced, may also be given until the pulse becomes 
more natural. If the lampas be not lessened, by these means, the projecting 
part is to be cut with a lancet, but some people commence operations with the 
waring iron, as the readiest way, and give physic afterwards. This applies 
aon never fails. 



rOBULENT TiJ.Moi:itH: i>i-i.\-j:- OF THE OLANM ..,. 



CHAPTER IN. 

EXTERNAL IWW >■!>■■■ 

Purulent Tumours : fXssnaes of the Glands. 

Stkanot.es, Gi.anokh.s, Fajicv, Gkka.sk, m they owe th«ir origin to the 
same predisposing MOW so evidently, that the appearance of either hi good 

assurance that DO other disorder i-> then to be apprehended — neither Of tbo 
above nor those treated of in the- preceding chapter, a few preliminary obser- 
vations Hhould occupy attention, before we treat of any one in detail. Both 
series |f diseases are in like manner constitutional, or residing 111 the blood; 
and the whole clans agree together so nearly in cause, symptoms, and effect, 
that the situation of MOD on the various parts of the body eonstitutes the maiw 
distinction Is-tween them; as thin does also affect the appearand; and eon i-, 
tcney of thf matter produced. 

What I most strenuously maintain is, that the Intent cause of all tumours, 
inflamed gland-, and spontaneous discharge of matter by skin or membrane, 
is entirely attributable to the actual state of blood of the individual animal. 
Whence I Inner, that some horses are more liable to incur contagious diseases 
than others, and this in a degree proportioned to the Plata of the blond at the 
time of communication; so that mimic might escape with impunity, whilst other* 
meet with certain death from the self same cause. Tin, accounts for the glfjsjt* 
er virulence with which aMM horses incur glanders, for example, co m p ar e d 
to what others suffer, which catch the disorder ;«t the same moment of time ; 
as was proved on a largish sort of a wale, and that pretty well known among 
practitioners, during the late war OH the continent. The CbM was briefly 

this: — A transport with cavalry horses mi board, on its way to the Low Conn* 

met with bad weather, so that the batches were battened down, and in 
this manner were part of the horses suffocated. Of these which survived, 

amounting to some twenty-two or more, scarcely one escaped the glanders, 
but, notwithstanding we may conclude that they infected and reinfected each 
other at the Barne moment, and under precisely the same circumstances as to 
heat, respiration, and privations, yet the symptoms varied greatly, and MOM 
few recovered so readily as to leave great doubt whether they really had re- 
ceived the inlanders or not, whilst others exhibited real glanders in the highest 
degree of virulence. Between these extremes, we are informed, the re- 
mainder were variously affected : all which circumstances prove mcontestibly 
how much depended Upon the previous health Of each individual, the vitiation 
of ita blood aud its co-fitness or adaption to receive the infection. I imagine 
this to !>e conclusive of the doctrine I have all along laid down. But I wil> 
adduce another authority — 1 veterinary writer of France, who carries the 
principle even farther than I have adventured to push it. 

With that specious ingenuity which attends all affairs of research in that 
country, an author named Uupuy, who also quotes the rapport of another 
called Gilbert, deduces the dispiwntinn to co n tract such disorders from the pro 
genitors of the afflicted, or, as I should have said, from the blood or breed, and 
DO IMIssjpssiids n asjnrrjtiw hind of rnpmim for brood mares and stallions; 
that is to say, in other words, an airy situation for the breeding »tu<L with 
13 



jjfl GLANDERS: HOW ALQl'IRED. STRANGLES, CAUSE OP. 

pastures rather elevated, whore they will have sufficient norriture during the 
period of gestation, and can find occasional shelter from the weather. " By 
these means (says M. Dupuy) the disorder may he prevented in great mea- 
sure." The disorder he here speaks of he calls "scrophulous tubercle;" to 
which "all cattle whatever, bred in marshy situations with scanty allowance 
to the parents, are very liable." This disorder of the blood or breed, accord 
inc to M. Dupuy, "predisposes the horse to contract those diseases that are 
known to us under the terms strangles, bastard strangles, farcy, and defluxions 
from the eyes ;" which latter, it will be seen, at page 127, is a corresponding 
symptom and never failing attendant upon the vives, as it is of all other glan- 
dular swellings about the jaws. The Frenchman thus converts a single 
symptom into a disorder ! 

In England, moreover, we do not talk or write of scrophula in horses, or a 
disposition thereto, this being a symptom of a vitiated system in carnivorous 
animals. For, the mange in dogs, scurvical or scrophulous eruptions in man- 
kind, and the farcy or grease in the horse, although appearing very similar to 
the eye of a common observer, and all originating in a depraved state of the 
system; yet the immediate cause of each of these differs greatly, by reason of 
the manifest difference in the structure of the capillary vessels or tubes that 
deposit the offensive matter of either kind, demand a very different treatment 
at our hands, and we reject the anomaly of M. Dupuy as inapplicable to 
horse-medicine. But when this gentleman represents the general predispos- 
ing cause as a "tuberculous or fistulous affection, that is capable of being al- 
leviated, prevented, and in some cases cured," he brings his arguments quite 
within the range of our conceptions; and 1, for my part, take all that he sub- 
sequently adduces, as being in perfect consonance with my own doctrine re- 
secting the predisposing cause of diseases. As to ancestry, and breeding 
from a good stock, in favourable situations, of which this writer appears to 
entertain correct notions, I had already anticipated him, as the reader may 
perceive at pages 18, 19, which is a part of my book that appeared in the 
Annals of Sporting for 1822. 

THE STRANGLES. 

The Strangles, as the name imports, is first indicated by a coughing, and 
difficulty of swallowing, as if the animal would die of strangulation. It is a 
disorder of youth (like our hooping cough), is inherent to the nature of the 
animal (as is our small pox) once only, and its virulence may be abated by 
inoculation, whereby we choose a favourable period for meeting the inevitable 
attack, after duly preparing the patient. 

Cause. — Repletion of the system of life, and the deposite of blood in the 
glands under the jaw ; which failing to be taken up and reconveyed back 
again into the system (called absorption — see book the first, p. 21), the glands 
become inflamed, sw r ell, and burst, the discharge of the offensive matter being 
the cure. I have always considered it a critical disease, and treated it as such, 
encouraging the formation of matter, and assisting nature in throwing off a 
something that is evidently obnoxious to the constitution. Indeed, 1 have 
never heard of any other practice ; the impertinent attempts at repression, so 
frequently adopted at the request of proprietors in other cases of tumour, 
never having extended itself to this. Strangles, strictly speaking, are inci- 
dent to the young animal only — that is, from two years old, until five or near 
six ; when the circulution (as the blood is called) has attained its fulne&s, and, 
perhaps, slight cold has first detained any portion thereof in the glands, where? 
by the inflammation is engendered that constitutes the disease. When these 
glands swell and discharge at a more mature age, the strangles must then h§ 



OPERATION FOR SUFFOCATION. 1^| 

3or.» lered as the effect of constitutional depravation, and would as properly 
come under the general description of critical abscess, treated of at a former 
page, 113. 

Symptoms. — A swelling commences between the upper part of the two 
jaw-bones, or a Iktle lower down towards the chin, and directly underneath 
the tongue. A cough, and the discharge of a white thick matter from the 
nostrils, follow ; with great heat, pain, and tension of the tumours, and cf all 
the adjacent membranes, to such a degree that the animal can scarcely swal- 
low. The eyes send forth a watery humour, and the animal nearly closes the 
li<l : this is mostly the case when it happens that the two larger glands under 
the ear are affected also, which frequently happens; but when these latter are 
disordered without the animal having the strangles, we then say he has the 
vives. The swelling increases and usually bursts of itself, sometimes with- 
out any medical aid whatever, and even without being perceived by any one. 
This last happens to colts and fillies at grass, when their wants are little at- 
tended to, and they seldom fail of doing well. Consequently, it follows, that 
those attacks which take place in the open air are of a milder nature than 
those more obstinate cases we so frequently meet with among in-door cattle, 
which serves to prove, once more, my doctrine as to the cause of all tumours 
or "tuberculous affections," as M. Dupuy has it. The horses that are kept 
in -doors accumulate gross humours, by this mode of living on dry food and 
lying on soft beds, the exercise they take not being sufficient to carry ofl the 
effects of either. Enervation generally accompanies this mode of treatment ; 
the glands and membrane suffer relaxation, the pampered animal is not ex- 
posed to the air sufficiently to occasion that check, or slight cold, which is ge- 
nerally the immediate cause of strangles, and the accumulation of these hu- 
mours proceeds, until they overcome the capacity of these organs, and the 
strangles then become a formidable disease. 

When this is the case, the feverish symptoms run high, loss of appetite fol- 
lows with constipation of the bowels, the horse can neither drink nor eat, and 
the pulse increases. The tumours in these bad cases will be found to have 
risen nearer the jaw-bone than they do in a mild attack, and are longer in 
coming to maturity than those which begin more towards the middle. The 
disorder is seldom fatal ; but when this does happen, the animal dies of suffo- 
cation, in which case it stands with the nose thrust out, the nostrils distended . 
the breathing is then exceedingly laborious and difficult, and accompanied by 
rattling in the throat. 

Cure. — For this last mentioned extreme case, no other remedy is found than 
making an opening in the windpipe, through which the animal may breathe. 
For this spirited operation, I must refer to Mr. Field, the veterinary surgeon, 
who has performed it frequently, and says his practice was to cut an aperture 
the size of a guinea, which nature afterwards supplies in due time. With this 
exception, perhaps, I might be justified in saying that we have little or no bu- 
siness to meddle with the strangles ; unless, indeed, unfavourable symptoms 
arise, and the previous habits of the horse, his present fleshy or gross habit of 
body, with the unfavourable situation of the tumours near the bone, give good 
reason for believing that the disease will turn out a tedious or dangerous case. 
And ye* I should be very loth to recommend purging or bleeding for stran- 
gles, as I have seen done with no good effect; for, although the symptoms are 
thereby lowered, yet the continuance of the disorder is protracted to an un- 
measurable length, and 1 have heard of the strangles devolving into glanders 
by this course of proceeding — the subject of tlus case being a five year oW 
•nare. 

On the contrary, the disorder being constitutional, that is to say, an effort 
of nature to relieve itself of some noxious matters, the strength of the animal 



|32 OPENING THE TUMOUR, WHEN PROPER. 

system should be sustained in some degree proportioned to what it may ob- 
viously require. Therefope, horses that may be in good condition at the time 
of the attack, and withal highly feverish and full of corn, will only require 
opening medicine, whilst a brisk purgative might do harm by lessening the 
access of matter to the tumour, and the system would still retain a portion of 
the offensive cause of disease, which would break forth at a future period in 
some one or other of the correspondent diseases dependent on tubercular af- 
fections. In this case give the following 

Laxative Ball. 

,>, ,.*!' > of each 3 drachms, 

( astile soap, S * 

Ginger, 1 scruple. Mix for one dose. 

If difficulty of swallowing is already perceivable, a drench would be found the 
more desirable form of arriving at the same end. Then give the 

Laxative Drench. 

GVlor oil, (I ounces, 
Water gruel, 1 quart, 
Salts, ounces. Mix. 

Meantime, at the first appearance of the disorder, let the hair be clipped off 
close at the part affected, and a little way round, to allow of greater effect from 
any application that may be deemed necessary. The head being clothed, will 
restore as much warmth as hath hereby been abridged. Mild cases will re- 
quire no more than this, probably, and the assistance of a poultice and fomen- 
tation of marsh-mallows daily to the throat, to bring the swelling to a proper 
state for opening. This will be shown by its pointing, or becoming soft and 
peaked in the middle. But a premature employment of the lancet is to be 
avoided, for the reason before assigned, viz. to give time for the whole matter 
to collect; when this period arrives, the whole swelling will be soft and yield- 
ing to pressure, unless the animal be a very thick-skinned one, with a great 
chuckle-head. In these cases, the part should be rubbed with a stimulating 
liniment, and if the tumour is working its way inwards so as to threaten suf- 
focation, blistering ointment may be applied. After each and either of these 
applications, the poultice is to be again put on with care; and as much of 
its efficacy depends upon its remaining in contact with the throat, the adjust- 
ing of it properly requires great pains and some adroitness for the thing. 

Much difficulty being experienced in making serviceable bandages, I have 
annexed a descriptive sketch of such a one as would be proper to keep on the 
applications. It needs no further explanation than is given in cases of son 
hroat at page 78, and of abscess, at page 1 14. 

Stimulating Liniment. 

Mustard, powdered, 1 ounce, 
Liquid Ammonia, 3 drachma 

Mix and apply assiduously to the part 



OAKDAGE FOR STRANGLES. STRANGLES OF THE GULLET 139 




The suppuration may be further promoted by steaming the head over warm 
water, or fumigating it as follows: give him bran mashes frequently, placing 
the vessel that contains this, well secured, in another vessel larger than the 
first, into which much hottor water can be introduced, so that the vapour may 
rise up all round the mash, and constantly envelop the head. When the 
tumour is ascertained to be ripe, and not before, an opening is made at its most 
depending part, and the matter expressed gently; wash it off clean with warm 
water, and if the sore appear healthy, it will heal sjKmtaneousIy, or witn the 
application of adhesive plaster. 

Inoculation for the strangles has l>een recommended above and was par- 
tially practised. AUxit 1802, M. La Fosse, the younger, mentioned the af- 
fair in his Manuel d' Hippiatrique, which book I translated into English the 
following year, and we hear that two or three country practitioners in En- 
gland afterwards adopted the suggestion. The method was merely to scratch 
the inside of the nostril, and therVsmearing the sore with matter from the ab- 
Bcess of a diseased horse — it never failed. In careful hands the practice was 
feasible enough ; but great danger would accompany this imitation of variolous 
Inoculation, inasmuch as the matter might likewise convey a disposition to 
farcy or glanders. 

STRANGLE! of the gullet. Sometimes we find those symptoms of 
■trangles reduced to one only, viz. an obstinate running at the nose, which 
usually lasts a long while, and occasionally ends fatally, by the animal wast- 
ing away in pulmonary consumption, as I am informed from good authority, 
)ui never witnessed such a termination of this species of strangles, which La 
<-. calls "strangles of the gullet." Many people mistake this disorder for 
glanders, but it may Imj distinguished from that contagion by a rattling in the 
gullet, whence its French name ; also by the quality of the running, whicn 
13* 



131 CLANDER& SYMPTOMS OF THE TRUE GLANDERS. 

is neither so white nor of K> much consistency as the true sort; but watet * 
and curdled. The animal scarcely ever is troubled with a cough, and then t 
is very feeble, but to make up lor this exhibits frequent contractions of th 
larynx. 

After the tumour is opened, give gentle physic, for which purpose the laxa 
live ball recommended in p*ge 139 will answer every desirable purpose; o. 
you may add thereto one drachm of emetic tartar, and give another ball aftei 
an interval ot one day, unless the pulse is low. 

Bastard Sthanclks is a favourite term with some persons, who would 
soften down the real fact of their horses having the glanders, which it really 
is, and not strangles. But bastard or not bastard, it is always infectious, and 
the animal either dies of strangulation, or the disorder becomes the glanders, 
producing a sanious discharge from the nose when the cough ceases. Apply s 

Fumigation. 

Take the leaves and root of marsh-mallows, an arm-full. 
Water, 6 quarts. 

Boil them, and put the whole into a nose bag, and hang it round the head of 
the animal to make him inhale the steam. The bag may be made of stout 
cloth, but hung with the upper part quite open, to avoid suffocation. Leave 
the bag at the animal's nose until no more steam will arise. This will be 
found a very proper remedy in all cases of strangles, the first stage of glan- 
ders, and obstinate colds. 

GLANDERS. 

For aoout twenty years 1 apprehended that we had arrived within a short 
space of finding the true cause of glanders, and that we should then soon as- 
certain the means of preventing our horses from engendering the malady, if 
we could not avoid their catching it, nor discover a speeitie remedy. But, lol 
we were not yet agreed even as to the symptoms of true glanders; as to that 
which was communicable and dangerous, compared with another affection of 
the glands and pituitary membrane, which was but a temporary disease, not 
easily communicated, and was asserted to come within the reach of the cura- 
tive art. Most small proprietors, unwilling to destroy their afflicted horses, 
maintained that they belonged to the latter description, and in this they were 
frequently supported by the cupidity of practising farriers, who administered 
medicines and performed operations with a confidence which never could be- 
long to any department of science — and least of all to that of medicine,* which 
is, alas! ever uncertain. 

During this state of the question, we turned to the French veterinarians, 
who up to a certain period enjoyed the reputation of being superior to all Eu- 
rope besides in this and a few other pursuits [war and chemistry, videlicet], 

' Much inhumanity was shown by the country practitioners in their mode of treatment' 
they scraped the bone after fitting the nostril ; and also seared the swelled gland with a hot 
iron. A late writer applauds die practice of searing ulcers and abscesses, generally, "where- 
by (adds he triumphantly) they are reduced to common scalds :" he was then speaking of the 
doctors in Morocco! mere Turks. The gentleman, probably, did not distinguish between ab 
•cess and indolent tumour. 

It is related by La Fosse, that in 1301, several regiments in Alsace and Loraine employed the 
actual cautery a? a cure for slandered horses. Some " applied fire to the jugular sland in three 
lines; oJiers cauterized the bones of the forehead and nose ; but the most ridiculous affair of 
all was, to see forty horses together which had fire applied round (heir eyelids o cure the run 
oing,' that is common to all gbtnddfaur afiections about the head 1 



GLANDERS: OF THREE SORTS, I WO COfffAflKJUft US 

and fouml one of their moat rc e pcct e d names had arranged the boundary 
distinguishing qualities of the two into three divisions. .Nor was this all. M. 
La Foeee, the younger, who enjoyed the poet of " principal farrier to the French 
army," and was withal a member of the Institute, i no i at ed with much ene rg y 
that "glanders of the first epeciee, the re;il glanders, glanders properly so call- 
ed, ebeoiotely consists of nothing more than the lows of the *enw of smelling," 
an. I is "a eurable iHaorder, if treated early, but incorabie when confirmed," 

Hit; treatment wan very aimple, and Worthy of Calm consideration, a- IK al-o 

the means tie proposes for ascertaining by the sym p toms when it is i ho 

afflicted with communicable gl;;nders, and ought to \k: destroy* d. It i-> in this 

latter respect that I reprint here the luhstaneii oi La F oae e' e res ea rch es on thai 
highly interesting subject; for, since none of as can offer a remedy that ought 

to be relied Upon — unless the animal In- submitted to our measures earlier than 

is usual* — I think a useful particle may be added to the new study of medical 
joriaprndence, hy showing the line of dem a rcation that divides health and 

contagion — the point at which destruction ought to commence, hy authority, 
or, in common humanity, to prevent the thoughtless from immolating the pro- 
j»erty of others, who are usually little proprietors. 

1 am the more determined in this course of p ro c ee di ng) became all my in- 
quiries on the subject are already in print, and these coincide so nearly with 
the speculations ami reasonings oft WO or three respectable writcti now before 
the puhlic, that I Could add hul a small portion of novelty to what has been so 
elaborately diecttoscd hy others. On all those poiwte on which I differ from 
them, 1 shall offer a few practical observations, in the hope of being serficea- 
ble, whilst 1 shall sedulously avoid the " dcbateable land," which some contend 
for a little unamiahly. 

"So great has been the destruction of horses which have either really been, 
or reputed to be glandered, through the prejudice of ignorant persons, that it 
has been said, whoever can point out the distinction b et ween the communica- 
ble disease and those which bear some affinity to it, will confer a benefit on 
society, and serve the cause of humanity. Much labour had been bestowed 
on this subject hy the elder La Fosse, who threw a great deal of light on I 
disease, which, of all others that attack the horse, is least known, and there- 
fore most misrepresented." 

What M. La Fosse proposes to show is, 1. "That it is easy to confound 
this disorder with others that resemhlc it, in some particulars. 2. That among 
the different sorts of glanders (so reputed), some are infectious, whilst there 
are others that are not so; and 3. That some of these are curable, and others 
incurable. 

"There are few veterinary practitioners who do not know that strangles, 
bastard strangles, pursiveness, or asthma, and other pulmonary complaints, 
exhibit the same external appearance as the glanders, properly so called ; con- 
sequently it is easy to be deceived on the suhject, and the farrier will fail in 
his endeavours at a cure if he has not previously ascertained the distinguishing 
symptoms of the disorder. What then ought he to do in order not to be led 
into error, and to ascertain with precision that species of the disorder with 
which the animal is affected ? 

"After much experience on the subject of the diseases of horses, we are 
convinced that it is necessary to distinguish three sorts of glanders, viz. The. 
brat sort, which is the glanders, the real glanders, the glanders properly *, 
called ; the second is nothing more than some disorder circulating in the mass 
of blood; and the third may be denominated the farcy glanders. Glanders 

' From the number of experiments which have lately been made at the Veterinary Coilega 
b London, ami the beneficial bc therefrom, we may at length hope thai ihiudread 

*ul malady in brought within tl 'X&e* 



J 36 ENLArGED GLANDS, A CURABLE DISORDER. 

of the. first kind is not infectious, except it be complicated with other disorders i 
but this is seldom the case, though we may daily witness horses thus attack- 
ed abandoned as incurable, or with little more humanity put to death. On 
the contrary, glanders of the second species is communicable, because the 
horse, besides running at the nose, and becoming glanderous, has likewise ul- 
cers, and these ulcers appear to be the only proximate cause of contagion. 

" The third species of glanders is in like manner contagious, because it not 
only occasions a running of the nose, but the tumefied glands and the carti- 
lage of the nose are ulcerated, and likewise certain parts of the body are cover- 
ed with lumps and ulcers, which latter characterise the farcy glanders, the 
most dangerous disorder of the three, but not the most common. These two 
latter species of glanders are infectious, because the disease resides principally 
in the blood; but the glanders of the first species, the real glanders, the glan- 
ders properly so called, is not in anywise contagious, although it most fre- 
quently occurs. 

. " The second and third species are incurable, but the last only is mortal. 
But as to glanders of the first sort, it is neither incurable nor mortal. In the 
first place, we repeat, this disease is not mortal in any case, and a horse at- 
tacked by it is in the same situation as a man who has lost the sense of smell- 
ing ; it is the loss of a sense, and the loss of a sense prevents neither the man 
nor the horse from fulfilling all the animal functions; for, as we daily observe 
men affected with ulcerated noses preserve an otherwise sound constitution, 
and even look jolly, so we may ol)serve a glandered horse preserve his strength 
and health. 

"Secondly; it is incurable only when inveterately confirmed; but when 
taken in an early stage, its progress may be stopped with very little trouble. 

"Thus we find that glanders of the first species, the real glanders, glanders 
properlv so called, absolutely consists of nothing more than the loss of the sense 
of smelling. Its cure may be readily effected by frequent bleedings and fumi- 
gations. Hence may be estimated the little necessity there is for killing 
horses attacked by this disorder ; and what important services may be render- 
ed to society or to a regiment, for instance, by an intelligent farrier making a 
proper distinction between this species of glanders and all other affections and 
diseases resembling it." 

So far M. La Fosse : his table, prefixed to the translation, " Veterinari- 
an's Pocket Manual," is sold separately by the booksellers, and may be con- 
sulted with profit by those who would push further their inquiries respecting 
"true glanders." 

Cause. — The glanders is a contagious disease only when it has lasted for 
some time. Original glanders may be acquired by horses being shut up close 
together, in hot, damp stables, in swampy situations — as in the case of the 
twenty-two cavalry horses adduced higher up (page 129), which were con- 
fined damp, under hatches, but were variously affected, according to the pre- 
disposing cause in the constitution of each individual. Those animals were 
improperly condemned, because the disorder had not continued long enough 
to render it contagious, and they might have recovered if treated as for a 
simple cold. 

A sudden transition from cold air to a hot stable, as well as from heat to 
cold, will occasion a running at the nose ; or a blow there, as well as a drench 
clumsily administered : either of those causes being foreknown, should render 
us chary of pronouncing the running contagious, and thus subject the proper? 
ty to destruction, as proposed. Almost any running, from whatever cause pro- 
ceeding, or however healthy the previous state of the animal's system, causes 
ihe glands to enlarge and inflame: after a while, remaining un'ured, they 
vsually adhere to the bone, when alone we should pronounce the glanders enn 



8YMFIOMS. TESTS OF TRUE GLANDERS. 137 

firmed and incurable. This is " the second species " of La Fosse, which may 
be communicated by contact, or by respiring the same air, in the stable; 
though it does not appear until ei^ht or ten days after the infection, in the en- 
largement of the gland, accompanied by running. The third species is caused 
by farcy being in the system, or by inoculation, in which way the glanders is 
often communicated by experimentalists : the running at the nose and swell- 
ing of the glands are then symptomatic of farcy, and must be treated as such. 
What inference is to be drawn from all those premises, but that we should 
endeavour to ascertain the length of time the patient has been afflicted ; whether 
he has received any external injury to cause it, or, has he been brought in 
contact with infected horses, and when ? and out of the answers hereto we 
form the resolution of condemning the animal to solitary keeping, at the least; 
and setting about the remedies that are likely to restore him to health. Crowd- 
ed towns, posting stables and barracks, are most subject to contain glandered 
horses, on account of their closeness, and the frequent succession of inmates 
to which they are liable ; for some horses will bear it for a good number of 
years, the discharge almost subsiding (though the swelling of the glands re- 
mains) upon changing to country quarters, or to a succession of regular living 
and regular work. 

Symptoms. — No cough accompanies real glanders in any of its stages; and 
this though a negative piece of information, shall be taken as a good and posi- 
tive criterion that must not be neglected : a running may make its appear 
ance, as it does at the left nostril usually, in the glanders, and the glands under 
the jaw may adhere to the bone, as they do in real glanders, but no cough ac- 
companies these symptoms of glanders. When cough supervenes, the dis- 
ease may be a catarrh, or a consumption, the asthma, or strangles, but these 
are not contagious, unless they last a long time, and adhesion of the glands 
takes place : in these last mentioned disorders the discharge commonly pro- 
ceeds from both nostrils alike; whereas, the running in incipient glanders is 
chiefly confined to the left,* and the gland of one side only is then affected. 

As the disorder proceeds, it affects both sides alike ; ulcers appear all over 
the pituitary membrane, occasioned by the corrosive nature of the discharge. 
This assumes a different appearance as the constitution of the individual 
may have been more or less gross or vitiated ; the appearance or quality of the 
discharge differs also, according to the manner in whicn the disease may have 
been acquired ; i. e. whether it has been engendered or caught by infection. 
If it come of the first mentioned, through a depraved system, the glands are 
harder, often smaller, and always adhere closer, than in those cases which arw 
derived from infection, at a time when the animal is otherwise in comparatively 
good health. Again, with the infected horse, the matter comes off copiously ; 
it is curdled, and may be rubbed to powder between the fingers when dried. It 
subsequently hardens, and becomes chalky when submitted to acids ; whereas 
the animal that engenders the disease without receiving infection sends forth 
matter that is party-coloured, less in quantity, blackish, watery; and mixed 
with bloody and white mucus. Finally, if the animal that receives the disor- 
der by infection be previously in a bad state of health, those symptoms are com- 
plicated and more intense, the ulcers are more numerous, the cartilages of the 
nose become rotten, and the bones likewise in a short lime: the creature seems 
to have combined together the evils of its own system with that of the sufferer 
from whom he had received it. In both cases the swelled glands are simply 
hard tumours without any matter in them. 

In addition to the preceding tokens for discovering at an early period the true 

' < >f eight hundred cases of glanders that come under the notice of M. Dupuy on' v one hoi» 
ftas affee'ed in .he right nostril. 



138 LEGAL RESTRAINTS: CASE OF PRECIPITATION 

glanders from another disorder, having some of the same symptoms, let the 
nostrils of the animal be examined, a*nd the left or running nostril will be 
found of a deeper colour than ordinary, whilst the other or dry nostril is of a 
paler colour than ordinary, or almost white. At this period the discharge is a 
white glary fluid, and the maxillary gland of that side is but just perceptible 
to the touch ; but these being symptoms that belong equally to a catarrh, it is 
best to be guided by the varied colour of the two nostrils, remembering that in 
catarrh, or cold, both nostrils run. 

It has been remarked by some, that when horses in a tolerable state of health 
first receive infection, they show mettle, and are full of freaks theretofore not 
experienced ; as the disorder proceeds in its ravages, this mettlesomeness goes 
off; other acquired diseases have the same effects on all animals — the venereal, 
for example, on man. 

The remedies that have been applied to the afflicted animal in this forlorn 
disease are found of no avail, unless taken at an early period. As hath been 
said higher up, infection is not to be apprehended at first, and therefore the 
precaution some use to prevent its spreading, by bleeding and purging all the 
rest of the horses in that stable, is unnecessary, unless the animals require 
that process in other respects; but some practitioners must be doing some- 
thing, and some owners will not rest satisfied unless preventive measures be 
undertaken. 

As soon as a horse is suspected of glanders, it should be kept separate from 
all others, and the fumigation of marsh-mallows applied, as prescribed at page 
134, repeatedly; a purgative or an alterative ball may be given, according to 
the state of his body, and the usual remedies as for a catarrh, continued for 
a week or ten days. If the disorder does not lessen in this time, but the 
symptoms increase in virulence, the horse should be destroyed ; but unfortu- 
nately for healthy animals, this measure is not compulsory, no statute existing 
upon the subject.* Besides which, disputes might arise as to the precise na- 
ture of the symptoms, and the executioner subject himself to heavy damages 
for his temerity. Something of this sort happened near Woburn, in Bedford- 
shire, early in the present century, to a lately deceased statesman. A neigh- 
bouring farmer having a horse in a state of confirmed glanders (in my opin- 
ion), persisted in keeping it in an old shed on the roadside : his obstinacy was 
highly provoking, and Mr. W. the gentleman alluded to, went with his ser- 
vant and shot the animal ; at which the venal part of the periodical press set 
up a great clamour, from which none defended him, for the transaction was at 
variance with his public professions. 

Stables that have been occupied by glandered horses retain a long time the 
taint, and the meaus of communicating the disorder, which nothing will re- 
move but washing with soap and sand, and scraping with sharp instruments, 
every part of the rack, manger, and all other parts that may have come in con- 
tact with the diseased horses. After examining the cases reported by various 
writers, particularly St. Bel, I have come to the conclusion that there is no 
analogy between glanders ?nd the venereal disease, but the inoculation of 
sound animals ; and that the exhibition of mercury in any form is utterly falla 
rious. One case, in which this mineral was employed with asserted success, 
at the Pancras College, is proved unworthy of credit, by the failure of the 
same medicine in every succeeding attempt. 

"The common law, however, j fully sufficient to prevent improper exposure of animals af- 
flicted with a contagious disease in horse-markets, fairs, anil other assemblages of cattle, h 
ruse of this son was a'.judsred at Guildhall, IjOihIoh, the facts whereof were detailed in the An 
n-Us of Sporting for March, lS2ti- 



FARC*. 139 

FARCY. 

Causes. — General ill state of the blood, vulgarly, but most appropriately, 
termed " corruption of all the humours of the body ;" and, by prevalence 01 
*he farcy buda in the course that the veins run, all over the surface of the body, 
>* doubt can exist that it resides In the blood. In fine, the original cause haa 
been already defined at the head of this class of disease*, to which tint reader 
who is fond of research would do well to turn back for a few minutes, at pages 
12!>, &c. However, infection is frequently the immediate cause and (as ob- 
served of the glanders) the animal will be afflicted more or less severely, as his 
constitutional health may be sound or otherwise at the time of receiving the 
infection. When this disease is engendered or created — which is easily 
supposed to have happened at first, and capable of being so produced at the 
present day, the blood being overcharged with offensive matters unfit tor it* 
proper purpose, it becomes stagnated at the lymphatics which follow the course 
of the veins (see Book I. page 30), and these corrode the parts, inflame, and 
■ppear on the surface in the form of "buds." And 1 should feel surprise if 
they do not also pervade the large glands of the viscera, though I have had no 
opportunity of examining : such tumours on the skin of mankind have been 
found similarly seated on the inner surfaces, on dissection. "I feel all 
over as if pins were running into me, observed a patient; and so, poor fellow, 
he might, fbr on dissection 1 found the same sort of tumours even on the 
heart," said Mr. Abernethy in one of his lectures. As regards the horse, I 
take this upon credit, and by analogy for a while, purposing to satisfy myself 
more closely upon the first favourable opportunity that offers. 

A predisposition to farcy must exist in the system, for it is cured by means 
of correctives of the blood; and its connexion with glanders has been proved, 
for the one will produce the other by inoculation : and without it running at 
the nose is one of the symptoms of farcy. A certain inability to perform its 
office, termed "debility," that leaves the finer vessels filled with the vital fluid, 
which exercise might have carried off- — is one main cause of farcy; and a sud- 
den check by cold after exercise stops at once the perspiration, and the blood 
that would otherwise be taken up, or absorded into the circulation, remains in 
those fine vessels, as aforesaid. Hot and crowded stables relax the vessels, 
and indeed the whole system, when sudden exposure to the air inflicts the 
same evil I have just now contemplated. The reader may recollect, that 1 re- 
ferred the cause of fever to the same want of ventilation, to the same exposure 
'o cold air, and made the remark, that the state of the animal's bodily health 
at the period of the attack would determine whether it should acquire this or 
that particular disease; the quantity and kind of cold, or chill, would also de- 
termine whether the horse should be afflicted with inflammation of a certain 
part of his inside, or of his whole system, which we term fever. 

Symptoms. — Though too well known to be mistaken, we yet maydescril>e 
them, as, in the first place — skin tight and dry, for want of perspiration, as 
just said, when some swelling is perceivable about the hind legs, and on the 
insides particularly. This symptom increases to an extremely large size in 
the course of a night, when the genial heat of the animal's system, and of the 
stable, appear to have matured the disease. The lymphatic vessels, and the 
more perfect glands, that run in the same direction as the veins, rise above the 
surface ; and it is easy to be seen that they are sore when touched, the glands 
in particular, which feel hot, light, and hard at first, similarly to the glands of 
the throat, as described in the glanders. A few hours confirm the exact na 
turfbf the mischief: the inflammation of those glands proceeds, they become 
softer, and each throws out an ichorous, unhealthy discharge. They are then 
■ermed farcy buds. The edges have a chancrous apocarance which it i» 



1 |Q FARCY, ITS THREI STACKS: TREATMENT. 

found impossible to heal with ointments. As the disease advances, a glaml- 
eroua running el the nose takes place, with swelling about the nose, lips, and 
all over the IhhIv nearly. 

According n> the constitution of the hone at the time of receiving the infec- 
tion, so will the progress of the disease be rapid and disastrous, or unaccount- 
ably slow and uncertain as to tin- result in this latter case it retains its ap- 
petite, and hears up its strength lor ■ considerable time. 

( Sure, — Three ntsirce of the disorder present as many methods of cure: first, 
when the effects areatighl or partial; second, when it resolves itself into hum 
tumours, and ■ more copioui discharge from a smaller number of ulcers carries 
off the disease: third, when it is continued, general, ami diffused over tho 

Whole system. 

In the first instance, when the glandl only are effected, it may be treated as 

e local disorder, which has not yet found its way into the animal's system; 

and if appearing OU one limb only, the natural inference is, that the system is 

indisposed to carry on the threatened evil. This happens mostly to animals 
in good condition, thai are strong and vigorous, and of good habit of body; 

with such the farcy is not brought on spontaneously, or by being engendered 

in the animal, but has been acquired by infection. The limb aaecteu ts gene- 
rally so to a gOinl extent, and the corded veins scarcely visible; this happens 

mostly to i fore4eg (not always), and has been considered of a dropsical na- 
ture, in a slight degree, or rather, lymphatic, the glands still continuing tin it 
functions. In this case given purgative ball, a ml repeat it in three days 
after; but should the animal bs a very fleshy one, and lull of condition, with 
full pulse, this may he p re ceded by bleeding to the amount of three quarts 
or four. 

Pwgative Ball. 

Aloes, 8 drachms, 
Castile simp, 1 drachm, 

Liquorice powder sufficient to form tho ball for one 
dose. 

Prepare the animal with bran-mashes; let his drink boehillod, and he may be 
moved shout, under shelter, with body clothing on that covers the affected 
limb. The limb should be fomented with warm water, or the chamomile de- 
coction, taking care to rub the part dry, and snap it up warm. This course 
Usually prevails against an ordinary attack of farcy, and the cure is aided 
when it effects the fore-leg only , by a rowel inserted under the chest. But 
the absorption or taking up o( the disorder into the system, and carrying U 
off by stool, is by far the neatest manner of managing the cure; tor this pur- 
pose give the following ball, after the animal has been reduced by the tore- 
going treatment. 

Alterative Ball. 

Camphor, "^ 

Kinetic tartar, I of ea ch one drachm, 
Asatirtula, n 

Ginger, J 

With mucilage sufficient to form the kill for one dose. Give one of theettfor 
Ihiee successive nights ; then stop one night be t we en each dose, until tl\e dis- 
ease u removed. 



HID uYAOIi OTHtlHTT, a him.' ji i< 141 

If these effort* to filworh the »liw» •»■ prove in idfe ienf tOCOnquer i' 
fiHJHl. \x: had to the UN of mi-rcury, .1 1 rerommended for the thud or 

itage <<f the Jmcmml which is also the moat common of the three. Meat 
tunc, wc com* to eo n o k i et of mat particular kind of foray which i j . the log .t 

non of ;<ll three ; and tl j i ^ is wherein the tumouri are' larger than ii n.il'y 

happen*, and emaller in number. The (litre or then partalu •„' very mm 
the nature of critical a b e ec e o (pay 1 13 1 end of the atrangli 130); 1k/.i 

of which, the reader will perceive, an but the efforts of nature to relieve it>.-li 
of an eeeumulation of often dvc matter ; and, this eeeaping, the eura U effect- 
aal In thiaeecond kind, or wage pi duty (at I call itl nothin requj 

aftc than to promote suppuration, ae directed Jfl the dieeaeee juat referred tr,, 
and follow it with the physic preacribed for the rtrinriea 

The third, moat common and rirulent kind offency, thai which cornea on 
quickest, la*u tin; longeet, and requiree the moat pow e rful meane for b 
moral, in that which in rpread minutely all over the body end limbo, and baa 
penetrated the whole ejratem. In whichever mannei the animal mar have 
acquired the dieonler, we may aefely pfgejMM that tlie mace of huufeure i» 
bideouely depraved, end mercury, in one Of other of ite varied forme, ie the 
only antidote to be relied npon tot hs extinction. Prrrrionelr however, the 
foray bude and ulcere muet be raduced to the efeteof common wores, i»y meane 
of tne actual cant err freely applied to each. When theee elough off. and the 
H<»reH assume a healthy appearance, la i at the mercurial preparation will ix: 
required] but iftbeee retain e livid and t herefo r e unhealthy hue, accompanied 
hv a poieonoue diechargc that uleeratee the adjacent parte, a thorough eouree 

of mercury is the only certain remedy, and ttttt mUOt be managed ■Mth <;,n- 
tion. 

Mercurial Bali. No. l. 

,/Kthiop's mineral, 2 drachrnx, 

Opium. 10 graina, 

Liquorice pOWdet and muettagl to form the hall for orm 
dose. 

twice a day, until the- patient'* hn-ath smells \cry offenhive, ,-,nd then 
aWeonttnue the medicine a day or two, an you should also when the animal in 

found toetale Inordinately, or the how.-is be very much disordered. But, wfien 

the l*>we|„ are only ■lightly affected, increase tfie quantity of opium to twenty 
or thirty grains. 

\fcTcuru\l Ball. — No. 2. 

Corrooive eublimate, 10 /grains, 

Kinetic tartar, half a dra/;hm, 
Opium, half a drachm. 

Mix. with Bquorice powder and modhfe sufficient to form the hnl for one 
iloee. Give as before, at mght and morning. 
Peed the patient tenet o uely during the operation of thi« «tron« medicine, 

watch its progress closely, and lessen the quantity, or discontinue it altof/r-fh r 
h day or two when he is agitated greatly within, particularly if a kind of sick- 

,r gurgling be diacemible, and the bone U off his appetite. Let him be 

clothed completely. Malt mashes, sodden eorn, and coarse Ku^oir mixed with 
.rri, dry, an- good BCajatailtC to the proper operation of mercury. That 
•» a mistakei, notion, which induced POUM farriers to give the edible »ooU, j# 
\\ 



149 CAUTERIZING. ANT1COR— CAUSE, SYMPTOMS, CURE 

turnips, carrots, &c. to the horse under a course of mercury. They war with 
its operation, and cause that very commotion in the bowels we should most 
sedulously avoid. 

In recommending the free application of the actual cautery to the farcy 
buds, in the last page, I do but follow the common practice, being altogether 
the safest means in ordinary hands, who apply fire in many other cases, with 
much less reason than is done in that of farcy. Butter of antimony, or sul- 
phate of copper, effects the same end, and has the recommendation of being 
used exclusively by the French veterinarians. What La Fosse says on this 
point is emphatic, and shows his opinion of the predisposing cause of farcy: 
"Do not apply fire in any manner to lumps produced by farcy, under an idea 
of stopping the disorder. The disease being in the blood, treat it accordingly, 
and as for the lumps, cut them off: apply blue stone, dissolved in water." 
When he forelends the " idea of stopping the disorder," doubtless in saying 
this he only allows that to be the true farcy, which I have considered as the 
third stage, or confirmed kind. But the earlier or milder stages, which would 
ultimately end in the third or most virulent kind, if not stopped, being occa- 
sioned by the cessation of the lymphatic function — when the attendant glands 
refuse to communicate with the system (the blood,) can not have yet carried 
the consequence of that stoppage into the blood. In making this remark, I 
have not overlooked what was said of the practice in Morocco at a preceding 
page, 135, note. 

ANTICOR 

Is more prevalent in France than in this country, and is so named from its 
position, anti against, and cor the heart. The French words ante-cccvr have 
the same meaning, and are derived from the same origin. It consists in an 
inflamed swelling of the breast near the heart, and the name is extended to 
any other swelling from this part back under the belly, even unto the sheath, 
which also swells: in this event anticor is decidedly dropsical. 

Cause. — Full feeding without sufficient exercise, similarly to this whole 
train of disorders which I have been just above considering. Hard riding or 
driving, and subsequent exposure to the elements, or giving cold water to ani 
mals that aie very fleshy in the forehand, as is the case with the greater part 
of French horses; these, combined with a vitiated state of the blood, which is 
then sizy, produce those extended swellings that partake somewhat of the na- 
ture of swelled limb in grease, and yet terminate in abscess when the case is a 
bad one. 

Symptoms. — An enlargement of the breast, which sometimes extends uj>- 
wards to the throat, and threatens suffocation. The animal appears stiff about 
the neck, looks dull and drooping, refuses his food, and trembles or shivers 
with the inflammation, which may be felt. Pulse dull and uneven. By press- 
ing two or more fingers alternately, the existence of matter, or a disposition 
to suppurate, may be ascertained (as in poll-evil) by its receding from side to 
side as the pressure is withdrawn. On the other hand, if the disease owes iti 
origin to dropsy, each pressure of the finger will remain pitted a few second* 
after the finger is withdrawn. Consult "Poll-evil" in its two stages. 

Cure. — As in other cases of tumour, that do not partake of critical abscest 
after fever, &c, this disorder admits of being repressed, readily, by the means 
before prescribed, or of being otherwise cured, as it may be allied to some disor- 
uer of the constitution. To repress the swelling, bleed the patient copiously; 
give purgatives and clvster him ; give bran mashes, and let the chill be taken 
off his water. Foment the throat and breast with bran mash or marshmallows. 
every four or five hours ; and when these have reduced the symptom-*, give au 



UREASE— OWING TO DEBILITY. |43 

Alterative Ball. 

Emetic tartar, 2 drachms, 
Venice turpentine, half an ounce. 

Mix with liquorice powder enough to make the ball for one dose. Give one 
svery eight-and-forty hours. On the contrary, if the swelling depend upon 
dropsy, as aforesaid, let a fleam or horse lancet be struck into the skin at four 
or five places distant from each other, and in the lowest or most depending 
part of the swelling. From these punctures a watery discharge will take 
place, that relieves the patient of his affliction hourly, and the issue of matter 
is to be promoted by keeping open the sores as directed in the case of fistula, 
&c. at page 119: again, when the swelling indicates the collection of morbid 
matter, let it be fomented, poulticed, and opened as directed in cases of critical 
abscess, in poll-evil, fistula, &c: the whole scries of these diseases are of the 
same nature, but differing principally as to situation, which sometimes affects 
the disease mainly. In this case, for example, the swelling sometimes ascends 
along the throat, and goes nigh to choke the patient: recourse must be had 
immediately to poultices, and let these be changed twice a day. The modes 
of bandaging may be learned by consulting those I have given sketches of, in 
other cases, at page 79, &c. 

GREASE. 

Causes. — This is another of the diseases that take their rise in a tardy cir- 
culation of the blood, and consequent indisposition to take up and carry back 
again to the heart that which has been sent into the extremities for their nour- 
ishment and renovation, in Book I. at bottom of section 44, this process of 
taking up, or absorption, is spoken of, whilst the few pages that are there be- 
stowed on the manner in which the circulation is carried on, show the im- 
portance of this function, and point out the principles that should guide us in 
promoting it, when aught has occurred to retard its action. When great age 
and consequent lethargic habits cause the blood to circulate slowly, our art 
can but ill supply the remedy, though the evil may certainly be alleviated by 
stimulants. A small portion of beans given to aged horses admirably assists 
the circulation of the blood, especially towards the heels, whilst this very spe- 
cies of food given to young horses will promote humours of the hind legs in 
particular, where grease is mostly situate. That is to say, at the part of the 
animal that is remotest from the heart is the effect of a slow circulation most 
frequently recurring, and to heavy fleshy cart horses oftcner than to those that 
are lighter and freer from flesh about the heels. 

Trimming the heels of the hair, which was intended to keep them warm 
in winter, is a very prolific source of grease. Thorough-bred horses never 
incur this disorder, so far as I can learn ; and the chances in favour of those 
which are produced by crosses from blood stock, is in proportion to the amount 
of their breeding, 

A cold in the heels is caught by walking the horses through water whilst 
they are hot : or being put into the stable with wet feet at nights ; or lying in 
a stable that imperfectly keeps out the wind ; all conduce to that stagnation 
of the blood, or tardy performance of its function, that causes the animal to 
generate this disease. They term it debility, but 1 think we had better say 
" want of ability," or of vigour to drive on the circulation of the blood ; so that 
if the blood that is left behind in the fine capillary vessels be ever so good and 
proper (or its purpose at first, yet the very circumstance of its remaining idle 
sauses an inflammatory heat, that attracts towards itself all such congenia' 



Mi EXPERIMENT. WHITE FEET, LIABLE TO GREASE. 

particles of the blood which may have been sent through the arteries to tfi6 
part for the propagation of new horn, or the supply of marrow — of the nature 
whereof the matter partakes. Indeed, I have very little doubt that the mar- 
row is concerned in the production of grease; for I have successively examined 
twenty legs which were affected with grease at the time life was exting jished, 
and the marrow was invariably confined to the lower part only, as if it were 
fallen down there for want of vigour, whilst the upper part of the bone was 
hollow, in every instance : healthy leg bones are always full to the top of each 
and I have reason for thinking that this is the case with all debilitated horses. 
Again, the glutinous substance that pervades the surface of the coffin-bone, 
and to which 1 have attributed the formation of new horny matter of the 
hoof, is always found scanty in greasy-healed subjects. See my observations 
on the foot in the next chapter. 

One of those legs parted from the knee, having the skin removed, but other- 
wise untouched, was hung up in the yard whilst the sun was at 70 degrees 
(July, 1825). In three or four days the grease might be seen to give a colour 
to the lower part at the fetlock joint, and every day the greasy nature of the 
colour was evident to touch and smell, whilst the articulation of the large pas- 
tern and sesamoid bones remained unaffected in either way. Upon breaking 
the bones nine months afterwards, the marrow had all escaped without a 
puncture, i. e. through the bone. 

The following ingenious suggestion 1 find among much voluminous Vete- 
rinary Memoranda, but whether it be my own, or I owe it to some friend, I 
have no means at band for ascertaining, nor does my recollection serve me 
sufficiently to say who. " Horses with one or two white feet are more liable 
to the grease in the feet that are white than in the others ; and if the proposi- 
tion be true that white feet are weak ones, we come to the same conclusion, 
that the want of colour having occurred through want of vigour in the part: 
then weakness and grease have the same cause." 

Symptoms. — First perceptible by a swelling at the heels, mostly of the hind 
legs. This is occasioned by local inflammation, and is soon followed by a 
slight issue of greasy matter, whence the name; but it is sometimes more wa- 
tery, ichorous, and offensive, which will depend principally on the constitu- 
tional health of the patient. The swelling sometimes extends much higher 
than the fetlock joint, even towards the hough, and occasions stiffness of th« 
limb and indisposition to move. He can not lie down, by reason of the un- 
bending nature of his joints, and therefore stands to sleep, which renders the 
disorder more virulent by the accession of fresh matter to the part ; the skin 
cracks at various places, and ulceration ensues. The hair sticks out like furze, 
the discharge is darker than originally, is thin, acrid, corroding, and stinking. 

Remedy. — The grease is one of those disorders about which we should em- 
ploy our ingenuity in prevention rather than the cure ; and this indeed is the 
case with nearly all the diseases that depend upon constitutional defective- 
ness, or rather inability of some of the organs of life to perform aright the 
functions of nature. How these ought to act I have spoken at large in the 
second chapter of book the first; and pointed out the free circulation of the 
blood as the principal cause of health, as would also the want of a g«*)d circu- 
lation prove the harbinger of disease. Now this affair of grease being pro- 
duced entirely by such inactivity, it seems clear that exercise would be the best 
preventive of it ; and the horse-keeper should also keep the heels dry after work 
is over, and hand-rub him a little with as much industry as he can afford. He 
should also let the hair remain on the heels of his heavy horses, and give to 
the large ones sufficient depth of stall and bed, so as to prevent such from 
throwing their long .egs half way out in the stable (as too often happens) upou 
d.c cold floor, of winter nights. 



WASHES. 145 

In slight attacks, a wash made of a solution of alum, as under, will correct 
the disposition to grease, and a dose of physic set all to rights in a short time; 
both, however, regulated according to circumstances. When considering 
these, we should inquire into the preceding habits of the patient, as to his 
usual evacuations, and whether these have been stopped ; for it frequently 
happens that grease is caused by the suspension of the urine balls, to which 
many proprietors are so very much addicted, that they give them without rea- 
son, or suspend the giving through the same whimsicality. In this latter case 
give the diuretic powder, and the horse will require very little more physic. 
Again, if the animal require opening physic, give him the purging ball as 
under, and in-door exercise; but should his debility be then very great, the 
commotion this would occasion might reduce him too much, and therefore, the 
alterative ball will do better, with the same attention to in-door exercises if he 
can l>ear it. Sometimes, however, the heels are so cracked and chapped, that 
every step the animal takes only makes the matter worse; we should then 
assiduously apply ourselves to keeping the heels clean, with water of which 
the chill has been taken off", and with a brush get rid of as much of the run- 
ning as possible; and after drying it well with cloths, use the alum wash of 
the stronger preparation ; provided always the inflammation be not too high at 
the time, but which the warm water without the alum wash has a tendency 
to alleviate. 

I will now set down the several articles just recommended above, premising 
this much as an apology for the numerous recipes here prescribed, that the 
grease requires we should be always doing a something for the animal, either 
of topical application, or in devising the means of carrying off the cause of the 
disorder by stool, by urine, or by perspiration. For, by keeping one or other 
of these evacuations a-going, we enable the animal system, to take up, or ab- 
sorb (as l)efore described) the watery particles of the lymphatics, which re 
maining indolent constitute the disease. 

Alum Wash. — No. 1.* 

Alum, 2 ounces, 
Blue stone, 2 drachms, 
Water, I pint. 
Mix and wash the part two or three times a day. 

Strong Alum Wash. — No. 2. 



lIuiii, i 

ugar of lead, > 
r inegar, ) 



Ah 

Sugar of lead, ^ of each 2 ounces, 

Vir 

Water, 1 pint. Mix and use as before. 



Strongest, or Mercurial Wash. — No. 3. 

Corrosive sublimate, 2 drachms, 
Muriatic acid, 4 drachms, 
Water, 1 pint. 
Mix and apply in inveterate cases. 

'fagtearf of this, the following is preferred by some persons, and those good judgw *> 
Water. 1 quart Mix. 

14* 



146 SWEATING AND L'RINE BALLS. ALTERATIVE REGIMEN. 

Diuretic Alterative Powder. 



Nitre, 
Powdered resin 



> of each 2 ounces. 



Mix, and give in four doses, of mornings. To be continued until its effect* 
are visible. 

Purging Balls. 

Aloes, 9 drachms, 
Hard soap, 3 drachms, 
Ginger, 1 drachm. 
Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the ball for one dose. 

The Alterative Ball. 

Aloes, 6 drachms, 
Hard soap, 8 drachms, 
Ginger, 3 drachms. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass, and divide it into four balls. 
Give one every morning until the bowels are opened sufficiently. 
The perspiration must be promoted by the following 

Diaphoretic Ball. 

Emetic tartar, 2 drachms, 
Venice turpentine, 4 drachms. 

Mix well, with liquorice powder sufficient to form the ball into one dose; am* 
give every other night for a week or ten days, taking care to clothe the patient, 
or put a rug on his body at least, regulating his sweats according to the 
weather. Some persons do not think it too much trouble to divide the forego- 
ing ball into two parts, and give one every night for the periods just mention- 
ed, which would bring the whole quantity of emetic tartar to the same amount 
in the end. Be careful to buy it genuine ; and if the horse be taken care of 
while in his sweats, it will mainly contribute to his getting well. The patient 
is not to have this sweating ball whilst he has other physic in him ; but it may 
be given alternately with the foregoing powder of nitre and resin ; and is better 
administered thus, when it happens that the individual requires to be set a sta- 
ling, and we think best to sweat him at the same time. If the medicine makes 
his bowels grumble, add to the ball 

Opium, half a drachm, 

which some do put into the prescription, whether or no. But then the opium 
having a tendency to bind the body, it counteracts our labour in this respect, 
and is not desirable in case the animal requires opening physic. 

Regimen. — A good generous feeding should be allowed, with a few beans 
for the elder patients only ; and in all cases where the disorder has lasted a 
long w..ile and the cure is effected with difficulty, a run at grass is greatly 
conducive to compete recovery; especially if the convalescent, can be allowed 
the onvion of a field, or covered shed, lying high and dry, or the advantages 
of the nomestead, with an allowance of corn and hay. This change of regi 
men is greatly assistant of absorption when the physicking has ceased, espe 



THE MANGE -ITS ORIGIN. 147 

cially where the disorder has terminated with a tedious ulceration which causes 
lameness, on which event he should not be exercised ; but let the parts bo 
poulticed with a turnip poultice, or it may be made of oatmeal and the grounds 
of stale beer, or both may be employed alternately ; and then the parts, if luxu- 
riant 01 thick, may be washed with a solution of blue vitriol in water, or the 
wash, No. 3. Dress the cracks with the following 

Ointment. 

Oil of turpentine, 3 drachms, 

Hog's lard, 6 ounces, 

Litharge water, half an ounce. Mix. 

This may be varied by substituting Venice turpentine, half the quantity oi 
the oil. In these inveterate cases we have now under consideration, a change 
of medicine is desirable, if but for the change which it occasions in the animaPs 
digestive powers; for this purpose the blue pill has been given as an alterative, 
as well as that other preparation of mercury, the well-known crdomel. Both 
act upon the kidneys, and set them in motion for the production of urine ; rnd 
calomel chiefly effects this, by previously stimulating the liver, vhieh again w 
very desirable by way of change. 

Alterative Balls. 

Calomel, 1 1-2 drachms, 
Aloes, 3 drachms, 
Castile soap, G drachms, 
Oil of juniper, 40 drops. 

Mix ; make into three balls and give one daily for a week ; but should it gripe 
the animal, discontinue it, or add opium from half a drachm to a drachm. 

SURFEIT— MANGE. 

Both of these diseases of the animal's system, and the first-mentioned proves 
its connexion with the second by sometimes ending in the mange. Over- 
feeding, or too much of it, or gross feeding, as it is the cause of these twin dis- 
eases, so are the two appellations it receives in the different stages of the at- 
tack descriptive of the cause : both are of French origin, as I apprehend ; sur- 
feit or overdone, being tantamount to mange, in its imperfect tenses, the 
effect of eating too much, which has brought on the disease. A surfeit, or 
sur-fait, is not an uncommon disease with reasonable man, and is alike caused 
by eating improperly, if not too much, and sometimes from the preparation of 
viands that are over-luxurious for the stomach that is to receive it. and is in 
fact incapable of digesting it. This is a state of the stomach that is by no 
means uncommon, and up to a certain extent happens every day to the full 
feeders of every genus of created beings. If, during this full and over- replen 
ished state of the alimentary canal, and its then active state of lactification (o 
making of new blood), a sudden check be put upon the said process, by drink 
\ng cold water for example, what happens but the rapid propulsion of some 
part of the blood through the arteries, whilst the mouths of the offended lac 
teals close up for a period, and the blood, already filling the capillary vessels 
ot the surface, becomes extremely irritable ? Perspiration ceases ; the lympha 
tics refuse to perform their office of absorption, and the blood so deposited in 
a due course of nature, forms innumerable small tumours under the skin, or 
become scabby, and throw off a dry scurf. The first has received the appro 



V 

148 CAUSE AND REMEDY, CONNECTED. 

priate name of surfeit, Um amord is Um mn loathed manga, Kith having bu 
one common oriixin. They aia of the class of tubercular diseases, spoken ol 
bv M. Pupuy quoted higher up (as partaking of glanders. &c\ ere akin tc 
grease, um to other accessions of matter on the surface, differing only as u 
situation, and like the grease, require that wo should promote absorption am. 
the application of repeDanta. 

Tho cause of surfeit is tlms distinctly met by the means of cure. The 
symptoms, however, frequently announce the disorder that has taken place 
within but a few minutes ere they subside again, to the utter surprise of all 
oeholdors. On such occasions mischief is supposed to lie in wait, and it is 
generally understood that tho pustules, or tumours, only retreat from the skin 
4 infest some more vital internal organ ; but 1 always considered that such an 
attack had subsided through its own weakness, for nothing ever came of it 
after thus retreating spontaneously. Like surfeit in man, these tumours are 
attended with a pricking pain, the animal appearing restless, flinching from 
the touch, and looking round sharp at his legs and sides as if he were spurred 
trivially. Whenever he can bring the parts to bear against the stall, the bail, 
or the wall, the animal will rub violently, until the hair conies off, and the 
6kin is raw. Instead of tumours that emit a sharp, acrid, and stinking hu- 
mour, like grease, a dry scurf appears, resembling scabs, and this is mange in 
some animals: whilst other subjects exhibit no eruption whatever, though eve- 
ry hair is affected in a small degree, the skin becomes dry, and he is then hide- 
bound. 

Cure. — Surfeit is easily removed by a cooling purgative; but if the pulse be 
high, he should M bled also. Promote perspiration by means of the diapho- 
retic ball recommended at page I k>, with the same precautions as are there 
set down. If the animal M fat, he must be reduced; give bran mashes, sod- 
den oats, and gixxl exercise; and should moisture be found to discharge from 
the skin, WMM. it with the 

Surfeit Wash. 

Blue vitriol, 1 ounce, 
Camphor, half an ounce, 
Spirits of wine, 2 ounces. 

Mix in a quart bottle, and fill it with water. "Wash with soapy water warm 
(as in grease), rub dry, and apply the above wash once a day, and at the sairnl 
time give one of the diaphoretic balls, as above. Let the diet be cool and open 
ing, as scalded bran, sodden oats, or barley: and if the horse is low in rlesh, 
mix an ounce of fenugreek seeds with his corn daily for a fortnight at least. 

THE MANGE 

Sometimes succeeds an ill-cured surfeit ; and is moreover an original disease, 
arising from rilthiness, hard living, ill-usage, and the comvquent depraved 
state of the system. It partakes of the nature of itch in ma , is communica- 
ble by means of the touch, by using the same harness, cloth. \g, &.c. and pro- 
bably by standing in the same stall as a diseased horse may have left 

The symptoms are stated in the preceding pages, and from its cause we 
may rest assured never attacks horses in condition. As in surfeit, the horse 
s constantly rubbing and biting himself: great patches of the coat are thus 
rubbed away, and ulceration frequently supplies the places. Scabs appear at 
the roots of the hair of mane and tail ; large portions whereof fall away. 
When eruptions appear, they form a scurf, which peek off, and it is ucceeded 
by fresh eruptions. 



BM HOUND, CAUBED UY l*lllSlM1Af, Tt'MOIJRfl. J49 

The cure iH to lx- effected |,y topical applications of sulphur, and giving the 
•amc internally a an alterative; but mercurials arc mostly preferred by out 
moderne; and there ^ not such i variety at opinion! and pr< icriptions at thin 
moment iti practice for the moat momentous diseases, ae fin thia loathaonie 

malady: neglect and ignorance having brought on tin; e\ii, ignorance and 

stupidity engage to effect the core. I shall subjoin n few forme of those irhieh 
are in most repute, and have been found effectual : even alteration i* fre- 
quently found beneficial, though it may pot at first seeni to nave boon for the 
beat. 

Mange Ointment. 

Prepared hog's lard, 2 pound*, 

Sulphur vivum, 1 pound, 

White hellebore, in powdery ounces. 

Mix with oil of turpentine sufficient to make ■ loft ointment, ruh the a.'vmal 

wherever the eruption arid SCUrf appear, with hair cloths, or I new Ijesom, so 
as to get riil of tDC looec filth before applying the ointmeot. Rub it in well 
every other day, arid give the following 

Alterative for the Mange. — No. 1. 

Tartarized antimony, 1 ounce, 
Muriate of quicksilver, 2 drachms, 
GHaaer and I , , e , 

. ■■ , > powdered, of each J ounces. 

Anise seeds, J ' ' 

Mix, with mucilage sufficient to form the mass ; divide it into six balls, and 
give one every morning until the eruption disappear*. 

Alterative far Mange. — No. 2. 

Antimony in fine powder, 8 ounces, 
Grains of Paradise, 3 ounces. 

Mix, and add Venice turpentine to form the mae*. vhich divide into twelve 
balls. Give one daily whilst the rubbing is contin xuL 

HIDE-BOUND. 

The cause of hide-bound is commonly the same as that which produced the 
tast-mentioned disease, viz. poverty, only that the particular animals may not 
botll l>e ifl the MM state OX general health, and the more depraved would in- 
cur mange, whilst another would become simply bide-l»ourid. This is less of 
an original disease than the effect of some other, and of bad di ge s tio n and eon- 
arquent defective pei api rat ion beyond all others, as may be inferred from what 
I have said concerning the intimacy taut exists between those two operatione 

of tb.- animal system in my second chapter of book J, at pages 23 — 25. The 

juatnesa of this view of the cause of hide-bound woe further proved by ■ series 

of dissections of tbis particular malady undertaken by me in May 1890. 1 
invariably found tumours had formed upon the large' lacteal seawall of the 
peritOIUBUtn, On the gut, or the like kind of attack SB the pfeun that covert? 
the lungs. The formation of those tumours was no doubt the mediate can*© 
of hide-bound, and had been brought on (1 have evc.y t t$tkm for believing) by 



150 fcYMPTOMS AfcD CURE. 

the inordinate use of diaphoretics, the stimulating nature whereof, as Is usual 
in all such cases, had thus defeated itself. 

Horses that are so affected with tumours, are they which become distressed 
easily, though in good apparent health, upon being pushed on a journey, or 
at a heavy drag, particularly when the belly is distended. Thus the cause of 
hide-hound exists long before we can perceive it, and is the reason why I re- 
commend the arsenical preparation hereafter prescribed, as a tonic, previous 
to administering the sweating remedies. The appearance of hide-bound is 
frequently ascribed to the worms, botts, &c. ; but in all those subjects examin- 
ed by me, amounting to half a score or more (for I kept no notes), no worms 
were to be found of any consequence, for it would be ridiculous to talk of two 
or three such stray insects occasioning such an extensive disorder, so remote 
'om the seat of their supposed ravages. What is very well worth remarking 
(though such a thing is not very singular) is, that the writer who has most 
ustily cried out "Worms, worms!" upon every occasion of disordered skin 
and staring coat, has recently suggested that after all, worms are necessary to 
the horse's digestion ; and the gentleman seems to think that these insects act 
upon the horse's stomach much in the same manner as pepper on that of man- 
kind! Thus he blows hot and cold with the same breath, or rather worms 
and pepper with the same pen ; for, whilst the worms are so lauded in one 
volume of his works, the malediction remains uncorrected in the other. 

Symptoms. — As the word implies, the hide or skin seems bound or glued 
to the bones; the animal is always very low in flesh, or we might aver that 
the skin adhered to the flesh. The pulse is low, and great weakness is mani 
fest in every step the patient takes. As the tightness is first observable at the 
sides of the animal's body, before it reaches the limbs, and every hide-bound 
subject examined by me proves the fact, I have no hesitation in ascribing hide 
bound to disordered digestion, which includes the negation of wherewithal to 
digest, or starvation and hard work. Again, one of two extremes attends the 
bowels : they are cither relaxed greatly, or much constipated — usually the 
former; which may be the effect of a long fit of illness from inflammation or 
fever, and the use of strong medicine, or much of it. 

Cure the animal by the direct contrary conduct to that which brought on 
the illness. If its stomach be empty, as commonly happens, fill it nearly with 
food that is easy of digestion ; if it be too full, empty it; give alterative laxa- 
tives and tonic alteratives afterwards ; restore the perspiration by the diaphor- 
etic ball recommended at page 146, and let the curry-comb and brush be assidu- 
ously applied to his coat. He may then be exercised, but not before, as it is 
nearly impossible without inflicting great pain. Besides which, forced exer- 
cise, or sweating, as hath been strongly recommended, would in this case only 
aggravate the disease ; for if the animal did sweat, it would be caused by in- 
ternal pain ; probably the tubercles which had formed upon the membrane 
would suppurate anil burst, and thus confirm the disorder internally by the 
inflammation of the particular viscus where the disorder began. 

Alterative Laxative. 

Aloes, 8 drachms, 
Hard soap, 7 drachms, 
Anise seeds, powdered, 1 oz. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass into four balls. Give day 
after day until they effect the purpose of bringing away a good stool. Then 
give the arsenical tonic alterative, thus proportioned for a large horse, with 
car* 



T1IE WORMS-AN UNSETTLED QUESTION. jJl 

Ton ic.— No. 1. 

Prepared arsenic, 10 grains, 
Ginger powdered, 1 drachm, 
Anise seeds, powdered, 4 drachms, 
Compound powder of tragacanth, 2 dr. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient for one dose. Give daily for a week, preceded 
and followed by mashes, and then give the bark, thus: 

Tonic— No. 2. 

Cascarilla, powdered, 4 ounces. 
Ginger, 8 drachms, 
Salt of tartar, 10 grains. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass into four balls ; give them daily. 
If the preparation of arsenic in No. 1 is disliked, substitute the alterative ball 
at page 147, and follow it up with the bark as above (No. 2). 

The following ball is calculated to improve the coat, and will be found 
beneficial when the animal is recovering, if given in these proportions) lor ten 
days or a fortnight. 

Alterative Balls. 

Tartarized antimony, 3 ounces, 
Powdered ginger, 2 ounces, 
Opium, 5 drachms. 

Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass, to be divided into ten balls. 

WORMS. 

As remarked in a preceding page, 150, so many other disorders, external 
as well as internal, have been charged to the existence of worms in the intes- 
tinal canal by veterinary writers, that we find much difficulty in persuading 
ourselves that this is not the precise ailment which afflicts the animal when 
his coat becomes staring, and his skin sticks to his ribs. Most frequently, 
however, that ugly appearance which denotes hide-bound, and other similai 
symptoms that depend upon suspended perspiration, arise from tubercular dis- 
eases of the mesenteric canal (see page 46), and not within the gut or stomach ; 
far the excess or the suspension of perspirable matter must alike depend upon 
somewhat of a more general affection than worms, that fasten on this or thai 
part of the stomach or intestine (as we are told), and can only influence the 
part they immediately occupy. Unfortunately, we know of no specific cure 
for worms, the remedies that are usually prescribed being of a hot, burning 
and destructive nature, that are as likely to injure the intestine as the worm, 
it becomes our primary duty, therefore, to ascertain when the disorder be real- 
ly the worms, so as to prescril>e the proper remedy when we have ascertained 
that the fact is so. It is very easy to say a horse "has the worms," and to 
give him worm medicine; but much more difficult to ascertain the real fact, 
than to remove it when well authenticated. Our inquiries, then, shouid bo 
directed towards this point as much as to any other unsettled question — the 
existence and quality of true glanders, for example ; and vet more fine 'earn 



153 CAUBIS AND DISTINGUISHING SYMPTOMS. NATURAL REMEDIES. 

tng has been Kestowed upon the uncertain knowledge of bolts and othei 
worms than baa attracted the attention of our veterinary writers to any othei 
portion of their labours. 

Causes. — Indigestion and consequent stoppage oi' the aliment in the sto- 
mach and coacum ; which again may he occasMNseil by bad corn, musty hay, 
>r hay made from rank grasses, — if all hay whatever does not contain the 
means of generating inserts, when used without sufficient water; also, when 
either substance be swallowed, as often happens, without being properly mas 
ticated, through wearing away of the teeth (see page 17), the tampers, Jv.c. 
Much pampering of the appetite, by dealers and others, to produce fine coats 
by means of stimulants, as i'^s, wine, ale, bread, diapente, linseed, &c; 
when the effects thereof are worn away, these leave the lacteaki (see page 47), 
impaired or offended at being depr i ve d of a short-lived energy. The articles 
just enumerated form indigestible crudities thai become the appropriate nidus 
or generating worms in the canal so deprived i>f its natural functions by arti- 
Ikial means. Consult again what is said at the conclusion of the first book, 
at page ;>l, Jke. Irregular feeding also tends to the lodgment o( crudities in 
the cavum, or second Btosaech. 

Symptoms. — A Staring coat, with emaciation and weakness, were formerly 

deemed sufficient indications of the existence of worms to warrant the doctor 
in pouring into the animal his monstrous mixtures; for a worm case was es- 
teemed by the professor like a little annuity, pro tem. Those symptoms, 
however, are at first rather the presage than the concomitants of worms ; since 
they are also symptomatic of several other internal diseases, some of them pro- 
ducing worms in the sequel, whilst other some are found still more rapidly de- 
structive of life than worms art-, and therefore demand more immediate con- 
sideration. Slight affection of the lun^s, as well as of the liver, being of Ion* 
continuance, occasion partial roughness of the hair, and slight hide-bound ot 
the integuments nearest the seat ot' disorder, that spreads progressively all 
over. The cough which accompanies severe attacks of the worms differs from 
cold in the organs of respiration; the lirst being more deep and cavernous, 
leaving a shake or vibrating heave of the tlanks, whilst the former comes off 
with a wheeze, as if not (etched from so deep a recess. 

As the disorder proceeds, ami the worms may be supposed to extend thei, 
ravages, the patient's appetite is subject to extreme variation; he being some 
times ravenous after t'ooo 1 , at others not caring to eat at all; which shows that 
the stomach is affected, ami is frequently succeeded by vertigo, or staggers. A 
horse with worms that give him uneasiness in the bowels will leave oil" eating 
sometimes tor two or three minutes, when a cavernous rattle may be heard 
coming from his inside, and he resumes his feeding. If he endeavours to 
kick his belly, it has been construed by the worm advocates into the pain oc- 
casioned by worms gnawing his bowels; but neither symptom is an invariable 
indication of worms, tor he does the same when attacked by any other pain of 
the belly — whether colic, tight girth, injury of the sheath, ou\ When the 
worms appear coming away spontaneously, with successive stools, no matter 
of which kind, it affords proof that the animal has taken grass or hay that con- 
tains grasses of an anthelmintic property, and points out the propriety of con- 
tinuing him on the same food. 

A yellowish ordure appearing about the fundament something like flour of 
sulphur, shows the death of a good number of small worms (ascarides) has 
been occasioned by some such natural means as the preceding. Some worms 
come away as soon as generated in the aliment, but if no other sign of their 
existence is manifest, the solitary fact should excite no uneasiness. When bolts, 
Daving been detached by similar natural means, leave the stomach — where they 
do noT always cause inconvenience, we find them adhering to the large into*- 



RBGDfEN. MERi.ijry, PRECAUTIONS NECESSARY. !K 

rtnes and rectum, to which they adhere and cause the animal to ruh his breech 
against the wall or upright of the stall. Shook] those symptoms continue, and 
the generating of worms remain unchecked, the horse falls into profuse sweats 
on the least exertion, and when these cease, he exhibits a weak and languish- 
ing condition, scarcely notices a brisk application of the whip, his skin adheres 
to his rihs and flanks — hide-hound has commenced. Cough more or less hec- 
tic according to his remaining strength, accompanies him to his end; for, aa 
to a cure being practicable when hide-bound arising from such a cause has 
fairly laid hold of him, 'tis clean out of the question. 

Regimen. — As the commencement of this disorder is mainly attributable 
to the coarseness of the animal's food and consequent incapacity of its guts to 
cipel the hardened materials, so will an entire change in the mode of feeding 
him do more towards effecting a cure than all the medicine we can prescribe, 
and all that the most liberal hand would bestow. 1 think it would be too much 
to exj)ect that generous treatment alone should effect a cure of itself, but I 
certainly have known worms voided after a few days' casual good keep; and 
in these cases I apprehend we may attribute the coming away to the change 
or alteration that was so effected in the state o( the patient's bowels. Hence the 
propriety of any change of his usual diet, as well as the advantages of alterative 
medicines. In the first place, try a run at grass, or give green food in-doors, 
or succulent and agreeable vegetables. If poor living has not been the origi- 
nal cause, some defect in conformation has; and the above change, with plen- 
ty of water-gruel, bran mashes, boiled potatoes, bruised corn, and the like, by 
'ubricating the parts, may detach the worm, or at least assist the medicine, 
which ought to have the same tendency. 

Cure.— Since the worms are not always to be killed even by strong poisons, 
nor brought away by brisk purgatives, for a certainty, but are frequently dis- 
charged in a few days by an alterative regimen, reason dictates and nature 
Oeckons us to follow her course, in affording to the horse which can not be 
bpared from work, or a run at grass be obtained, to adopt the means nearest 
thereto that lie within our reach. Laxative alterative medicines then obtrude 
themselves upon our notice, and in all cases are found to do good, moreorlesg 
as they may l»e addressed to the actual seat of the disorder: in pills, if (he 
worms lie in the intestines; in powders or liquid, if they occupy the stomach 
—in all forms alternately when we are uncertain. The various preparations 
of mercury and of antimony, with Barbadoes aloes, as being more drastic in 
operation; also common salt, box, sulphur, savin (a vegetable poison), and sal 
Indicus, offer a sufficient variety for the bases of as many varied prescriptions ; 
and variation here is most desirable, inasmuch as some kind of worms which 
mist the effects of one sulwtancc may l>e detached and hurried off by another. 

Water-gruel, as it relaxes the parts, and prepares them and the worm for 
receiving the antidote, should precede every other remedy, particularly the 
mercurials; a course of which should l>e followed by a purgative, but not 
be given together, as is commonly practised. For ascarides, which usually 
infest the large guts, I have found great service in calomel to the amount of a 
drachm or more, given over night twice, followed by a purgathe next morning 
after the second. 

No. 1. — Mercurial Bolus. 

Calomel, 1 1-2 drachms, 
Anise seeds, 5 drachm*. 

Mil with treacle for two doses. 
15 



I5| CALOMEL AND MERCURY, GOOD. 

No. 2. — Purgative Ball. 

Barbadoes aloes, 4 drachms, 
Gamboge, 1 1-2 drachms, 
Prepared kali, 2 drachms, 
Ginger, 1 drachm, 
Oil of amber, a tea-spoon full, 

Syrup of buckthorn sufficient to form the ball for cur 
dose. 

Particular care should be taken of the horse, but. he should not take any 
gruel for the two days that the mercury is in him, as directed by White, but 
give him bruised corn or other dry food with little water, the calomel not hav- 
ing entered the system. Neither does he require any of the exercises usually 
forced upon patients " in physic." Let a week elapse ere the same bolus and 
purge are repeated as before, when they seldom fail to bring away whatever 
worms he may have in him. Instead of the foregoing, some persist in the fol- 
lowing old method, by way of laxative mercurial, which, however, 1 must pre- 
mise, seems much too strong, notwithstanding the high character some be- 
stow on it. 

No. 3. — Laxative Alterative Balls. 

Quicksilver, 1 ounce, and 
Venice turpentine, 2 ounces. 

These being well rubbed together in a mortar, add 

Aloes in powder, 2 ounces, 
Ginger, 1 ounce. 

Mix with syrup of buckthorn, and form the compost into four balls, one to be 
given with intervals of five or six days. Water-gruel or a bran mash to pre- 
cede each ball, as before, and give the same when the physic may be working 
off. 

Some horses, however, can not bear the bolus No. 1, calomel having a ten- 
dency to gripe ; in that case the quantity should be divided into three balls 
and given on three successive nights, followed by No. 2, on the fourth morn- 
ing. In like manner, if the horse be not a very strong one, the above quantl 
ty of No. 3, may be divided into six or eight balls, and given at intervals of 
two days each until purging is produced. Indeed, neither of these medicines 
should be given, least of all continued, when the animal dungs loosely. From 
those precautions, it is manifest that my opinion, so often expressed regarding 
the misuse of strong medicines, remains unaltered ; and if I have been suc- 
cessful in impressing the reader with the same wholesome and humane truths, 
he will at once perceive the absolute necessity of attending to the symptoms, 
to assure himself that the patient really has the worms, and not 6ome other 
affection of the liver, kidneys, ccecum, &c. as remarked by me at the head of 
this article. Mistakes in these respects often prove fatal, or at least affect the 
animal's future health. 

If worms do actually exist, they can not fail to come away with the forego- 
ing course of medicine ; and the patient, though a little weak at first, will come 
out of hand with a good appetite, brisk in his manner, and bright as a ruby. 
These considerations, however, should not influence us to neglect a trial of 
the milder medicines, before enumerated, as containing anthelmintic proper- 
ties, less powerful indeed than the foregoing, but not therefore lees likely o 



WORMS; VARIED REMEDISH 8TAGOERS. 155 

Srovo serviceable in ordinary cases. Of these, the Indian salt (sal Indicua) 
eserree the first consideration, though denounced as differing very little from 
eommon salt, with a small portion of sulphur, both of which are known to 
he goodly anthelmintic Be ii I virtues what it may, the following substitute 
will be found to contain all the properties of the genuine salt, and maybe 
employed when this can not be readily procured. 

Laxative Powder. — No. I. 

Sublimated sulphur, 4 ounces, 
Emetic tartar, 4 drachms, 
Liver of sulphur, 1 ounce, 
Day Salt, 4 ounces. 

Mix for six doses, one to be given daily in the corn, which should be previ- 
ously moistened with water-gruel. As soon as the bowels are tolerably open- 
ed, desist for a week at least, hut should it fail to produce this effect, give the 
following 

Laxative Balls. 

Barbadoes aloes, 4 drachms, 

Gamboge, 1 drachm, 

Hard soap, 3 drachms, 

Anise seeds powdered, 4 drachms, 

Oil of cloves, G drops. 

Mix with syrup of buckthorn enough to form the mass, and divide into two balls. 
Give them on two successive mornings, unless the fir3t prove effectual. 1 
have found these balls, without any other aid, produce worms, a few, by re- 
peating as often as five or six times. Another preparation of antimony may 
be substituted for the first mentioned powder, viz. 

Laxative Powder. — No. 2. 

Liver of antimony, 3 ounces, 
Cream of tartar, 4 ounces. 

Mix for six doses, one to be given daily until the body is opened. But should 
not this happen, the laxative hall just advised should be given. 

Savin (the. leaves pounded, and a spoonful given twice a day in the horse's 
oats for ten days, and then laxative balls above, hring away slimy matter with 
the dung, and worms alive. 

Arsenic has been tried, to the amount often grains a day, for a week, but 
its powers arc tonic only : it is a dangerous remedy in unskilful hands. All 
bitters are anthelmintic and tonic; thus wormwood, rue, and chamomile flow- 
ers, have been attributed the faculty of killing the worms, but the fact is not 
exactly so; those, effects are produced by bracing the stomach, and restoring 
its tone, and thus disposing the parts to throw off the intruders. 

STAGGERS, APOPLEXY, MEGRIMS, VERTIGO, FITS. 

St a(jg kus is the common or vulgar name given to all those disorders of the 
head, which consist in vertigo, or "swimming of the head." Drowsiness at- 
tending this symptom confers the distinction of sleepy staggers upon this kind 



I5<5 FITS, MEKRIMS, NATURAL REMEDY. 

ol attack, whilst mad staggers is thiil affection of the hrain which causes the 
animal to kick, to tumble," ami plunge about: both arc occasioned by diseased 
stomach, brought oo by inflammation of thai organ, or simply by the retention 
of a groat mass of indigestible food there and in the intestines: constipation 
attends every species of stagger*, and in some cases the hardened dung may 
be felt or observed by applying the senses to the proper parts. The breath 
is offensive, the respiration impeded, and the pulse high and sharp in mad 
staggers, whilst in the sleepy it is slow, heavy, and full, without vibration [see 
page 631. When these latter symptoms continue a long time, the blood de- 
termines towards the bead, and the pulse increases, if the animal be one in 
good condition i and unless bleeding and purging be employed effectually, 
sooner or later ends in apoplexy, or one paroxysm only, which terminates fa- 
tallv. High-bred cattle, stallions, and brood mares, which are pampered in 
their food with stimulants, frequently fall victims to this kind of attack, as do 
thfiix progenv whilst under training, sometimes. In some cases the animal 
makes one effort, in others it drops instantaneously; so the reader may per- 
ceive that he does not stagger at all : and I infer that a manifest difference 
exists between the two, although both arising from the same cause; for, the 
one we may afford some assistance to, and usually succeed in performing a 
cure; incase of apoplexy, the only symptom is remediless — death. To pre- 
scribe for such an event would be utterly useless. 

Under the head of "costiveness" 1 have already considered the origin of 
stagers, and prescribed the remedy at page 68j because that is the disease, 

whilst staggers, oYc, an but the accompanying symptoms. 

THB MEGRIMS is an occasional attack on the sens.'rium or brain, in which 
the animal drops down as if shot, lies motionless awhile, recovers slowly, and 
is next day lit to go and do the same thing again, if pushed in his work. 
This disorder originated in B foul stomach, in one case that came under my 
care, and was at first a tit of the sleepy kind, which afterwards degenerated 
into megrims; the morbid state of the head, 1 apprehend, continued in a tri- 
vial degree, which any great exertion brought into activity. Sometimes these 
megrims are preceded by a short warning, when the animal rears up before it 
falls, or rambles like a drunkard ; it then tumbles and plunges about with con- 
siderable danger to those who may collect around it. The muscles of the 
eve are usually affected, much in the way of horses in locked jaw, or the hu- 
man subject in a "falling tit;" but all those symptoms disappear upon em- 
ploying the proper remedies, some of them so quickly and by such means as 
to appear the affect of a simple mechanical operation. 

The cause of staggers, and the symptoms that distinguish the one kind 
from the others, being thus settled, without distracting the inquirer with need- 
less distinctions of agriculturists or the fanciful reveries of the doetors, let ua 
proceed to the 

Jxt-mcih'cs. — Farm horses that live much in the straw-yard, and work hard 
on bad hay, fitc will sometimes stand still at once, as if struck motionless in 
the midst of their work, which is a sure sign that some great leading function 
has bean suspended for the moment by reason of the great exertion. The 
driver has nothing more to do in this case than let the tired creature rest for 
the space of a minute or two, and then proceed in his work a little more lei- 
surely. Prevention is better than cure. 

In all ordinary eases of staggers, simply opening the bowels will effect a 
enre nine times out often ; and when the animal shows symptoms of a disor- 
dered stomach, the coming disorder may be warded off by a dose of pbvsic. 
In violent attacks, let a clyster be lirst employed, of warm water, in which 
common salt has been dissolved, and the hardened dung brought away by 
manual assistance — as more fully detailed elsewhere — see the mode of doing 



t;a«e Of LOCKS) jaw. 157 

this effectually, at page ft.). I have known violent cases of staggers cease by 
this remedy alone, and the cure was completed with a purgative ball, as pre- 
scribed at page 63. 

The fits that constitute megrim, or the more genuine staggers, will require 
the lancet, and let the quantity of blood taken be commensurate with the 
violence of the animal, his bulk and fleshiness. From four to six quart* will 
thus reduce his powers, and tided by the back-raking and purgative just re- 
eommended, a cure is soon effected. 

LOCKED JAW 

In rather the effect of other diseases, of the acute kind, than an original attack, 
end is symptomatic of approaching death, A prick in the foot and docking 
the tail, are fruitful causes of locked jaw. I f fit weather is most conducive to 

this manner of dissolution, which is brought about by great excitation of the 
nerves, and accompanied by Imperfect digestion. The remedy would of course 
be found in restoring the tone of the former, and opening the main outlet of 

nature. I have seen a case of locked jaw proceeding from inflammation of 
the intestines, of a very aggravated nature. 

Si/rnplom». — The case to which I allude was that of an old horse, from 
twelve to fourteen TOars of age, just off from hard work, which seemed to have 
lived badly and suffered severely the ills of a protracted life. Date, May 14, 
1820, when the weather was prematurely hot. As usual, it bOgUU by the ani- 
mal thrusting out its nose and eating with some difficulty, which increased as 
the stiffness of the neck became worse. The ears stuck up, and the sufferer 
could scarcely move a foot, and this with the greatest pain. Thus, every hour 
the malady is found to extend itself towards the more vital parts, until reach- 
ing the heart, life is then extinguished. The brain appears to be affected at 
the very earliest period of the attack, when the animal evinces unusual a ppre- 
hension, and will neigh and prick up its ears at the approach of any one, as 
the last effort of nature to obtain the notice of man. The pulse is then in- 
ed to about 70; but in the future stages of the disorder it falls again be- 
low 40, and lower still until its final extinction. 

In a few hours, the balls of the eyes of the animal just alluded to were turn- 
ed back, showing the nerve which retained the ball in position in a very dis- 
gusting manner; be appeared to suffer much pain, respiration had ceased, the 
abdomen was drawn together, and immediate dissolution was expected mo- 
mentarily. When the subject was opened, I was struck with the inflamed 
state of the m es e n t ery, and all the lacteals assumed a bloody appearance. Pre- 
viously to this catastrophe, I bit the animal hard on the forehead with my fist, 
nice : the blow .shook his whole frame, which before was as stiff as if made 
of wood ; its eyes immediately returned full one-halfway back again towards 
the proper situation, and I was not mistaken when I imagined that its jaws, 
which had been knit together, seemed to relax somewhat, and the rigidity of 
the neck gave way. 

Remedies have been prescribed, and Mr. Wilkinson of New-castle reports 
several cases of successful practice upon young horses which had acquired 
locked jaw by being nicked, or docked, or pricked in shoeing. The chief ob- 
stacle to the administering of any medicine being the closeness of the teeth, 
which defies the introduction of a horn, it may not be amiss to observe, that 
profiting by the foregoing experiment, 1 have in several cases caused a little 
relaxation in thin respect, by placing a piece of wood upon the forehead and 
striking a smart blow Upon it with another piece or a small mallet. Some 
substance might then be placed between the teeth to prevent their return to 
»h« orirrinil closeness, whereby the remedies recommended by Mr. Wilkinson 
1.5* 



158 TREATMENT OF I.OCKED JAW. 

may bo employed with much praantcl of success, for he only failed in fou 
oases »i» which tin* jaws wen immoveable by any moans which he then kneV' 
of| and as ho lias treated this particular suhjoot inoro happily than any vets 
rinarian of OUI time, 1 think 1 can not do hottor than follow the example o. 
copying his account o( a well marked case successfully treated. 

U hen culled in, ho observes, " I found the symptoms woro u spasmodic af 
faction of tlx- nuisolosof tho jaws, bead, neck, haok, hinder extremities, and 

abdomen, which occasioned them to become rigidly contracted, and the abdo* 

mon was innoli drawn in; tho pulse was about liflv, with soino irregularity, 
tho breathing a little quickened, tho jaws woro considerably shut, but not bo 
closo but medicine might be administered as a dronoh with a small horn : tho 
appetite not diminished, but she could not masticate hay; the head somewhat 
raided, and on elevating it ■ little more, the haws covered great pait of tho 
ball o( tin- eve, the nose was thrown out from the chest, the nostrils expanded, 
the ears erect or perched up, a greeJ stillness of the neck and back, the tail a 
tittle elevated, and, upon a little fatigue, B shaking o\ it, a straddling of tho 
hinder extremities : the animal was very costive, and the urine was somewhat 
diminished. Tho mare hail been BOON about throe weeks Wforo, and tho 
farrier hail driven a nail into the sensible part ol' the foot while shoeing her. 
Tho lameness thus produced was soon removed] and the disease came on 
after performing a journey ; that is, about three weeks after the injury in tho 
foot had been inflicted, 'Two Quart! of blood wore taken oil"; a purgative 
drench and an emollient clyster wore given] considerable friction was used 
over lha muerfcw of the jaws, head, nock, and back, particularly where they 
were found most rigid] a stimulating liniment of turpentine, hartshorn, mus- 
tard and oil, was well rubbed over those parts, which wore afterwards covered 
with sheep skins, as recently taken off the sheep as they could lv procured, 
which soon brought oi\ sensible perspiration. 1 he diet was principaHy thin 
bran-mashes and oatmeal gruel, o( which she frequently took a little. The 
next day, pulse the same, breathing a little quicker, jaws not more locked; a 
constant perspiration had boon kept Up by the sheep-skins; the purgative 
drench not operating, another clyster was administered, which promoted its 
action; the liniment was repeated. Next day ^tlie ninth\ symptoms nearly 
the same, perspiration copious : the purging having subsided, the anti-spasmo- 
dic medicine, composed o( opium, camphor, and asafoetidu, was given with a 
small horn morning and evening, and a similar mixture, with the addition of 
three pints o( a decoction o( rue, was administered as a clyster, morning and 
evening. The drench and clysters were repeated morning and evening till the 
1 1th day ; and during this, the Quantity of opium, viz. 1 drachm, was increased 
or diminished according to the violence of the spasms, which at times were 
very severe. It was always administered in such a manner as to have its effects 
constantly in the system, without producing much restlessness; during this 
tune, there was also a most copious perspiration going on under tho sheep-skins. 
The bowels becoming costive again, another purgative drench and an emollient 
clyster were administered. On the 15th, the drench not operating, a clyster 
was given which produced the desired effect. Pulse and breathing a little hur- 
ried and irregular, jaws not more locked, still perspires under the sheep-skins, 
appetite good; but can not masticate hay. 16th, Tulse more regular, breathing 
more calm, perspires freely under the skins: the purging having subsided, the 
opium, && were administered as before, and continued until the 21st, when 
•Mother purgative drench and emollient clyster were given. The jaws were 
now more open, and the mare could masticate hav; the muscles of the head, 
neck, back, and hinder extremities became considerably relaxed, and on rais- 
mg the head, the haws did not cover much of the eye. On tho 23d day, the 
rurgmg having subsided, the anti-spasmodic medicino was again employed 



IIVMtOI'ffOfliA. 1JVQ 

i;nttl the Knfj of April, when eflOtbef |,ur:'<- •/.;,> .vlminc.o r, ,| Qg 1 1 e J 2th, 

the purging Mill -.i'i'"J ) th< :if|l| •(,;, .,., ;,;/;,,,, ,,:* «) :, 

loilgei rurwl of the complaint. After thin, torn'** 

/i, which, with .1 nourishing did and auitabJe exerciae, *oon reflat- 
ed the tOTM of the miii / l< :*, and the animal I* came M us-eful an ever." 

f 'f Dm I I caeee deecflbad, nine came M after docking or rutting 

off the toil, from tei i month after tbi operation. In 

i-.ii e/ej fomented with irann wafc r, mm! tha ion «J r«-»-»*4 *j wui. 
men! It ihoukl be remarked, that if! ;) !i i 

BOt v* Completely ' !'/vJ but. m< ')i< ifi»- could he given with a. *mall horn, or in- 

trodnced :th-.t buuMbt meaneoJ the cane. In mmm fnetanei 

difficulty in giving n t /ir*t, hut by pe severing 

illy, both medicine and food were introduced in nufficicnt quantity. With 

reaped to cold application, Mr W, ay*, he ban only tried it on**-, ■■ 

hole of a mare -, l**ly afl< ctcd with locked jaw, ' tCeiA the nostril*, Wfl 

i -I m mow fin mmm time, without producing any relaxation of the munch;*: 
on th- lymptonat afterward* gradually increa*ed, and »hc died on 

the third day. Infbui at terminal . lh<: jaw* were *o completely 

ther food rurf I COtlld l/c given by the mouth. <)n ex- 

amining theee hora*--. after death, tlieie wars *ome degree of iriflarnmatiori in the 

lung*, etotneeh, and boweJe. J» praf generally found on opening the upmal 
canal, that the membra n* ; the marrow exhibited a very inflame*! a[>- 

pearance, an<J the marrow iteel! wan tinged of a -till • ,ur, whiUt th* 

awnafanae of the bcein exhibited tonM mark* of inflammation. 

HYDROPHOBIA. 

• • hafever wouid ha vej>eeri taken of thin dreadful malady, hut for 

addition* to the »vt/y:k of information already before the public a* to the 

UM-an*) of duK riminating the true from the ft ; which I am enable* I to 

furni -h fr'.rn auth« | A (Haeeec cj,uU+.wA\y incurable require* no 

more to hf *aid of it ; bat .or.; baM at onetime or other, the caw. with 

ral other aubiecte treated of in tnie volume, I nraat riot, eoneietentJy with 

the duty I have ui\\/,;aA upo.\ .1 hy in nilenee. Kven tlie name* 

of author* wlio have written on canine rnadnc** would bj aerviceabb; to auch 
of my madem an may bf o^ farther their inquifiee concern- 

ing thin melancholy and appalling *Ji*«;a»*e. I'rwj-.tUmj authom have all rjjiifmfA 

information to the dog itwdfj with mere eaunJ notice* of bin atta/:kji u^n 
other animal*, an-i on rriao. 'I heir reaearchea extendc*J not to the florae, or 
but triviality »o. But, inaxmu/dj a« the *ytt\\Ai>utn of rnadnea* *Ji»c//veralAe in 
dog* no niityr:Uul are good Uj be known t*> th*/»e who woui/J keep tfii;ir fir>r*ea 
out of danger, I am thu* further induced t/j l/*:»t/jw a page or two on the di*» 
Ungniebinjg character of the true «ympt/>mK, and a/J*J a hint or two a* to pre- 

-fi, nin*>«- cure in nearly hopelea* at preaent. 
CawK-t. — The bite of a rahid animal, univeraally erf the dog, and in every 
caae that I hear of, on the lip. The bull-fiog, the hircher, tlve rn/jngreJ, thia 
Danijih d'/g, and the nhejjherd dog, are the kindu m*/»t dujA/tyed to run at 
hor»e», t*pe*;ially when *o aHected ^the firat-mentioned, on other occasion*, 
uMaJly fighting at the throat), jumping repeatcily at the borne until they get 
hold, and the two firct pertinaciou»ly holding fa*t a long time, even until kill- 
ed off, a* we hear and Ijelieve.* Thi* will rrftffffl montly with borne* tight 

'.r* morr.ing of Wr p t ea ab er 9, };<*, wtMr. IlA>vlw:rl*/r*l, of fciao/n, HuJttx'ytih*, 
t i 'iz * *o <**!»« fr'>»« W iUow-h*Jl, a buiKy*i whtch wm wfch ha OM**er rxi *i«e r**l ■ 



160 DisTiNcnnsmNcs symptoms. 

reined, or which we hour np In harness, whilst those having the head loom 
rear and j >; i w off the offender, or being at large, evade or trample uj>on himi 
but however slight the bite, the mischief is already committed, so that avoidance 
hv flight is the only preventive of an irremediable evil, unless we are prepared 
to shoot the caitiff] or to run bim through. We hear the free use of horseflesh 
for keeping dogs in England, charged as one main muse for engendering rabies. 
orat least quarrelsomeness ; add to this, the denial of water to which some ox 
them arc subjected at i season when dilution is most required — "what timo 

the dog-Star reigns," and we think the suggestion is not very far removed from 

the fact. At Icist. w(> tre Informed that this appalling disorder is compara- 
tively small in other parts of the world, where horseflesh is less plentiful, or 
water, the antidote, is found in abundance, and Lisbon is adduced in proof, 
where dogs perform the office of scavengers, and further are supplied with 
water hv individual housekeepers.* Our own towns, too. in which water is 
easily obtained, are much seldomer subject to epidemic visitations of rabies 

than Others more arid, vet lying Open to an access of carrion in ahundanco. 
DogS invariably take water with much eagerness in every Stage of the disorder, 
so far as I have seen, or heard o\\ orally ; some printed accounts differ. Man 
dreads it; hut when lie can get it down, which has been done within a day or 

two ofhis dissolution, he finds the raging heat of his stomach alleviated hy the 
effort 
Symptom* of hydrophobia. In the dog, its approach may he known hy n 

marked deviation from the general habits of his kind, amounting to dislike 
of former friends, a sy m pt om which ought to he particularly regarded. They 
have been BOen to eat their own excrement, and lap their own urine, b esi des 
other marks of depraved appetite] though at this early stage of the complaint 
they are less likely to attack a horse than to resent an affront, or he guilty of 
treachery towards friends. But as the disorder increases, he shows an inor- 
dinate desire to gnaw any substance whatever, and evinces augmented an- 
tipathy to cats. Even the dog called Danish, though mostly kept with, and 
very fond oi' horses, would, as soon as effected, be the most likely to snap at 
his old companions' noses. As the malady increases, his eyes become in- 
flamed, and are a Heeled wilh a blearing from the lids. He howls horribly 
when the throat is inflamed at the larynx, or pari where the voice (barking 
proceeds from ; the sound of which whoever has once heard, he can never af- 
terwards forget or mistake, unless he himself be bit, or become deaf. The 
confirmed mad dog now usually sits upon his rump to howl his obstructed 
bark, through very pain from apparent intestinal inflammation. If suffered 
to range about as the last stages approach, he seems bewildered and devoid 
( >f sight, and should be either avoided or attacked with clubs and other wea- 
pons to extirpation ; feeble opposition is obviously dangerous. 

The symptoms of hydrophobia coming on upon the horse are direct and 
positive; blood on the lip, and other marks of violence, convey the first intelli- 
gence that the mischief has been inflicted ; for neither horses, sheep, nor neat 
rattle incur rabies without inoculation. We are further told, by M. Huzart, 
that they do not possess the power of communicating the disease by bite to 
other animals, even though labouring under the highest degree of hydrophobia 

at the time; a fact 1 do not further vouch lor, but which, when proven by 
well marked cases, would go far towards inspiring confidence and certainty 
in applying any oi the alleged remedies. What man is bold enough to ad- 
minister a ball, for example, whose own life is at stake, ingloriously, by the 

the horse by the BOSS, tad retained its hold, though the horse ran aw ay, overturned the gig, and 
threw the party Into a hedge; si ill the ferocious brute reuinod its hold, uiuil its throat was cut 
onihespot. Viae \nnals of Sporting, No 58, page 238. 
'In *' Annals of Sporting," No. 46, page 217, signed J. B. 



REGIMEN, AND TREATMENT. HH 

f*rat ? Ii [• nhnrtion,, Inflamed throat, and evident thickening of the 

mem <■. hV>\tw.)i befog also IflfffThH, n 

different to it, which may occur about the 
on ; four or /ise earlier if the animal I* in 

pood condition, so Mill sooner if high fed end full ofUood. Shortly after, i. ft 

froni five to eight day*, the bitten jmrt** enlarge, tad iffffirnffy of swallowing 

ently prove* that the disorder in making progreeej the pafhrnl rub* the 

nst the manner, rtaJI, or wall, i in vehemence from the 

twentieth or twenty-third <lay. He doee pot drink water freely, m usual, 

<y no m< . ion, for his potter of .-.-.allowing U 

alrea/Jv imperfect : he does not flinch fn i sprinkled over his face, 

hut will even drink to the amount of a pailful, when occasionally he can find free 

pannage for it, and the whim may Ix; laid to seize him. Some rabid horaea 

will take to water, and one in a very high atate of excitement was known to 

run into a river. BnppieOJJon of urine next proven that the inflarnrna- 

tion bee reached the Region of the kidneys, which i* effected by way of ifcje 

piration end exeee rbation ensue, with inflammation 

of the parts of generation, aceomiiank d by cont r a cti on iri the male — yet a geld- 

big tree (bond to have protruded lie ■heath, and staled with much pain toffee 

amount of half a Dint, thoot the twenty-fourth day. 

Weakness of the back and loine sometimes in observable at any period of 
-: ; lome quadrupede being tbne attacked, and falling down mad 
without previous indication of rabi 
The eyee glaeey, 6ery or re«j — low of rJoien ; tongue sometimes shoved out, 

and then gnashing of the teeth. 'J he raging symptom increase from the 

twenty anr ond or twenty-fourth day to the twenty-eighth or thirtieth day after 

■ bitten, when the animal will beat itself to death, unless the owner more 

■ mcly puts it out of pain with a musket; for 'tin dangerous to approach 
within reach: the interposition of a strong gate across the stahle, and the ap- 
plication of | strong rope well fastened, are good preventives of accident 
daring this final opetatlOB, or a cart that will bear some kicking might be 
empta 

Rfgimten. — None will afford any permanent relief, though it ha* been usual 
to piece before it water as a test of its ■Balnea*) — though now known to he a 
fallacious one in any state of the disorder with any animal whatever. All 
I continue to feed up to | certain period — until the stomach if. attacked — 
and some eat voraciously in the intervals of the fits, and drink too, hut no good 
can be expected from either, unless made the. vehicles for the introduction of 
nostrorn. If a cure Ik; attempted, certainly nutritious food, easy of di- 
►n, and cooling, must assist it. The stomach being very much inflamed 
HI this disorder, points out the propriety of bran mashes, marthmallows, and 
of water gruel, given CoU, which will afford the means of alleviating the an- 
guish of that Ofgan, to the coats whereof the last food taken by the expiring 

n found to adhere after death; that Is to ear, the fibrous coat 

of the stomach of the subject alluded to identified itself with the food so inti 

ajately, that it atripped off, whilst the ineen -.till a Jhei ed. 

Uiym'-'J.'j. -Cvery poaei b le remedy, some of them of orayeilf tendency, has 

been tried on the dog, and on /nan. Sea-bathing the Orrnskirk medicine, 
me blee d ing) excision of the {/art, the actual cautery, and cupping the 
[/arts. i eaefa employed — successfully, we are told ; but no reliance 

can l/e plated on either, MOM they oftener fail, though there is no reason why 
the horse should not undergo bleeding and cutting off the laceration as soon 

ifter the accident as poanne. W r that the part bitten if ovej 

observed to enlarge pre. ious to the horse showing other signs of confirmed 
-phobia, it seems clear that the cutting ofTthe immediate cause »f kxip: 



1($3 NOSTRUMS RECOMMENDED; BATHING. 

ant rabies presses itself upon our notice as the most efficacioua measure fin 
warding on the disease, six months is no unusual time for dogs to conceal 
rabid infection, a Quarrelsome disposition boing for ;i Imi^ time toe only indi- 
eation perceptible; l>ut the horse seldom goes beyond the twentieth day in de- 
veloping all the symptoms before enumerated; which shows that the peculiar 1 * 
lv rapid circulation of the blood, noticed elsewhere (page 69) as the harbingnt 
or inflammatory complaints of every kind in tin* horse, naturally demands 
early and copious bleeding aa a good accessary remedy for this particular one. 

In this case alone we should not he solely guided as to the quantity of blood 
proper to he taken by the quickness of the pulse, or actual inflammatory indi- 
cation, hut its fulness, ami hahit o( the patient's body : empty his hotly suli- 

sequently, as directed in cases of fever, with a brisk purgative, as follows: 

Purgative Bait, 

Aloes, 7 drachms, 
Calomel, half a drachm, 

1 lard Soap, [\ drachms, 
Oil of caraways, 1'2 drops. 

Mix with mucilage sufficienl for one dose. If the animal seem not otherwise 

to require purging physic, omit the calomeL and omit it also if the bleeding 

has been trivial on account of the previous low state of the animal's system. 
The application of the plant Scuftllcria latcrtj'olia is lately reported from 

North America to have succeeded in several cases; hut the symptoms di> not 

accompany the report made to US, and we rest in doubt as to its ctlieacy. 
However, let it he tried. So we say of "any mineral acid," which n certain 
medical gentleman recommends may be applied — a few drops on tow to the 
Wound whilst fresh. This may he tried in the form of oxygenated muriatic 
acid, which has the property or being destructively detersive; it decomposes 

the virus, and acts as a styptic. Sail water bathing has been employed upon 
a large scale, and has been loudly commended; then, let common salt lie also 
tried to the amount of two or three ounces a day mixed with the patient's corn. 
It is hut fair to add, that sea-bathing failed of effecting any good, when tried 
upon the canine under the hest auspices. The kind's stagdiounds, in 1833, 
being more than suspected of rahies, were taken to Brighton, and the ablution 
well performed under the directions of Mr. Sharpe, the huntsman, hut to no 
good effect ; they were all destroyed. Dr. Faycrman. of Norwich, published 
a case in the spring of 1825, of the cure of hydrophobia in a man of forty-two 
years, hv giving him superacelate of lead (Cmulard's extract) in doses of from 

fifty to ten drops on lumps of sugar, lie also bled the patient, who was at 

one time raging mad. Strong soap boilers' lye, or solution of potash, in either 
ot its varieties, has heen used frequently as efficaciously detersive of the virus 
left by the bite or bites inflicted by a rahid enemy; besides which, the seat of 
all the wounds may thus be discovered, as they usually he concealed by the 
hair ; ami thus, if excision he deemed necessary, every injured part may bo 
similarly treated ; lot the eyes be guarded against the lye, and the wounds 
should he quickly pressed ami assiduously washed. An eschar forms and 
completes the cure. The once celebrated " Ormskirk Medicine" is unworthv 
of reliance. 

The subject of canine madness has been well handled by Mr. Gilnmn, in 
his '' Dissertation on the Bite o\' Rabid Animals," Bvo. Mr. Daniel, in his 
M Rural Sports," has made some good, sensible, practical observations on this 
subject. Mr. Thomas, in his " Shooter's Guide, 11 is more pithy than commit- 
ui'-alive ; ho recommends immediate death being visited upon the victims of 



wic/ii;i: on RfMOPBOHi itt 

{},(-. dieeaee 1 a ■'ry effectual mode of preventing eoumiunieslion, truly, bat he 
■earn, re that prern iture judgment! iroold be rety likely to con %n to 

death many good animal* afflicted with other dieordere than r.-j t»i*-H. B 
qijffitly, Mr. Jobnaon, in hi* "Shooter'o companion," km printed mnm in 

Un% ii<;t;ulH of OCCUrrencef within hi* own \>ro\,<r PUneW. Or. John 

Pfnckard'a "Caeee of peraona who bs*e fallen rictiino to the bite," are w«ll 
narked. But th<; labonri of none areao mnefa in point, ee regarde the boriOf 
■•the reeeejchee of my friend, Mr. John Surr, Burgeon, communicated to 
joe, nrbaeqnentlT to I 'ilO; in wIik:Ii year be pnbHebed the reanlt of hi* die* 
lection ofeevera] boraea which bad died of hTdropbobia, partly onder Me own 
Snepection.* The Mibatanec of all my nientrf obeerratione ieembodii •« in the 
foregoing \>;iirt-n. A wriu-r, who adopte the ngnatnre of EL C. in ejidtvaaing 
the pobfianer of the Annate of Soorungj baa communicated nmefa practical 
information on the ■abject ofcamne nuanfee, that i« wdl worthy the {>eru*al 
pfail peraona intereated in thn order of created beineA 

"Tin— |Bjiwia mm—ihiI In flu "MinlU el tad Pbjaka] JovrneVK* l3l f aa4awara|eBC 

eewive riurnlj*;™: .Sir. riurr toting aeeoaaBBBtad M BBI acnM*M by I>r. Afku* a/j'J Mr PuM 



164 



BOOK III. 

OF T1IE LEG! AND FOOT OF THE HORSE ; OR SHOEING-SMlTira GUIDE. 



CHAPTER I. 

Structure and Physiology of the Foot ; Mode of studying it advantageoutty 

Ckrta:n disorders of the toot owe their origin to had structure of the limb, 
and tne manner it is attached to the body, which influences the tread, or bear- 
ing, that the loot has upon a plane surfaced ground ; others arise from accident 
or haul work, and a good number from the errors shoeing-smiths fall into 
when they neglect to adapt their work to the circumstances peculiar to each 
kind of horse. Furthermore, almost every individual horse has its peculiar 
tread, and the scientific workman should place himself in a situation to ascer- 
tain whether this l>e owing to such original defectiveness, or to the evil accu- 
mulations of age and hard usuage : he must not pretend to counteract, but tc 
follow the first mentioned; the second lie may endeavour to correct, to amend, 
and prevent its evil effects. In order to effect these objects, he should study 
the form and structure of well-formed limbs, learn the uses of each bone, liga- 
ment, and tendon, and ascertain how it happens that deviations from symmetry 
in the limb always affect the sole of the foot, sooner or later. 

But so much space has been already occupied in the anatomical description 
of the leg, that it might property be considered a waste of time to enter into 
new details to the same purpose. The reader will therefore turn back to the 
early sections of the first book (page f>, &c.) and he will readily perceive in 
whet manner an originally defective limb, or the ill-adaptation of tne parts to 
each other, or its awkward attachment to the body, may become the harbinger 
ot one or other of the many diseases of the foot, which we come shortly to take 
into co n si d eration. He will know, also, that besides this error of birth, as 1 
Call it, there are others of mismanagement: as, the employment of horses in 
work that is beyond their powers, or of that kind for which nature never de- 
signed them; either of which is as likely to bring on distortion of the foot, and 
its train of disorders, as any accident of birth to which 1 before alluded. Na- 
tural defects go much farther than shape or make, and the distinction between 
these and the inflicted, or acquired, may be aptly illustrated by the fact, that 
white-legged horses, whatever be tneir shape, are more disposed to contract 
"grease" than those of any other colour. This is therefore a natural predis- 
position to that disease; whilst the animal which is suffered to contract the 
"grease" entirely through mismanagement suffers an infliction as much as 
another, which, being put upon hard services, throws out splents, spavin, curb, 
&c. in consequence. 

Furthermore, the shoeing-smith who should inform himself of the primary 

causes of badly formed feet would carry on his business with the greatest 

emolument to himself, and with the most satisfaction to his employers; for he 

would adapt biaahoes to the natural defects, whilst the acquired ones he would 

mend by de g r ee s until he could control the horses' heels to a liealthy shai*. 



MI8-HHAPKN I KKT, HOW ACQUIRED. 1C5 

•ml thu* promote (he regeneration of healthy horn. He should else sceajtleni 
himself to reflect on the various breeds of horse* thai are brought under hie 
erne, their limits end hoofs, produced in certain ntuations, rHmetee, or coon 

tries, as we hear then <)< nominated, each of which requires MMM peculiar 

contrivance or adaptation. Thus, borso s brcd in swampy situations here lorg 

flabby limbs and large flat hoof?, to «ay nothing more of their long washy car- 
cases, that predispose them to contract certein ills which come shortly to ' <e 
anuna rated. All thoee "countries" where ague prevails among mankind arc 

unfit for breeding good b o roCOj as is proved by the thick spongy heel and soft 

foot. It was to this peculiar elbnete I objected mom yea™ ago, when I first 

printed the advice given at page 18, which hat* since been corroborated by the 

opinion of \1. Dupuy, an quoted before at page l'JO. Brittle hoof is produced 

by I hot, Handy breeding country, ax much aH hy the heat and dryness of the 
animal's constitution. But, to whichever extreme tlie individual belong* the! 
may come Under consideration, mis shaprn hoof is visible from tlie earliest 
years. Toil increases an the animal in worked, and disease of one descrip- 
tion or another follown, which requires the care of the shocing-smith to modi- 
fy, or of the doctor to cure. Thus tlie combination of ferrier Tor iron-work 

er ) and veterinary surgeon in the same j>erson in not so very incongruous a* 

at first sight may Is; imagined. 



In the anatomical treati-e that OCCUpiei the first chapter in thi* volume, the 

reader will obaerre Tat page 1 1 ) how wronnousiy I insisted ea the proper shape 

or deration of the hoof] and be will not overlook the great service our shoeing- 

smith, ur ferrier proper, may derive from duly con-idering thll shape and ex- 
ternal form, and of adapting his shoe to each deviation from the true form, as 
1 Khali nhow presently in detail. For that attendant upon and assistant to 
nature, who is neglectful of lier deviations, or ignorant of the causes which 
produce them, is ill calculated for his office, whether that \x: ferrier or doctor; 
in fact, he in ever the most prizable workman of either class who is heat ac- 
quainted with thoee deviations', accident?, or errors that, for the meet part, are 
inflicted we know not how. The Isjot and shoe maker, for example, who can 
bast suit the bumble footed man, is a more ingenious mechanic than he who 
is wholly employed in making his cordovans for perfect-footed persons only. 
Hut then, the "she*- maker" of either genus should not I*; ignorant of well- 
turned feet, and the symmetry of the horse's foot should formal cupecial |»art 

in the education of in intelligent shoeing smith ; earn, how is he to work for 

'.he preservation of tlie proper shape, of its restoration when time or circum- 
stances may have effected those alterations we deplore, and strive to amend if 
we ran not fullv restore? 

Let him examine nature it-elfin its fastnesKes; let him investigate the 
minute parti that constitute the whole foot, to winch his 0|>eratioris are calcu- 
lated to afford rapport, or to effect alterations in its form. To aid him in hia 
inquiries, 1 have annexed hereto the section of a foot of nearly perfect shape. 
prepared by myself, and pubnthed fame time l>efore these sheets, in order to 
meet and correct the blunder* intelligent shoeing-smiths were every day led 
into hy relying upon the misrepresentation of the suhject contained in certain 
publications of the present day. I lamented this the more, bananas it is im- 
ile to withhold approbation from the leading y<irU of the work in which 
tlie ill-conceived picture a pp ea re d, and therefore it is very likely to have diffu- 
sed error more extensively than a less j>opu!ar author could possibly inflict. 
As an antidote to all mistakes on this interesting tonic, I would recommend 
every one- who ha I occasion lo meddle with horses' feet, as owner, gnMSjy or 

16 



166 



INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE HOOF. 



ehoeing-smith, to obtain a fresh hoof of a horse which has died in comparativt 
health, and having softened it in warm water, proceed to make a section there 
of, in the same manner as I have here done. 

Fig. 1. Section op the Foot. 




This portrait of a section of the healthy hoof was taken from a freshly 
severed foot of a five year old horse, recently killed in full health. This latter 
remark veterinary readers will know how to appreciate, when comparing this 
with their own preparations, which may have been derived (as generally hap- 
pens) from the anatomy of diseased subjects, after the "blood" which shouul 
have supplied fresh secretory matter has been long turned aside, or converted 
to increase deformity. 

To the general observer, the foot of a horse inclosed in its hoof would, in- 
deed, seem like a corpse shut up in its coffin : and there is, certainly, no mode 
of arriving at a knowledge how these act upon, and with, each other, than by 
dissecting the hoof. By this means the whole arcana of its construction are 
laid open, but in no manner so intelligibly as by the section straight up and 
down from the toe up to the coronet, and throughout between the clefts of tho 
frog and heel. This l>eing done, the vessels which supply the juices for reno- 
vating the wear and tear of the whole exterior are plainly bared to the view : 
the ligaments, bones, and tendons, show their means and manner of action ; 
and, above all, the back sinew laid flat behind the smaller pastern-bone, and 
quite so at passing underneath the navicula, and at its insertion in the bottom 
of the coffin-bone. On entering the hoof it acquires the term tendo palmaria 
among the learned, but this course only serves to puzzle the general reader. 

At (a) on the coffin-bone, the general porosity thereof is much greater than 
at any other part, being the avenue or receptacle for the blood which is diffused 
throughout it, except on the surface, or border, at (bbb). The shape of this 
bone at the toe (/) is worthy of note, as being that which is best calculated to 
give firmness of tread, fitting with the greatest nicety to the shape of the hoof; 
01 rather, perhaps, we should say, that the shape of the hoof of a healthy ani- 
mal should ever partake of that which we have before us, and is evidently in- 
structive to the shoeing-smith in his final raspings, to keep clear at the toe. 
Deviations from this rule, bring the coffin-bone nearer the surface of the hoof, 
as is shown in fig. 3, plate 3, where the coffin-bone (c) and the wall of the 
hoof (g) are in contact; and even this representation, the picture of the Col- 
lege, shows tnat the toe of the bone is much sharper than the horn, which they 
rasp away so much at (/), that the new shod animals go a little groggy fo: a 
■hort time. 



MODE OF SEVERING A FOOl. 167 

Between the hoof and the coffin-bone interpose an aggregation of secretory 
vessels, forming a juicy elastic substance, that prevents concussion, as would 
necessarily happen at every step but for this providence of nature. 1 have 
marked it (cc); but this substance, in like manner, pervades the concurrence 
of all other bones of the foot, only differing much in quality, and in structure 
a little : between the shuttle and coffin-bones it is more vascular, and the blood 
is still decidedly arterial. Underneath the coffin-bone at (d), it becomes more 
elastic, thicker, and striated, resembling pale India rubber, which qualities in- 
crease towards the heel at (c). These latter resr. upon the frog (ff\ which is 
homy, or perforable with a point-knife, so far as (g), where it joins the toe 
of the hoof, more abruptly as the horse is most worked, or otherwise. 

The navicula (/»,) or shuttle-bone, as it has been called, moves in the midst 
of much elastic substance, resting upon and pressing the back sinew flat upon 
the strongest part of that substance, above the centre of the frog. This httl« 
bone, it will be seen, is well adapted, by its shape, to traverse the lower sur- 
face of the small pastern (t,) and the lateral edge of the coffin-bone (a,) when- 
ever the back sinew (&,) is drawn up to lift the foot, as it does from off the 
ground, always returning into its place as the foot comes down. At (/) is the 
toe, (m) is the heel of the foot, and at (n) is the near side cleft of the insensi- 
ble frog. At (o) is the coronet, or coronary ring, as at (p,) the lowest end 
of the large pastern bone. 

At (a) when the bone is recently cut through, no difference of structure is 
perceivable, though upon stricter examination, it will be found at the central 
part more porous, than that which is adjacent to the other bones; the hard- 
ness increases towards the whole surface (6 6 6), where the cutting presents a 
perfect enamel. But the contents of the receptacle at (a), I have proved by 
experiment to be unequivocally the same glutinous substance (in a state of 
preparation) as the hoof itself. This process of nature is well explained by 
the old aphorism that, "arteries entering bone engender bone, those of mus- 
cle create muscle," and so on ; and the blood deposited in the coffin-bone, and 
being dispersed over the internal part of the foot, partakes of all the qualities 
of bone, membrane, muscle, and skin — the whole combined becomes horn. 

If my advice be worth any thing — if my earnest exhortations to investigate 
the subject effect their object, every man who reads these pages, whatever may 
be his station in or about the stable or the smithy, will not fail to make a sec- 
tion, or cut down the middle of a hoof at the earliest opportunity. To effect 
this purpose, the now industrious operator needs little more preparation than 
to furnish himself with a cordwainer's knife, and a butcher's saw with fine 
teeth : if he can add to these the use of a carpenter's vice, in which to fix his 
subject, he will much accelerate his labour. Having secured the foot upside 
downwards, he will cut down between the cleft at the heel until he comes to 
the bone at (6), and the wall, or horny part of the hoof (at g\ where the la- 
bour of sawing is to begin. The shuttle bone (k) he will feel and hear rattle 
forward and backward at every stroke — the horn yields easily. As he pro- 
ceeds, he will find his trouble lessened and his views of the matter in hand 
much enlargeo by driving into the chasm his exertions have made, some two 
or three wedges of wood, whereby he will ascertain that the stiffest part of the 
horn is elastic, even though he should not have adopted the precaution of soak- 
ing his preparation, as recommended. He will thus be convinced., that the 
application of Bracy Clark's jointed shoe is not without its uses. But if our 
'•nquirer ha? soaked his horn as directed, he will find that the warm water 
renders it more elastic, and lie will conclude that the practice of permitting 
their horses to stand in the kennels during the issue of hot water from brew 
fries, die-houses, rectifiers' premises, &<:., must soften the hoofs, and indisposa 
them for immeJiate concussion over the rough stones of our paved streets. 



[Gtf iiokn, now OOmODNMDi OONCWWONS. 

Ho will also thus discern mhj 1 advise, in certain rases, the enveloping the 
whole foot whenever the application of a poultice becomes necessary to any 

p.iil of it. 

On completing the section, he will discover two branches o( arteries which 
leseend into the foot at the coronet near the quarters and supplied the collin- 
bnne(sA that occupies the cavity of the horny hoot', with line bhxxl for its re- 
production. In other words, t h«' formation o( new horn is tleriveil from the 
blood, which is sent hither in good quantity, and pervades the internal part of 
the cotlin hone in particular. In this hone the operator will perceive a cavity, 
or rather three hollows communicating with each other, in which the horny 
mutter is generated. Or, probably, this is the reservoir tor such particles of 
blood as are suited to the t'onnation ot hoot", as it may bt required ami called 
for l»y the process ot nature, aiul the demands >>t" wear and tear, ot rasping ami 

drawing inordinately, all which must subtract from its quantity, and leave the 

hone Comparatively hollow, and less tit tor radiating the hard eoneussions to 
which it is liable at ew'rv step. Tins tact mav Ih' ascertained by keeping it 
bisected toot tor a tew months, when the moisture having left it in great mea- 
sure, in the c.iulv of the cotlin Ihmic will be found a yellowish glutMOUS sub- 
stance preoiselv of the same nature and colour as that which fills the space 
lvlw eon (hi- hoof and eollin bone at or, in the section at DtM 166 ! without 
odour and nearly tasteless, its uses are evidently the supply ot' new hoof. 

Seeing this curious construction of the foot, WO are compelled to allow that 
numerous accidents ma\ also occur to prevent the supply ot blood to the parts, 
to say nothing of us unfitness al tunes to carry on its proper purposes. The 
two vessels before noticed that bring this supply of now hlood descend into the 
foot behind the small pastern bono, and pass with the hack sinew ^A) under- 
neath the shuttle hone (jk\ as may be noticed in the section, at page ltkv, 
Here it enters the oofftn-hono at the sole, by an indentation o( the bone do 
signed for the protection of the vessels passing in and out. From the reccp 
tacle in the eotliu bono, after concoction, the bkxxl issues forth — part of it to 
lubricate and nourish the shuttle -bono and its adjacent ligaments, the remain- 
der so etVcct similar purposes elsewhere, but the greater part is destined to 
supply the hornv material ot' the hoof. 

I hose "concussions" at every step, before spoken o( y as affecting the action 
of the shuttle bone U|x>n the posterior jH>int of (ho cotlin bone, occasion trivial 
injury at every step in tpiiok motion ; more harm arises as the animal is much 
pushed in his work; then heat and few r of the foot sii|xmvoiio, oont ructions 
follow, with a tram ot evils that have acquired different names, thirty in nuin- 
baf| but which I have reduced by three fourths, with a view to simplifying 
the subject : most of those differ only in situation. Verv ban! concussions, 
or a single injury of sufficient magnitude, produce lameness at once, which 
most unaccountably received the name ot "strain of the coffin-joint," and un- 
der which general misconception 1 shall shortly give it a moment's consider* 
tion. 



The student who would push his inquiries farther will next turn his atten- 
tion to the muscles, ligaments, and tendons, that guide the foot; that lift it 
up, and sutler it again to meet the ground; that may jx'rform these offices 
firm ami effectively, or being relaxed, diseased, or ill-formed, thov and their 

ftmotiona sgras not with the well being ot the foot. Probably he will rind it 

convenient to lay open this part of the arcana ot progression by the horse's 
n«g (the lower part ot" it 1 previous to severing the foot itself, seeing that the 
subject will then bo quite fresh, and that one part may intelligibly illustrate 




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FOOT AND LEO DESCRIBED. 109 

the other. This is more particularly the case with the flexor tendon, or back 
■mew; which Ik; will ascertain is of great length, descending all the way from 
the hock, or back of the knee, behind both pastern hones, under the shuttle- 
bone, and is fastened to the lx)ttoni of the coffin-bone. 

With the following "description* 1 before him, he will study the figures 2 
and 3 of plate 3; and after removing tin- remainder of the integuments, and 
cleansing the hones, be will then perceive the articulation of these, the man- 
ner of their working in and upon each other; and as he proceeds to repeat 
the investigation, In; will note the difference that exists in the shape of a leg 
taken from a thorough-bred horse and that of a cart-horse; the one small and 
flat-sided, or sharp before, as best calculated for speed, the other round and 
heavy, as being made for heavy draught, and to support a large, muscular, 
and Donj frame. In giving this advice, 1 presume he has already examined 
the suj>erior part of the limb, though the lower bones and their covering come 
more immediately under notice in this place. 

Description of Plates 2 and 3, of Anatomy of the Horse's Foot. 

These figures were not designed or corrected by me, with one exception, 
viz. fig. 2, of (Jate 3; they are, however, very fair representations of the sub- 
jects studied, and depicted by members of the College. 1 have here a small 
abjection to make to their mode of enlarging the coffin-bone, which they in- 
variably draw much too big in proportion; why, 1 never could learn. In fig. 
4 of plate 2, for example, where the whole of the integuments are sup|>osed 
to he removed, the coftin-lione projects inordinately beyond the small pastern, 
which is not the case at all when viewed in front, or at the back, in other 
respects these figures speak intelligibly without further explanation. 

Plate 2, fig. 1. Front view of a colt's f<x>t, hoof, skin removed, and (a) the 
sesamoid hone, (ft) the large pastern, (c) the coffin-l>one, (d) the toe. 

Fig. 2. Back view of the same — a a the back sinew, or flexor tendon, as it 
appears above its ligamentary sheath and below it, descending flat into the 
foot underneath the coffin-bone at (c); d the coffin-bone, having the sensible 
sole still adhering to it, cc, the lateral cartilage; 6 is the sheath in which the 
hack sinew is enclosed, and moves at every step, but part of the sheath has 
been removed in order to show the course of the sinew. 

Fig 3. The whole of the ligaments is here laid open by the removal of the 
flexor tendon, whereby is seen (at a) the smooth surface of the sesamoid bones 
over which the tendon is ordained to pass ; at 66, part of the sheath is turned 
back, at c is the hollow part of the sheath; at dd the ligament that connecta 
the small pastern to the bone above is shown, with its insertion below at e, 
whereby the large pastern is kept in position ; ff the lateral cartilages ; g tho 
bottom of the coffin-bone, h the toe. 

Fig. 4 is a front view of the same, but with all the integuments removed; 
aa the sesamoids ; 6 the large pastern ; c the small pastern ; d the coffin-bone, 
but represented rather wider than ordinary. 

Plate 3, fig. 1, back view of the bones, in which a the shuttle-bone, is seen 
that works loosely l>ehind the conjunction of the small pastern, c, and coffin- 
bone, d ; but the small pastern (c) has been lifted or strained upwards inordi- 
nately, as the lower part of it lies concealed, as far as the mark (c) in the 
nealthy subject, behind the shuttle-bone. The shuttle bone may be seen at its 
middle or thickest part, in the "section of a healthy foot," at page 166; and 
by turning the cut sideways, the perspective will l>e found sacrificed to no 
useful purpose. 

Fig. 2. View of the foot, with the hoof only removed, showing the front of 
it* coffin-bone at 6, and the coronary ring just above it at c, in which the sub 



70 AFFECTIONS OF THE LEG AND FOOT. 

stance is treasured up that constantly supplies the material for new horn tc ln« 
foot below. At aa the sesamoid bones, freshly severed at the fetlock joint. 

Fig. 3. A section of a foot, agreeing essentially with my subject, at pago 
10(3, but evidently drawn from a diseased foot, the elastic process marked ccm 
that picture being wanting in this, and the shuttle-bone, d, having lost its 
function ; neither do we perceive the descent of the back sinew (k in the pre- 
ceding) to its insertion at the coffin-bone. At a is the lower end of the large 
pastern, b is the small pastern, c the coffin, d the shuttle-bone, e the cleft of the 
fr°g». S ^e wall or hoof, h the situation of the sinew, i the sensible sole. 

Fig. 4. Transverse section of the foot, from the coronet a to the point oi 
the frog b t having the wall ce on each side, and showing the divided edge of the 
sensible sole d. 



CHAPTER II. 
Disorders of the Foot and Leg. 

Introductory Observation. — All those derangements of the limbs which 
we come next to consider, I shall divide, for the reader's more ready compre- 
hension, into — 1st, those of the leg, and 2d, diseases of the foot : for it does 
not always happen that affections of the leg alone can be properly denominated 
diseases, whilst those of the foot are invariably so. 1 before observed, that 
both, or either, may be occasioned by accident, derived from ancestry, or bj 
the fault of misconstruction and consequent misapplication of the individual' i 
powers. They may be also considered as, 1st, those of the bones, 2d, of the 
ligaments, tendons, and muscles. But I shall not so subdivide the heads of 
my treatises on the several diseases, since each will appear under the respec- 
tive heads of information, besides which (as will be seen further down), when- 
ever the bones suffer derangement, original or acquired, the integuments fol- 
low the same evil course. Enough, however, has been said on these points in 
the first chapter of this volume. 

Rest is the primal remedy for all acquired disorders of the limbs, whether 
those of hard work or of accident; but employing the animal whilst yet too 
young, is an universal error, which is but seldom remedied by allowing it jest 
when lamenessonce lays hold of him, much less is it capable of being cured. The 
impolicy of this practice, the fruitful source of so many evils, is demonstrable 
rjy the custom of the Arabs, who never mount a lame horse, even in the desert, 
nor propagate from horse or mare which is permanently marked with the ef- 
fects of overwork. One remote consequence whereof is, that the foal is not 
entailed with a predisposition to contract readily such disorders as I come 
shortly to treat of; whence the superiority of the Arab breed in this respect. 
At least, the fact is to be deplored, that most of our stallions of the wagon- 
horse breed are worked at plough and in the team at two and three years 
old, too much for their tender years, and permitted to cover mares at this very 
early age ; the result of tins lamentable cupidity of ownership is, that their get 
are impregnated with one or other of the maladies that I come shortly to enu 
merate, ere they reach maturity ; but the causes and symptoms whereof I 
have shown are so similar, or proceed so naturally out of each other, that they 
differ but in name for situation, in treatment nothing. Higher bred cattle 
are subjected to the same disadvantages in most breeding studs, in which the 
breeders prefer to derive their stock from parents which may have bean 
successful at winning three year old stakes, or probably strained eery mus 
ele bone, and tendon whilst yet yearlings. We owe to the late Sir T i% 



LAMENESS, TEST FOR ASCERTAINING. QUITTOR. n\ 

BunDury, of Bildeston, the introduction of this practice on a large scale, which 
is so evidently harmful to the rising generation — of horses. 



Lameness is universally the symptom that denotes disordered limb; it is 
the only one perceptible for some time, until its continuance throws out some 
appearance on the surface ; and that inquirer who can ascertain its true seal 
js most likely to find the cause, and to effect a cure. For instance, lameness 
occasioned by disordered bone, as in ring-bone and bone-spavin, is almost uni- 
versally ascribed by the stable-men and humble practitioners to strain in tho 
stifle, in the shoulder, or the whirlbone; whereby so much valuable time is 
lost in applying the proposed remedies at the wrong place, that those two dis- 
orders in particular make head almost irremediably before the true seat of ail- 
ment is ascertained. The same species of blunder is propagated when a dis- 
ease happens to the foot, and the precise cause thereof, even when well known 
to those employed about the stable, is kept a secret from the owner and the 
doctor. " Let them find it out" is sometimes heard muttered in the distance ; 
and in order to comply with the unfeeling permission, we pass the hand down 
the whole leg and foot from the top to the sole, compare the size of the lame 
limb with the corresponding sound one, and move the animal about. For 
without this examination it would be next to impossible to ascertain the pre- 
cise seat of the disorder, and quite so to apply even the right remedy at the 
proper place. As an illustration of this position by its reverse, I may adduce 
the coming on of bone-spavin as that kind of attack which we can ascertain 
with the greatest precision of all those which lie concealed from our view and 
touch. Jt happens, too, that this is one of the few disorders of the leg that 
admits of cure by early applications, as it is also that which, being neglected, 
.enders the animal wholly useless. When a horse becomes lame of a hind 
leg occasionally, and that after rest only, the complaint going off on taking a 
short exercise, we may be quite sure he labours under incipient bone-spavin, 
provided no other distinct cause can be adduced for his lameness; but should 
the lameness increase with exercise, then it does not depend upon bone-spavin, 
but some other malady. Further consideration of the causes, symptoms, and 
cure of this disorder will be found a few pages lower down. 



*** When lameness occurs to his horse unaccountably, and the inquiring 
reader turns to these pages for information, he had better run over once more 
the whole of the next six or seven heads of information ; their great similarity 
in many respects dictates the propriety of this additional trouble, as most of 
the series will be found referrible to the same causes, and require much the 
same treatment, though differently situated. 

Throughout the whole of this chapter, the reader will find great help to un- 
derstanding the details, oy carefully consulting the delineations of the leg 
und foot on plates 2 it ad 3, and the cut at page 166, with the description of 
each. References are not always made in words at length, it being presum- 
ed that he is already acquainted with the preceding pages, to which he is now 
referred. 

QJJITTOR. 

Und«*r the class of fistulous affections, I spoke of this disease at page 125 
To wnat is there said I may here add, that as quittor is caused by sand-crack. 



179 MUD TREATMENT PREFERABLE. RINGBONE. 

by ;i tread, or the prick of a nail, so will its situation lie determined by the 
precise cause, on the inside of the coronet, or the outside, near the heel, or 
otherwise, as the cause may have In-en indicted; and also, that the cure being 
effected by harsh means, or burning remedies, these leave the foot disposed to 
contract other disorders at this region, as ringbone, &c. Hence it follows, that 
the more moderate the means employed to get rid of this disorder, the less 
probability is there of the patient's contracting some other. Therefore it is 
advisable to try the milder remedies first, unless the quittor is of long stand- 
ing and of very bad sort. The extent of each sinus, and the course it pur- 
sues, is denoted by the colour of the soft parts of the foot, being black or hvid, 
or else scarcely tinged, according to its virulence. In order to pursue this 
examination more accurately, it will l>e necessary to stop the circulation of 
the blood above, by tying a ligature tight round the fetlock joint, whereby the 
skin of the healthy parts below will appear white, and thus more distinctly ex- 
pose the nature o( the sinuses. The pledgets that are to be introduced for 
the destruction of the pipes may thus be selected of a larger or smaller size, 
as the calibre of the sinus is greater or less ; as also may the quality of the 
caustic application be made stronger or weaker, as the virulence may require. 
Some hastily use the knife, and lay open the pipes freely along their whole 
course; and if it approach near the bottom of the foot, the coffin-bone is usu- 
ally affected with rottenness (caries). This they hesitate not to scrape off, 
though, if the patient be of strong and vigorous constitution, exfoliation will 
take place without extending the operation so far. Indeed, it seldom hap- 
pens that more is required than to give the disorder free vent at the coronet, 
whereby the necessity of operating underneath is superseded; for it will be 
seen that the ascent of the hoof-making particles from the sole will bring awav 
to tht' orifice of the ulcer any offensive matters from below ; and this process 
of nature effects the cure. Whenever a sinus leads towards the back 
tendon, or the joint, much care should be taken not to injure either with knife 
or caustic, for a bad-looking seam is then left behind, with lameness that ter- 
minates in anchylosis, or stiffening of the tendon, or growing together of the 
small pastern and the coffin joint (a) and the shuttle-bone (A), in the cut at 
page 1GG. 

RINGBONE. 

Causes. — At times a badly cured quittor, at others ill-shapen foot ; which 
occasions that concussion of the hoof and small pastern bone at their conjunc- 
tion, which causes the latter to swell at the coronet. Cart and wagon horses 
with short upright hoofs, that Ao not sufficiently secure the articulation of the 
coffin and pastern hones against injury, are most liable to this disease. 

Symptoms. — Lameness is sometimes the first intimation we have of the ex- 
istence of ringbone, which is at first neglected, and only ascertained by pass- 
ing the hand down over the part. As usual with most diseases of the foot, 
•he attendant commonly ascribes the lameness to a strain higher up — of the 
shoulder generally, as ringbones afflict the fore foot oftener than the hinder 
one. It consists in the ossification of the cartilage in front of the foot, which 
extends in time to the lateral parts also. 

Re medies . — These may be applied to relieve, but no cure is to be found tot 
ringbone. As high-heel usually accompanies the short upright hoof, the con- 
cussions of tne foot may be lessened by lowering the heels. Apply blistering 
ointment to the seat of the disease, and firing may also be employed with ao- 
•'antage. 



WINDFALLS TIIOKOUf.'III'lN-SPAVIN, IT8 VARIETIES. 173 

W1NDGALLS. 

These appear a little above the fetlock, M each side of the hack sinews, and 
consist of small puffy swellings, that occasion no immediate inconvenience 
but prove that the animal has been strained in his work, unless it has beer, 
occasioned hy his having been put to it too early in life. They might be oc- 
casioned by the sinus of a tumour, pointing towards the pastern joint, having 
bean cured too harshly, whereby the joint oil issues forth upon their being 
I .rieked. 

Blistering, and a run in the straw-yard, are the only remedies, though expe- 
riments are often tried ("when it is found necessary to sell the animal) with 
preparations of muriatie acid, and muriate of ammonia diluted in water. Sa- 
turate a roller bandage herewith frequently, and partial alworption takes place. 

THOROUGH PIN 

Is of the same nature as the foregoing, arises from the same cause, and is 
equally devoid of immediate consequence to the animal's going. It consists 
Of a soft flexible swelling on the inside of the hock joint, as well as the out- 
side, immediately opposite each other ; whence it obtains the name of thorough- 
pin, iM-ing supposed to go through the joint. When one of those tumours is 
pressed it yields, and the fluid it eontains is thereby forced into that on the 
other side ; when the pressure is removed it immediately returns to the same 
state as Ix'forc. 

This disorder has no other effect upon the animal's going, or value, than its 
appearance amounts to, as it conveys the information of its having l>cf n work- 
ed too hard, and too early in life, as do all these minor evils we are now con- 
sidering. How this is effected, I have shown in the 15th and lGth sections 
of the first book, at pages 18 — 20. Like unto the other disorders of this ".lass, 
blisters and rest are the only remedies : apply the blistering liniment composed 
of cantharides and spirits of wine. 

SPAVIN. 

Hog spavin is the more common, blood spavin but rare. Both varieties, a» 
well as bone spavin, owe their origin to bard work in early life, in the same 
manner as just adduced in cas-s of windgall, and thoroughpin. Bog spavin 
.s caused by the joint oil of the hough iss'iing info the membrane that sur- 
rounds it, and stagnating under the vein causes this to swell. The old reme- 
dy of taking up the vein by ligature should be abandoned as a long and tedi- 
ous mode of cure: the circulation has then to force a new channel, in doing 
which irritation of the parts adjacent is the means of cure, by promoting ab- 
sorption ; whereas the same effect might l>c produced by blistering, as in the 
two correspondent disorders just named above. 

BONE SPAVIN. 

This disorder consists in a bony enlargement at the upper end of the shank- 
lone, inside of the hock-joint, or a little below it. It l>elongs to the hind leg 
only; and if not undertaken in time becomes incurable. 

At the seat of this disorder the leg is composed of three bones, which fit to- 
gether into one common cavity at the hock ; and notwithstanding they ap|>ear 
as close together as one bone, yet |>oss< ss sep ara te motion to give elasticity U; 
the animal's tread, and assist him in the act of progression, as may be observed 
in the working of his haunches when the none is going at full speed, or 
making a standing leap. !'»v mounting the colt whilst too young to l>car th*i 
17 



(74 CURD— WHAT, AND HOW CURED. 

superincumbent weight, by pushing him hard in his work, as well as by work 
in»* young cattle at plough, a practice some bleeders of heavy horses inju- 
diciously adopt, these bones get strained asunder, as it were, and inflammation 
takes place. 

As almost every one. knows, by misusing young colts in the manner just de- 
scribed, they become cat-hammed, if they do not derive that particular mal-con- 
formation from parentage, as before hinted (p. 1G1,) and is more scientifically 
accounted for in the first chapter of Book I. Generally it happens that 
horses so formed are good, easy goers, brisk and active ; but though well adapt- 
ed for lio-ht weights, are utterly incapacitated from undertaking horseman's 
weight at speed, until they are full mouthed. If heavily mounted, or hard 
driven earlier in life, they invariably throw out a curb or spavin. The shoe- 
ing-smith frequently contributes to the contraction of bone-spavin without 
knowing it, by turning up the heels of his shoes in frosty weather unevenly. 
In the same manner, when the inside heel preserves its roughness longer than 
the outer heel, it is clear that this last must bear lowest, and further contribute 
to the evil strain that cat hammed horses are ever liable to, about the hock. 
Cow-houghed is but another name for the same m d-conformation. 

Symptom*. — Inflammation is scarcely perceptible at first, or any other 
symptom; and as it is vitally necessary that we should apply the remedy thus 
early, we must employ the discriminating test described at page 171. If the 
existence of adhesion, which constitutes bone-spavin, be not discovered in the 
manner proposed, the disorder proceeds until it may be perceived upon com- 

K aring the hocks together. At first, the inflammation is but trivial, when the 
orse is also lamest ; but when time has been allowed to unite the bone, the 
heat and enlargement increase, and the spavin is incurable, but the lameness 
is less. 

Cure. — At the commencement only it may be effected easily, by simply 
blistering the part all round the hough, in such a manner as to raise the blistei 
to a good extent. Generally, in bad cases it would be advisable to repeat the 
blister; in which event let the former one be first well cleansed away with 
Goulard's extract, diluted with water. But should the duration of lameness 
and degree of swelling give reason for apprehending that the adhesion is un 
commonly extensive, let the part be fired previously to blistering. Be careful 
to keep the horse's head up whilst the blister is operating, and subsequently 
dress with hog's lard; but do not use any greasy applications previously to 
blistering, as these only tend to harden the skin, and so obstruct the perspira- 
tion and absorption which promote the cure. 

Making the shoe thin on the outsido at the heel relieves the pressure when 
the horse is worked : the contrary form of shoe is conducive to all diseases of 
the leg bones. 

CURB. 

Cause. — Inflammation in the sheath of the back sinew (6, fig. 2, plate 2,) a 
little below the point of the hock, where the sheath is attached to the muscle. 
Like spavin, curb mostly affects young horses of the cow-hocked built, whose 
legs stand too much under the body, and which have been worked prema- 
turely hard, as in cases of bone-spavin. Indeed, the two diseases bear so 
much resemblance to each other, in cause and symptoms, except only as to 
situation, that I 6»ol no difficulty in referring the reader to the preceding page 
for my description of these, only premising that he can not discover the coming 
of a curb, by any other means than lameness, and comparing the two legs to 
each other sidewise, when a diffused swelling may be seen, but very little heal 
felt, by reason of the disorder being deep-seated 



SH,ENT, REMEDIES FOR. I75 

O* t. — It may be effectually removed at first, by blistering, as In cases of* 
oone-spavin ; hut when the disease has lasted a long time, firing must be re- 
soiled to with the same precaution! asthoae before recommended. Ease may 
be aflbid-d hy adding to the thickness of the heels of the shoe. 

SPLENT 

May be In. iked ujxm as a disorder of the forelegs, though occurring on th« 
hind on.'..,, at times. 

Cause. — Working of young horses before they have acquired sufficient 
stamina, or on labour which is much beyond their strength, as in case of 
spavin, curb, &e. to which the reader is referred, and the concussion which 
toe leg receives: at every step upon hard ground, stones, &c. 

Symptoms. — Frequent lameness, that goes off" and returns without appa- 
rent cause for either, before the splent shows itself uj>on the shank-bone, which 
it does above the knee, inside. Similarly hereto, it affects the bone of the hind 
leg, and then acquires the name of bone-spavin. Inflammation of the skin is 
soon felt, and the horse goes lame until the splent is completely thrown, and 
afterwards he does as well as ever, except retaining the splent mark, perhaps; 
but severe eases occur, that do not terminate so favourably. Such happens 
when the shank hone has received the concussion, that causes the enlarge- 
ment anil rupture, which constitutes the disease, at the hinder part of the leg, 
where it meets with tendons or the suspensor ligament — (See back view, plate 
2, fig. 2, 'A.) The lameness and the inflammation are then greatest, and the 
splent requires our careful attention. 

Remedy. — lint should not the horse throw out the splent on this last men- 
tioned dangerous part, and become lame, he will yet suffer much in all ordi- 
nary cases; for the enlargement of the bone strains the membrane which covers 
it tightly, as described in liook 1. sect. 17. p. 20. For this purpose apply a 
warm stimulating embrocation, which affords relief in the more favourable 
eases; but when the splent rises under the ligament or tendon, blistering or 
firing must be resorted to. The latter, however, is proper only in extreme cases, 
and only to be adopted when blistering is found inadequate to the purpose; if 
the swelling is hot and tender, firing would have the effect of enlarging the 
whole bone of the leg, and even the blistering liquid is improper when this 
symptom is highly prevalent. Rather let the heat subside, or assist it in doing 
so by means of Goulard's extract, diluted with water, frequently applied! 
When this has reduced the heat, employ the following 

Liquid Blister. 

Cantharides pulverised, 4 drachms. 

Mix with sweet oil to the consistence of treacle, and apply the same twice 
during the day; thus, — Let the hair be clipped off close from the part, and 
all round the leg, and the blister well rubbed with the hand for five or ten 
minutes If this does not cause further swelling and a discharge of a clammy 
nature, a third application of the liquid blister becomes necessary. After a 
day has elapsed, dress two or three days with hog's lard, and the patient may 
be walked about, to get rid of the stiffness. It may be proper, after this, 
farther to reduce the neat by more applications of the Goulard's extract, as 

above. 

Shoeing is supposed to occasion splents sometimes, it being the practice with 
*nost smith;- to make the inner heel «f their shoes thinner than the outer; and 
die inner heel being also lower than the outer, occasions the splent bone tc re 



176 SCURV1CAL ERUPTIONS. STRAINa 

ceivo the concussion more sharply than the outer one; for, as I before observe^ 
splcnts oftener occur on the inside of the leg than on any other part of it. 

MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS. 

Scurvy eruptions on the bend of the knee-joints, or on the corresponthnf 
bend in the hock joint; the first mentioned term being applied to those erup- 
tions that appear upon the fore leg, the second, sallender, is confined to thos« 
of the hinder leg. A crack, with much soreness, accompanies both. — The 
cause may be found in the gross habit of body, attended by suppression of some 
evacuation, as stool, urine, or perspiration ; therefore, to 

Cure the patient, restore the defective evacuation by giving one of the two 
purging-balls prescribed at pages 86, 87, according to circumstances ; or a urine- 
ball, or the emetic tartar, at page 65, or 113, in smaller doses, and the scurf 
decreases until it wholly disappears. 

Let the hair be cut off close from the part affected, and the scurf well wash- 
ed with strong soap-suds, and then rub over it daily, of the 

Ointment for Scurvy Eruption. 

Red precipitate powder, half an ounce. 
Hog's lard, 2 ounces. Mixed well together. 

Sometimes, a poultice, in which is introduced acetated litharge, becomes ne 
cessary when the eruption is divided by a gaping crack, which the ointment 
may have occasioned. The blue ointment is employed by some instead of 
the above ointment. 

STRAINS.— LAMENESS. 

These are the most deceptious class of ailments attributed to the foot of the 
horse ; for many such are spoken of in the most confident manner which do 
not exist in reality, whilst others could not possibly happen to the parts indi- 
cated by the names they commonly bear ; yet shall 1 fall into this old method 
of titling the various affections of the limbs, in order to make myself more gene- 
rally understood. Our neighbours, and rival veterinarians, the French, in the 
instructions issued to their smiths of the army, went a little farther in their 
complaisance to error : " AH swellings of the tendons from the knee to the 
coronet or from the hock to the heel, show an extension or strain of the in- 
tegument. Take off the shoe and pare the foot." In fact, their practice of 
giving rest in all cases of strain, which often effects a cure with very little 
further assistance, could not be more assuredly complied with than by thus 
taking off the shoes ; for the Marechallerie were ill able to retain their sick 
horses in quarters upon urgent occasions of active service, unless they could 
demonstrate the fact upon the view to their superiors. By this general mode 
of forming their judgment as to the cause of all swellings before or behind, we 
may perceive they included all "extensions" of the bone in their notions of a 
strain, and treated spavin, splent, curb, strain of the tendons and ligaments, all 
In the same manner at first. Of these latter-mentioned we come next to con- 
sider the distinguishing symptoms and most appropriate methods of cure ; and 
I will here candidly allow, at setting out, that our neighbours took a correct 
view of the general cause of all lameness : those strains which occasion in- 
flammation of the ligaments, tendons, and muscles, always communicate fever 
to the foot, whence arise thrush, canker, sand crack, &c. &c. We very im- 
properly, as far as precision is concerned, term all lameness of tin tendon* 



SPECIES OF LAMENESS. J 77 

&c. ■ strain, though it may arise from any other cause, as frequently happens, 
viz. a Wow given by the toe of the hind foot, in hunting over heavy lands, 
when the forefoot is detained too long in the ground, coming in contact with 
rolling stones in leaping, the kick of another horse, &c. 

STRAIN OF THE BACK SINEW AND LIGAMENTS. 

Cause. — Back sinew i* the vulgar name for the tendon, which the reader 
will find depicted in a section of the foot at page 1G6, and marked (k). It as- 
cends behind the small pastern (i) and large pastern, up to the knee-bend of 
the fore leg, or the hock joint of the hind one, respectively. In plate 2, fig. 2. 
at (a), this sinew is again shown, where it emerges out of the heel, and enters 
its sheath (0), to which it is attached in a certain degree, by means of very 
fine membrane, adhering from side to side, and capable of distention or re- 
laxation. The sheath itself is attached to the two pasterns, of which it thus 
becomes the tendon or support; whence the hack sinew and its sheath, or 
flexor, together obtain the plural — tendons. Within the sheath is secreted a 
fluid, intended for lubricating and defending the parts during the very great 
action to which they are liable in every effort of progression. As happens in 
all other secretions, this one sometimes fails to produce enough for the intend- 
ed purpose, when the sinew and its sheath adhere together, or at least do not 
act with freedom; the consequence whereof is lameness in a greater or less 
degree, which may be temporary only, or become permanent, according to cir- 
cumstances. If the dryness and adhesion be trivial, as happens after hard 
work and a night's rest, the horse upon getting warm, loses the lameness this 
deficiency has occasioned, for the secretion has been thereby renewed, and 
the lubrication is now supplied in sufficient quantity ; but the horse falls lame 
again next day, probably, and if he can not be allowed rest, 'tis 7 to 1 that he 
becomes permanently lame. In this respect the French beat us hollow (as 
just before remarked), though they do not profess humanity so sensitively as 
the English ; and even the Arabs, though robbers by profession, by habit, and 
inclination, are too sensible of what is due to a faithful animal in distress, tc 
travel on lame horses. The same fact was before adverted to at page 170. 

Symptoms. — That sort of strain which consists of relaxation of the back 
anewi shows itself by the horse going low upon his pasterns, in consequence 
of his "carrying high," or being trotted constantly in harness. Occasional 
lameness sometimes ensues in that fore foot which beats, or has the lead at 
setting out — generally the off one; inflammation of the whole foot may be 
felt by comparison with the heat of its fellow, which is aptly enough termed 
"fever of the foot" by the old farriers. This is a very puzzling kind of lame- 
ness, no other symptom than those presenting itself for us to ascertain the ex- 
act cause ; and of course the less observant persons are very likely to apply the 
wrong medicine, and render the horse a disservice instead of doing him good. 
The lameness sometimes goes off without any treatment whatever but rest; 
it is, however, more frequently accompanied, or followed, by some disease ot 
the sole, in consequence of the secretion of horn in the foot being obstructed. 
Sand-crack, thrush, corns, are among these evils, arising from supernatural 
heat. 

Whenever it so happens, that the secretion does not restore to the entiie 
tendons their original motion, it follows that some part adheres to another* 
inflammation is the consequence, and the horse becomes worse and worse 
every day he is put to work, the lameness never leaving him altogether. 
When the adhesion begins extensively, the inflammation and swelling are 
equally so; the pain is then very great, and the lameness complete and per- 
manent. This denotes the disorder called " strain of the back sinews." Iu 
17* 



178 APPLICATIONS IN EXTENDED STRAINS. 

very bad cases, or where a slight attack has continued some time, the ligament 
xhat passes between the back sinew and the pastern bones becomes greatly 
diseased, and conducts the inflammation to the foot, affecting alike the sole, 
the coffin-bone, and the hoof, with heat. 

"Fever in the foot" is that low state of the symptoms which arises from a 
slight attack which has been neglected; the more virulent attack must como 
under separate notice. 

Cure. — Rest is indispensable; foment the entire foot with warm bran- 
water, or make the whole into a poultice sufficient to envelope the foot all 
over, as high as the inflammation may extend, which is sometimes as far up 
as the fetlock. When the heat is greatest at the sole, and the fever extends 
no higher than the coronet, a stuffing of cow-dung will reduce the heat con- 
siderably; it may be secured by thin splinters of wood, and changed twice the 
first day or two — once a day afterwards. Introduce a strong solution of 
nitre, and let it be strong, as you can not employ much of it. Both legs should 
be stuffed at the sole, though the sound one (if one only be affected) does not 
require changing. Let the animal have a loose stall during any stage of 
strain, or disorder of the limbs. Look after his evacuations, and cause them 
to be regular: a simple fever (or inflammation) of the foot depending very 
often upon nothing more than one or the other of these being stopped, 
which affects the whole animal system sometimes, to say nothing of a single 
limb. 

Violent strains*, and swelling above the fetlock joint, when the lameness is 
very great, require strong physic; and the inflammatory symptoms, when 
running very high, with a quick and irregular pulse, should be lowered by 
bleeding. Apply fomentations of bran, or a poultice of the same, or of oat- 
meal in which saturnine lotion has been introduced, as much as it will bear. 
When the great heat of the part has caused dryness of the poultice, saturate 
it externally with the saturnine lotion, either by soaking cloths in it, and 
spreading these all over the part affected, or in a poultice as above. 

After this treatment has reduced the inflammatory symptoms, but not the 
swelling and lameness, apply opodeldoc, which may be made as under, viz. 
No. 1. Embrocations. If this does not fully succeed in the course of three 
or four days, recourse must be had to No. 2 : and if this does not prove suffi- 
ciently stimulating, apply the mild blister No. 3. 

Embrocations for Strains. — No. 1. 

Spirits of wine, 6 ounces, 
Camphor, half an ounce, 
Soap, 2 ounces. 

Dissolve the camphor in half the spirits ; mix the remainder with the soap, 
and then put both together. Rub the parts assiduously twice or three times 
during the day. 

No. 2. 

Crude sal ammoniac, 2 ounces, 
Vinegar, 1 quart. 

* The word strain, as here employed, is evidently used in the wrong sense : K shook) br 
■prain, i. e. bent or twisted out of its proper position. To strain or stretch any thing long to a 
greater length, as when the back sinew is strained or elongated so as to permit the pasterai to 
■lope or bend down, as in mild cases of " breaking down," would be more accurate. 



DANCER OF RELAPSE. FIRING. IRON DEFENCE. 179 

Mix in a bottle, and rub the parts twice daily. Let a long bandage, dipped ip 
the embrocation just prescribed, be passed tightly round the parts, beginning 
at the bottom and making it fast above the knee, or the hock, as the case may 
lie. Moisten the bandage after it is on. 

No. 3. 

Cantharides, in powder, 1 drachm, 
Spirits of wine, 2 ounces. 

Mix, and rub it on the part. Although this acts as a very mild blister, the 
horse's head must be tied up for a few hours while it is operating. 

A course of treatment that has been followed in this manner steadily, and 
with due caution, seldom fails to restore the animal to a comparative sound- 
ness, if not completely so : though the swelling may remain after the lameness 
has ceased, it generally subsides when the convalescent animal can be per- 
mitted to walk out for a little exercise, which should take place gradually, and 
the use of a loose stall allowed, than which there is not in the whole catalogue 
of remedies a more certain adjunct to be found. Going out too early after ap- 
parent recovery is very likely to bring on a relapse, and a relapse, as every one 
knows, is always more difficult to remove than the original disorder. Time 
is required for the injured parts to recover their former posture and strength, 
if that event ever arrive. Firing may be employed after a while, but is very 
often resorted to prematurely, before the tendons and ligaments have recovered 
position, or absorption has reduced the muscular parts to their former size, and 
restored their action. When three, or four, or five months of moderate larjour 
give reason for believing that these events have taken place, firing is likely to 
prove highly serviceable by bracing the whole together in a tight skin, much 
resembling, and greatly excelling the long bandage prescribed with embroca- 
tion No. 2, in p. 178. The reader of discernment will please to note, that if 
the said artificial bracing be found to lessen the lameness in that early stage 
of the disorder, no less will the bracing of the natural skin by firing be found 
beneficial when healthy action is restored, but not perhaps the former strength. 



CHAPTER III. 



SHOEING. 

Terms and phrases, in all matters connected with the arts of life should 
convey a good and most distinct notion of the thing spoken of. This does not 
always happen in our day, formerly never, and proved a vast stumbling-block 
to the advance of science; but whoever termed the horse-shoe an "iron-de- 
fence, was a happy fellow, and deserves well at our hands, inasmuch as his 
appellation is goodly descriptive of the thin*; intended, and tells plainly what 
a snoe ought to be in reality. If not made of sufficient quantity, and of a 
proper material, it proves inadequate to defend the hoof from injury: if made 
too heavy, or ill-shaped, the shoe becomes the cause of grievous offence, of 
pain, heat and contraction of the horn, with its train of evils. Any workman 
may learn by practice, and therefore every one ought to know, at least, when 
too much or too little is applied. Some feet have the wall very thick, and the 
shoe will require a good bearing ; if very thin, it can not carry a heavy 



160 EDUCATION OF THE SMITH. FOREIGN SMITHS. 

shoe, though it stand most in neeil of defence. Again, the horn of some 
horses' feet is so well-tempered and stout, that, they might be permitted to go 
without shoes without danger, if not worked upon stony roads. Time, how- 
ever, and hard work, occasion brittle hoof, and distortions, with numerous 
disorders that attach to the foot generally, or belong to the sole only. 

When these ailments begin to show their effects, the shoeing-smith must 
adapt his work according to the new pattern thus cut out for him, and here 
begins his ingenuity : in some cases he will even have to adopt a different 
shaped defence for the same set of feet; but in all cases, and under every cir- 
cumstance, he must fasten them on firmly to the horny wall of the foot by 
nailing and clenching. By paring the sole inordinately, the bones within arc 
pressed out of position, and the wall having now no resistance in the horny 
sole to keep it expanded, it contracts and becomes shapeless and diseased. 
Partial [tarings overmuch product' partial accidents from without, and engen- 
der diseases within, which have received a great number of names according 
to the situation, but all having their origin in this or some such injury, and all 
producing contracted hoof and sole. The importance of avoiding this baleful 
practice may be deduced from the great anxiety of our ancestors to particu- 
larize, by so many different names, this single disease of the sole arising from 
contracted hoof. For whenever constitutional diseases fall into the foot, they 
never affect the sole, or any part of the bottom, unless attracted thither by 
accidents or contraction of the hoof, by reason of this paring and rasping away 
of the natural defence. 

Under each of these heads of information, 1 shall presently place before the 
operative reader a few plain and intelligent precepts, accompanied by some 
admonitions; for most assuredly, that teacher who contents himself with tell- 
ing the learner what is necessary to be done has but half performed his duty, 
if he leave uncorrected certain long standing errors, which he knows to exist, 
and to have received the sanction of ages that were confessedly working in the 
dark, as regards horseshoeing above all other operations. But the method of 
performing this operation is avowedly not to be taught in its rudiments, upon 
paper. Practice is indispensable, manual labour requisite; and much of it, 
conducted by an intelligent mind well versed in books, is necessary towards 
forming the proficient shoeing smith. Hitherto, however, from the nature of 
the black-smith's trade, its laboriousness, and the deficiency of general educa- 
tion down to a late period, most of the operatives in this branch of mechanical 
labour were precluded from acquiring the additional information that books 
contain, after they had once adopted their future calling. Error and prejudice 
laid fast hold of our ancestors, for ages; but the prevailing national desire of 
acquiring the minor school endowments promises a different result at the pre- 
sent day, and on this occasion, when Science has been disrobed of her cloak 
and the niceties of Art are sought in language that all can comprehend. 

The shoes affixed to the feet o[ their horses by the continental farriers differ 
materially from our own ami from each other; which proves that no fixed 
principle is acknowledged by either of them; though the English and the 
French assimilate together the nearest of any, and are those, 1 apprehend, 
that approach nearest to perfection; notwithstanding the controversies and 
bold assumptions of superior wisdom, and the "patents" that enabled a few 
persons here to give themselves airs, and to set up pretensions they have mi- 
serably failed to substantiate. The jointed shoe, for instance, of Goldfinch, 
Bud of B. Clark, which is the best modification of the old semi-oval defence 
for healthy feet, was preceded a whole century by the French author of "Le 
Olu fal " a folio French work, noticed by Mr. Bee in the Annals of Sporting, 
(or 1823. 



FULLERING— A NEW METHOD. 181 

Practical Precepts. 

Che Shoe, In quantity or size, the common defence of the full-grown 
norse's foot is made nearly half an inch thick at the toe, but near the heel me 
fourth less; here, also, it must be made narrower by the half than at the toe, 
where it is an inch wide, and so continues round to the quarters, lessening 
away towards the heel, where it is but half an inch wide. Very near the 
outer edge a groove is made, not too deep, but sloping from the side next the 
rim, in order to throw the heads of the nails slanting, when the final hammer- 
ing down takes place. A practice prevails of making this groove, called ful 
lering, much too close to the edge ; and to so great an extent does this mista- 
ken notion prevail, that he who could so make it nearest to the edge without 
cracking the rim was long considered the best workman. This, however, is 
not the most approved method of our times; for the nail-holes that are to be 
punctured in this groove are thus brought too near the edge of the horn, so 
that the nails do not hold fast, unless driven and clenched high up on the 
hoof, which also is an exploded part of practice. Neither should the fullering 
be continued round the toe, nor to the quarters, lest you weaken the defence 
where its protection is most required. 

Iron is the only material proper, and the toughest is the best defence, as it 
affords a small degree of elasticity in action, is least likely to crack, and is ca- 
pable of being hardened at the wearing points at will. The toe alone is usu- 
ally hardened at the time of making, unless in winter, when it may be found 
necessary to turn down the heels, termed frosting, when these may also be 
hardened, or steeled. 

Some persons frost all their shoes in winter, by fullering them all over tho 
ground surface ; but this rough soon wears away, or is of little service from 
the first. On turning the heel down, a crippling gait is produced if the rough 
be long, especially with heavy horses, having low hoofs, which may be coun- 
teracted, so long as the roughing lasts, by turning down the toe also, and steel- 
ing both. But then the necessity of frequently removing the shoe, and thu» 
impairing the wall or crust, may be remedied by making screw-holes in the 
ground surface of the heels, and providing a suitable supply of screws with 
steel heads, that may be applied and screwed on fresh every day if need be. 
Sizes of course would vary according to that of the horse and shoe. 

Shape. For sound feet, both surfaces of the English shoe are made per- 
fectly flat, the inner rim being thinner than the outer. The shoe extends all 
round the edge of the wall or crust, which it is desirable to defend, and termi- 
nates where the bar and crust join at the heel. A curve upwards, at the toe, 
to prevent tripping, though sanctioned by authority, and carried to an extreme 
by Goodwin, and others, is seldom desirable, even with heavy horses, or those 
which go close to the ground, and is well met by a modification of the Ger- 
man and French method, of forming the shoe wider than ours, and conse- 
quently less pointed at the toe. The toe being then rasped close to the shoe, 
no tripping takes place on that account. 

The French form, or shape, differs from our English shoe, in being made 
wider and approaching nearer to a semicircle, and instead of being flat next 
to the hoof, is hammered hollow, which renders the ground surface convex} 
i mode of proceeding that suits admirably with their coarse footed horses, and 
comparatively harmless roads [meaning neir petit chemin, and the sides of 
their grand chemins], but is inadmissible in England, excepting perhaps with 
our agriculturist owners of the like ordinary cattle. They also make theii 
shoes as thick at the heel as at the toe, which is a transgression against the 
general precept, at page 180, that I can not reconcile with propriety : what is 
more against the French, they take little heed of hardening either toe or heel 



IP2 nintovED shoe and fuller. 

A.n adjusting curve upwards, whicli they give to the toe, could add nothing 
lo the security of a horse's going along safe on our roads, whatever it might 
do on theirs; but their system of punching ami nailing is altogether so excel- 
lent as to deserve imitation more extensively than it has hitherto heen honour- 
ed with, ami is described with due discrimination lower down. The horn at 
the toe would of course be made of a lit shape to receive such a form of shoe 
as the French; and 1 have reason to believe that it affects the toe of the cof- 
fin-bone in process of time, which also becomes curved upwards, precisely 
after the form thus factitiously given to the horn, and doubtless gave rise to 
the discrepant representations adverted to at page 16(3. 

On finishing oil" fine work, let the inside of the edge or rim of the hinder 
shoes be well bevelled off towards the ground, and rounded, to prevent the 
possibility of coming in contact with the fore foot: with horses that are apt to 
forge, the necessity of keeping the fore-shoe heel short, so that it may not 
project beyond the natural heel, should never he lost sight of. So, of the in- 
side of the fore shots to prevent cutting: let these also be filed olf, sloping, to- 
wards the ground, though not so far as the heels. 

An improved form of shoe, preferable to both the foregoing, has been re- 
rently introduced, which is an assimilation of the French and English shoes. 
Instead of adhering to the old practice of fullering the ground surface of the 
common English shoe, to admit ol punching the nail holes therein, it is the 
improved practice to hollow that surface, and leave a shoulder towards the 
outer rim as a protection to the nail heads. This is performed by a tool re- 
sembling the head of a hammer, one face whereof is well represented by the 
annexed figure; the lower part at (a) being placed on the work, as is b 
Usual in fullering, but nearly a quarter of an inch from the edge; the £~t 
hammer is applied at (6), which leaves at (a) the desired shoulder, and \J 
along that surface so far as nailing is necessary, a hollowness equal to a 
the inner slope of the tool. This hollow is not in fact any more than a wider 
fuller, extending the width of the shoe, excepting the width of the rim left at 
the outer edge ; though some do further prolong the hollowing all round tho 
toe, and to within half an inch of the heel, whereby they leave a slight caulk- 
ing that never incommodes the animal, hut which may be increased in quan- 
tity and hardness towards winter. The operation of hollowing the ground 
surface just described, produces a slight convexity upon the foot surface three- 
fourths of the shoe's width, leaving the outer fourth still tlat to receive the 
bearing of the horn. Hereby the distance between the sole and the inner 
rim is increased, ami is moreover less likely to retain stones, gravel, or tilth, 
than is the usual flat surfaced shoe, and possesses all the advantages of the 
seated shoe of old Osmer, that has heen claimed by some of our moderns, 
Moorcroft took great pains to recommend tho seated shoe, but finding somo 
difficulty in getting them manufactured, he set up a machine for puncturing 
out the hollows, that quite failed of success, because the power employed was 
only equal to cutting soft iron, and this was found inadequate to the required 
wear, we are told. Why he did not subsequently harden, or "steel" the toe 
and heels, seem surprising. 

Healthy feet are those alone which I have kept in view hitherto; the bar- 
shoe, concave and seated shoes being contrivances for ill-formed and diseased 
feet, reqire separate notice. 

Objections have certainly heen raised against this mode of forming shoes, 
that seem plausible enough at first glance: not so fast, however; for upon cool 
examination they vanish. The objectors aver, that because we can not im- 
part the desired freedom of expansion to the whole of the foot, foiSuoth, we 
are not to allow it at any part : if we can not get all we want, we are to reject 
what is within our reach. One A' these, who is likewise the last, tells us, 



GOLDFINCH'S JOINTED SHOE. 183 

• In order to admit of expansion and relaxation of the hoof hy a j<jiiit. it would 
In-, He;-. -;-.-:;i ry to make the nail holes wide enough to allow sufficient play be- 
tween the ->li<<<; ;■ n<l the nails | ! J ; thus producing an effect rimilar to the end 
play of carriage springs. Bui even supposing (nays be) this provision were 
made, the shoe would soon tear out the nails." 

7%e jointed thoc. — A form ef shoe was propounded for cutting the shoe 
into three or more several parts; then lining the foot surface with leather, and 
fastening on the -hoe in the usual manner, \\itU nails that were inserted Into 
each part. But this contrivance though plausible, <lnl not answer, inasn 4eh 
as the leather had not sufficient strength to stand the wear and t<ar. 

Mr. BraCV '.'lark may have been the real inventOT of the jointed shoe that 

hears his name, lor aught I know, hut he labours under the disadvantage of 
being preceded by about a century, l>y a French author; so that his battered 
aaying that his great discovery ! forms M a basis for the repose of the profes- 
sion," however elegant in expression, becomes nonsense to our ears, whocon- 
cede nothing to simple gentility, and less than that to si lf-complacent egotism. 
"Clark's shoe," in its various modifications, differs nothing from the generali- 
ty of shoes, except in being divided at the toe, and fastened Again hy means 
ota pin, screw, or rivet. 'J he toe would require to be made, thicker than 
usual, let me suggest, to prevent the rivet's parting; and to secure each head 
of it in a counter sink; one half the thickness of the toe is to be cot away on 

one Side at the ground surface, and from the foot surface of the Other half, re- 

sembling what is termed in carpentry, a mitre; and these being brought dose 
together, a hole should he drilled or punched through both, ami let the rivet 
employed be the size of the hole, whatever degree of rigidity the workman 
might restore to the entire; shoe, it is plain that the great weight of the horse 
would very soon strain the rivet, c o as to cause it to relax therefrom, and al- 
low the heels to expand by so much. That this 
might extend over a larger part of the front of the 
hoof, i\lr. Clark preferred nailing the shoe pr< tty far 
back towards the quarters, which I reckon among 
the mistaken notions of the whole class of improvers. 
But, mark the dissonance of our teachers! the next 
inventor or improver ran into the other extreme, er- 
roneously punching and nailing up intolerably near 
to his rivtes or pins, for he has two of them, as per 
marginal cut. 

This representation of the shoe- invented by Lieutenant Colonel Goldfinch 
exhibits a modification of "Clark's patent." Like it, the necessity of making 
the shoe thicker at the toe than usual with the ordinary shoes is evident. The- 
patent was enrolled in October 1H-2I, granting to Lieutenant Colonel Henry 
Goldfinch, at llythe in Kent, an exclusive right for fourteen years; and his 
specification of its advantages and novelty, and the manner of making it, ap- 
pears to be as follows: "The separation is to he made in any indented form, 
and the two parts fastened together with pins. It is further proposed to at- 
tach the shoe to the horse's hoof by driving the nails obliquely, as in the French 
manner of shoeing. With this view, the nail-holes are to be punched about 
one third to half the width of the shoe distant from the outer edge, and tend- 
ing in a slanting direction outwards." In this latter recommendation 1 Cor- 
dially join the colonel : he was the first writer who noticed it, and is the mode 
of [lunching and nailing before alluded to, and hereafter described a* the only 
wise course. Since I ~ :J 1 it was adopted by the more intelligent smiths of the 
metropolis, and is hereafter minutely described. One main blonder whim 
the colonel commits is evidently intended to correct the visible insecurity ot tii# 




tSi SPECIFICATION or <ou;m.vN'S sUIOE. 

shot at the joint : Iiis holes are punched so near his patent joint as to restore 
(he rigid immobility i lit* patent pretends to aiMHlrf. 

Cowntii'i patent shoe forgiving pressure to the Brag continual in use 
(though iu i very limited degreel notwithstanding the demonstrability of its 
iuapplication to frogs already diseased. But, in the hands of tin* professcr 
himself and auy practitioner tolerably !uil>ile in his profession, 1 wm free to 
allow, from the vary first, it might be rendered available — but not in ordinary 
bands) 4 with these it has tailed o( iuooeea in boom oaaas from the wuut ot 

in assortment adapted to the various kinds of feel; u defect that may be 

ooej remedied in soma measure. 

Under these new eireuinstauees, ami seeing that Mr. Coleman's opinions 
as to pressure, and the diseases consequent upon the ahsenee of it, are em- 
bodied iu Ins speeilieation, drawn up to obtain this patent (tor the professor 
has several \ he may be allowed to s[k-ak tor himself on this ever interesting 
Subject, lie says, "the improvement proposed in this patent is to prevent 
contraction, and to relieve eontiaeted feet, eontraeted frogs, tlat soles, corns, 
sand cracks, thrushes, eanker, and qtlittOMj and also to prevent eutting." 

The patentee observes, that the •tore feet of hOffOOl in their natural state 
are nearly circular, but from tin* ordinary shoe worn in this country, which 
keeps the frogl from off the ground, the hoofs o( horses with light fore-quar- 
ters are generally found to M more or less contracted, ami this in proportion 
as the frogM are more elevated, and support little weight;" whenee tlie eause 
o\ those diseases. To remedy this detect, ami to a (lord the necessary expan- 
sion to the hoof the patentee pfopOBad the anuexcil forms, observing that no 
specific form ot shoe can be suited to all horses under all cireu instances, and 
to every sort of road; it being necessary to alter the sln>es of the same horse 
m different periods. 

The construction of the professor's shoe will In* seen in figures 4, 5, 6. 

Fin: 1. Ffg, :». Fig. G. 

••The bar of iron down the middle of the shoe, called the trog-bar, is made 
broader than the frog, and welded to the slun*. This bar, when the cleft of 
,t<" frog is diseased, is slit open in the middle." But all that 1 have seen iu 
Um* are withou' the slit represented in the margin ; and the welding on of the 
bar is greatly objectionable, inasmuch as the chief strain is at the junction of 
the bar with the shoe or tip, and 1 have often seen the bar break oil" here, or 
else draw the nails, and throw the patent shoe altogether. 

Of preparing the hi\if. — The general principle of all shoeing is to support 
»he foot oil' the ground by means of the wall or crust, so that the frog shall not 
BOOM in contact with the hard plain nod, whilst it may be allowed to receive 
pressure from soft ground : the first prevents injuries and resists wear and tear, 

*TlS *il*jec< received lengthened rtotioa, In Uie Annals of Sporting, for April, ASS?, ■? M& 



THE HOOP, HOW PREPARED. 1% 

ne latter promotes the secretion of healthy horn ; the proper degree of pre* 
iin: being received by the bed, frog, and bars. Whatever is here said, the 

r< foot is still kept in view, unless the hinder foot is particularly mentioned, 
and occasion will present itself for the distinction, as there is great dtfbHKI 
netween the two, as regards heavy draught cattle. Greater heat, fever, and 
affections of the lungH also caus<: the fore feet to contract disorders unknown 
at the hind feet ; whilst a tardy circulation of the blood, and the corisequc-.l 
relaxation of the animal system, to say nothing of the evils incurred by heavy 
drags against the collar, produce affections peculiar to the hind feet. Some 
thine more is said of this kind of variation at page 12, Book I. 

When \cry much flaky or rotten horn presents itself, the sole should tljen 
be pared the least, for this is a proof that great heat, or inflammation, affects 
the whole sensible foot, and that the hoof is then too brittle. When the flaki- 
ness is trivial, run over the whole surface with the butteris, or knife, butgo no 
deejx-r than the removal of the loose flakes. La Fvjsse and Moororoft were 
hoth in the right when they told us that paring the sole inconsiderately is "the 
chief cause of contraction," for the sole is thus rendered less capable of resist- 
ing the pressure of the wall on all sides, and of the coffin-bone within, inso 
much, that were the paring carried to an extreme, this bone would protrude 
at the sole and come upon the ground for want of sufficient resistance. 
Whenever a smith applies his thumb to the sole, and then cuts again until he 
causes it to bead u ruler the pressure, let hirn be admonished that he contri- 
butes his aid towards contraction of the foot, and MM one or other disease of 
the sole. He has hut to cut away a little, more to arrive at the sensible sole, 
which would produce blood, and ruin the horse by a quicker mode than thumb- 
ing and cutting. 

The frog seldom requires the knife; never after the removal of a shoe 
which has allowed it to come upon uri[»aved ground ; for then the wearing 
away is carried on naturally ; hut if not so, the rough and rotten outside must 
lie taken away, which some smiths effect by first tearing away the slips, or 
exfoliation, and then paring the mealy-looking part underneath. Hereupon 
the well recognised healthy horny frog makes its appearance, but is by no 
means to l>e meddled with. The cleft is to \te cleared out by means of a knife 
having a sharp return at the extremity; but it must be evident that if the cleft 
has incurred no foulness, nor the frog grown luxuriantly, neither the one nor 
the other will require the least reduction. 1 will net say a word on the neces- 
sity of removing the rotten overgrown horn at the toe, and round to thequar- 
ter*, so as to obtain a prober seat or bearing uj>on the shoe, this Ixdng an affair 
within every one's compass; but the rasping should always proceed with the 
shoe lie fore the workman's eyes, unless when he may find it necessary to take 
it to the fire for the porpoM of making alterations. The habit of doing this to 
a nicety with a single heat may be acquired without going to the fire half a 
dozen times, as I have Men done ; least of all should the shoe be tried on hot, 
that the most ignorant of workmen may see where it bears most, or the least 
industrious lessen his labour by softening the horn. Ruinous consequences 
attend the application of fire to the feet, and yet I remember the period when 
it was the common practice to place a shovel of hot coals on brittle hoofs to ease 
'.he workman's lal>our! 

When a foot is fitted to receive the shoe, the bottom resembles somewhat 
(he hollow and rim of an oval dish. On being placed on a plane surface, the 
frog and heels bear equally; but when the shoe is applied, the frog is raised 
by as much as the thickness of the shoe may l>e at the heel. At the heels, for 
*lk»ut an inch of its length, the rim of the shoe is to project beyond the out 
«ide of the boat 

18 



136 PREPARED SOLE. NAILING. 

Take good heed that the inner edge of the shoe-heel hear not on the 
ground more than the outer, but the contrary. 

Nailing, a very important operation, requires much previous study of the 
formation and functions of the internal sensible parts of the foot, many inju- 
ries beino" inflicted by penetrating those parts to the quick, and thereby occa- 
sioning them to fester, as we shall see presently, when treating of the diseases 
incident to the sole. A good aphorism has it thus — u If it were possible to 
keep the shoe in position without nailing, we should then have arrived at per- 
fection in the art of shoeing ; it follows that the less number of nails that are 
driven consistent, with safety, is the most commendable practice." I believe 
it was Mr. Bracy Clark, in the plentitude of his many inventions, who once 
proposed to fasten on the shoe by enveloping the whole hoof in an iron de- 
fence, and fastening it by screws ; but the scheme failed for a most obvious 
reason — its weight increased the offence adverted to elsewhere (page 179). 
But I will not speculate on novelties, nor further object, simply contenting 
myself with taking the evil or puncturation as one that is inevitable, though 
capable of alleviation. All hands agree that the less nailing we could suffice 
with, the less chance there would be of driving into the quick — hence the 
firmer each nail is driven, the less liable is the shoe of loosening, and this good 
never can be effected unless the nails fit the holes so nearly as to prevent shift- 
incr, and also pass through a good portion of the horn. Doubtless, a couple 
of nails on each side would be sufficient to retain a light shoe for a short time, 
if the work be not heavy, and allow that desirable expansion of the heel which 
all agree promotes the secretion of new horn, and the health of the foot; but 
we employ double the number in common work, and seven altogether in the 
" improved shoe.* 

As before remarked, the fullering usually practised upon the common shoe 
is so near the edge, that the rim sometimes breaks off of high-tempered iron : 
whilst, if it be soft, the punching inevitably drives out a bulge that the smith 
seeks to reduce by hammering, which again contracts the size of the nail- 
holes ; the latter error occasions the nails to break off in driving; the former 
leaves the heads exposed to be knocked off, or readily worn away; and by 
cither the security of the shoe is diminished greatly and dangerously. Be- 
sides which objection to the old method of fullering, there is a corresponding 
necessity imposed upon the workman, of clenching high up on the hoot, which 
increases the danger of puncturing the sensible internal parts of the foot. This 
entire objection to the narrow fuller, or groove, is fully remedied by adopting 
the proposed manner of punching the nail-holes farther in from the edge, thus 
takinc firm hold of the whole thickness of the horn, and driving out sooner 
and clenching lower than is ordinarily practised — say, within 3 quarters of an 
inch of the shoe in all cases. 

The nail commonly used is much too long in the shank for any kind of shoe, 
and too thin near the head ; but should be of the same thickness throughout 
from the head so far as the pointing takes place. The material must be of the 
toughest qualitv, equal to Swedish, insomuch as the nail may bear bending 
forward and backward half a score times without breaking ; it should have a 
counter-sink head to match with the second punch-holes, and the hammering 
which the head receives before, at, and after driving, sufficiently hardens it to 
resist the immediate effects of wear. Do not point the naiis too much, lest 
thev splinter in the driving, nor make two or three punctures before you drive 
home each nail : both these practices proclaim the clumsy workman. 

Punching.— As before intimated, the nail-holes should be punched a.- fai 
from the ou.or edge of the shoe as the v '! is thick. A small punch of taa 
size of the nail's shank is to be first drivt-n smartly and visibly through, but 
not so deep as to raise a burr on the hoof side. Then, open the hole with J 



NAILING SECURELY AND SAFELY. Iffl 

Eritchel; and a large counter-sink punch, the size of the nail-head, is then ir 
e employed, but not driven n deep as the small punch ; the first being of th« 
size of the nail-shank, the second is to receive a small part of the head. This 
mode is, of course, belt adapted to the "improved shoe" recommended at page 
182, where a shoulder and groove supply the place of fullering. Butinevery 
form of shoe, and every modification of nailing, the manifest advantage cf ad- 
mitting the nail-head to a rest or protection from rude concussions againt the 
ground, must l>e evident, when the counter-sink part of the head is allowed 
to lie deep in the shoe. 

The numl>cr of nail-holes has hitherto been eight, but a better practice pre- 
vaila in aoUM forges of driving seven nails only, three on the inside, four out- 
side ; whereby the fourth nail outside is thrown so much farther back than the 
third nail inside. More play is thus allowed for expansion at the quarters: 
and if the punching and driving be performed effectively, the hold thus ob- 
tained will he found fully adequate to any service to which the greater num- 
ber of nails is applied. The safety of the shoe depends more upon the nails' 
passing through good sound horn, and filling up the punch-holes in the shoe, 
than upon their number. A good workman can hear when the nails thus 
telly by the sound of driving. After punching, the smith must not apply heat 
or a hammer to the shoe, with a view to reduce any bulge, or burr, which the 
punch may have occasioned; for this exploded practice spoils the shape and 
size of the holes, U|>on the fitness whereof wholly depends the security of the 
shoe. Indeed, good and proper iron does not readily incur either of those ob- 
jectionable forms, nor will it break or chip ofFatthe fuller-edge (when such a 
plan is adopted) like ordinary metal. 

Driving the nails home properly includes no small share of skill. Former- 
ly, he who could drive highest into the crust without occasioning lameness 
was reckoned the l>est workman, whilst the French method of driving both 
into sole and crust is an error in the contrary extreme, and argues no little 
slovenliness and disregard of the construction of the sensible part of the foot. 
As may be seen and accounted for by reference to the section at page 166, 
immediate lameness is not always likely to succeed the pricking of the sensi- 
ble part at cc, but matter may form underneath, and lameness ensue at a fu- 
ture day, unless upon removal of the shoe it issue forth at once in the shape 
of blood. The hoof, which may have lost the elastic substance of this sensi- 
ble part through age or infirmities, as represented at (g) fig. 3, plate 3, is usu- 
ally " pricked to the quick" at once, and flinches, or goes crippling away from 
the smithy. 

According to the most improved modern mode of punching and nailing, the 
nail should enter at the conjunction, nearly, of the sole and crust, so as to pe- 
netrate almost the whole thickness of the crust,* and be driven slanting out- 
wards, so that the clinch be little more than half the usual distance above the 
shoe. If the nail-holes be punched too near each other, and the driving be 
performed by a workman who drives and draws his nails, and then peers into 
the punch holes, then points his nail and drives again — however well his work 
may appear when put out of hand, he will but have prepared the hoof for fresh 
Injuries at the next shoeing: after this treatment portions of the hoof are apt 
to come away, and the smith is thus compelled to fasten on his defence by the 
toe, or at the quarters, and so produce fresh offence and incurable lameness. 

Do not nick the hoof, as is too commonly practised, previous to turning the 
clenches; as most feet can not afibrd to lose so much of their natural support, 
and even the stoutest foot ought not to be subjected to the loss of so much of 
its main strength. Neither rasp off* the clinch, by way of finish, for the sama 
reason, but hammer it down like the head of a rivet. 

* As shown m 'J»e figure of Gol dfinch's slue, ai page 183 



188 NEW MODE. DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 

Mi R. B. Teast recommends a construction of the foot surface, that seems 
rery well calculated to attain his object, the preventing contraction and amend- 
ing the several evils arising therefrom, by raising a ridge along the whole ex 
tent of the shoe so far as the heels, exclusively, thus making an inclined plane 
outwards of the thickness of the wall or crust of the hoof. The punching 
and nailing takes place at this T idge, thus affording secure driving for the nails, 
and a safe hold upon the iron. Withinside, the shoe is convex on both sur- 
faces, but admits of modification, at will, on the ground surface. The hoof 
must be prepared to receive this form by paring away the horn lower on the 
inner part than on the outer side, or external edge of the wall; in fine, so as 
to correspond with the form of the shoe. At least, this is what I understand 
in the course of reading a series of very obscurely written "Practical Obser- 
vations" on the subject ; for, although the plan seems admirable, none of my 
connexions have seen it in actual use, notwithstanding I called at his forge for 
that purpose. This was in 1821, soon after the promulgation of Mr. Teast'* 
plan. 

By the means proposed, the hoof is spread outwards at every step, so as to 
afford expansion to the heels, and avoid pressure upon the sole; an advantage 
for such horses as are weak or thin-soled that is at once obvious and gratify- 
ing. His idea of giving pressure to the convex sole, by making his shoe with 
the whole foot surface inclining outwards, is more vague, since all that is re- 
quisite is attained by the first method. 

Notwithstanding the French method of punching has been spoken of in 
terms of approbation, and their mode of driving and clenching low is recom- 
mended to imitation, let it not be supposed that in other respects they make 
the best shoeing-smiths in the world, but the contrary. Their finest shoeing 
is sad, slovenly work to look at ; and this very excellence of theirs is more at- 
trihutable to laziness than to design or plan. As one instance of this undesir- 
able quality, they assign two men to placing the shoe, a lacquey holding the 
foot and bringing the tools, whilst le marechal himself hammers it on with 
much pomp. In Portugal they employ three, which includes the gallegos, 
or porter. 



CHAPTER IV. 



DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 



When these can not l»e traced distinctly to any specific cause, they are 
fairly attributable to ailment of the whole system dropping into the legs, and 
" fever in the feet" decidedly so, in my opinion, when both are so afflicted. 
Therefore it was that I noticed this disease along with "strain of the tendons," 
to which 1 attribute its origin, as much as to other causes of general heat of 
the foot. Indeed the whole structure of the foot of the horse is so peculiarly 
curious that it almost deserves a separate study, but we must always keep in 
mind, whilst considering its ailments, that the great irritation kept up by its 
extreme action is readily communicable from the one to the other, so that we 
can not intelligib\y separate the leg from the foot, when speaking of the ail- 
ments of either, notwithstanding I have thought proper to begin this chapter 
with the disorders thut arc situated higher up, and mean to close it with such 
as un'y make their appearance below. 

But there remains still another distinction that may as well be drawn here, 



IflHUSiJ, OR FRUSI1-CAU.S1C AM) 3YMPTOM& 18«J 

w.'forc I entei into other particulars, as to fore foot and hind foot. In all the 
little dissertations which I have ventured upon in this book, and elsewhere, as 
to the structure of the foot, and all the dissections I have made from time to 
time. I have taken the fore leg and foot only, with one unimportant exception. 
I know not why this preference was first made ; I believe it to be general, but 
u of very little importance. For the hind foot, though a little smaller, and 
somewhat more upright in form, corresponds exactly in all its parts with the 
fore one, until age and deformity comes on ; the back sinew descending from 
the hough behind the pastern bones, until its insertion underneath the coffin 
bone of the hind leg, in the same manner as before described, as pertaining to 
the knee and bones of the fore leg. Further, I believe the name given by the 
learned to this sinew in the hind leg differs from that given to it m the fore- 
leg, that being tendo plantaris, this one the tendo palmaris ; a distinction that 
became necessary, perhaps, that they might be enabled to make themselves 
understood by each other, when speaking of this important tendon as belong- 
ing to the one or the other leg. 

When we reflect upon this strict accordance between the structure of the 
fore foot and the hind, and then look over and lament the numerous disorders 
that the first is liable to, whilst the hinder one is comparatively free, it gives us 
reason to pause. But without entering upon an elaborate investigation of this 
difference as to health, I come to the conclusion that we ought to attribute dis- 
eases of the feet, as 1 have already those of the body, to excessive heat of the 
vascular system, promoted by the great exertions the animal is put to, and the 
rude concussions the fore feet in particular endure at every step ; thus creating 
heat and attracting hither any evil humours that may afflict the body gene- 
rally 

FRUSH, OR THRUSH. 

A running of matter at the cleft of the frog was formerly called " a running 
(rush ;" the moderns, however, write it " thrush." But, to frush, being old 
English for, to break, or crack, or crush, like the cracking of walnuts, 1 pre- 
fer that term before thrush. 

Cause. — Depraved habit of body and disordered pulse always accompany- 
ing the appearance of a frush, I have no hesitation in ascribing its origin to 
that remote cause, especially as it is proved to be a deep-seated morbid accu- 
mulation ; aided more immediately, perhaps, by an injury received whilst tra- 
velling, either by the bruise of a stone, or the insertion of gravel at the parts. 
This latter, however, is not a necessary cause of frush, though the gTavel and 
jirt work into the ulcer as soon as it opens ; for the lurking approach of the 
Jisease towards this consummate symptom may be ascertained by turning up 
the hoof and pressing the cleft, which will give pain and occasion the animal 
to flinch : inflammation has already begun at the insertion of the back sinew 
in the bottom of the coffin-bone, where the branches of crural artery also 
enter the bone, at the bottom whereof is the sensible sole which separates it 
from the horny sole. See this structure of the foot described at page 166, 
&c. Filthy stables promote frush, and, when the cure may be nearly effect- 
ed, cause relapse in nine cases out of ten. 

Symptoms. — The earliest, as just said, isdenoteoby tenderness at the cleft, 
accompanied by sharp, quickened and irregular pulse, as usual in all cases of 
local inflammation, being at the same time both cause and effect. Of course 
it follows, that as the disorder in the sensible frog proceeds towards maturity, 
ihe blood feels and tells of that fact by increased disorder of the pulsation. 
These timely indications being neglected, as usually happens, if the animal 
be then put along over stony or newly -dressed roads, the first discovered symr*. 
18* 



(90 DRESSING FOR TIIRUSIL 

torn w : ll then be nis tumbling down through acuto pain. The cleft opens, 

and an issue ot a most offensive kind presents itself. 

Cure. — If not speedily taken in hand, canker will be the consequence of • 
neglected frush. But, as scarcely one in ten will take the precaution to as- 
certain, from the state o( his pulse, when the. horse is likely to acquire this or 
any other hiflaramatorv disease, it may be deemed impertinent in me to say, 
tnat the preventive of frush in its worse state may be found in purging phy- 
sic anil ■ cooling regimen, as prescribed for general inflammatory and febrile 
complaints, set down at the commencement of book 2, pages 59, 63, &c. ; fcr 
this disease frequently depends on some untimely suppressed evacuation, as 
the urine, stool, or jH-rspiration ; then let these be restored by giving the dia- 
phoretic powders, purging or urine balls, according to circumstances. Avery 
much hurried pulse would of course point out the necessity of immediate 
bleeding; for the animal so suffering in the vital function must necessarily 
contract disease o( some kind or other; a\u\ that particular organ or member 
which mav he least able to hear it is sure to feel its effects soonest. This is as 
likely lo happen to ■ horse with defective frog, as to its size, texture, or shape, 
as to any other part o( him. Then, let the careful owner examine and find 
out the least perfeet part oi' his horse, let him watch it closely in all its weak- 
ness, and endeavour to detect the first symptoms of illness, that he may aid 
nature and restore her functions, befell these run riot beyond the help of art. 

When the frog has been pared away, and the filth of the sore removed, 
wash it with a solution o( vitriolated copper, and apply a pledget dipped 
in tar of UMrpentiM at the opening. If the case be a bad one, the wash may 
k' made stronger by the addition of a few drops of vitriolic acid to the solu- 
tion ; and the tar may lv poured into the opening whilst warm. Place dry 
tow, and keep it in position by means of splints. Repeat this tar dressing 
every other day, until the injured parts slough off. Purging physic will be 
necessary to complete the cure. 

CANKER. 

Evidently a corruption of the word cancer, as applied to a running sore in 
human ailments, it is yet well silently to permit the innovation, the better to 
keep the two practices separate, in small as well as more extended affairs. 

Causes. — Precisely the same as those which produce the frush, only making 
H*i appearance at various parts of the sole, frog, &c. Sometimes the canker is 
but an aggravated frush a very bad or neglected cure becoming in my estima- 
tion a canker, and next to incurable ; whereas a frush, taken in time, is easily 
cured. Our French neighbours write of the two under the same head, of can- 
cer, let them be seated wheresinwer they may. 

Tito symptoms are those o( frush, extended also to the bars of the frog, the 
heel, the sole, &e. ; and so is the 

Cure ; with thisaddition, that the paring must be carried on to the extremity, 
baring all the diseased parts, though these extend over the whole bottom of the 
foot Cut away the proud flesh to the quick, and when it has bled a little, 
apply 

The Powder. 

Sulphate of copper, 1 ounce, 
Corr. sublimate, 4 drachms, 
Prepared chalk, 1 ounce. 

Mix and sprinkle it over the exposed surface. If the disease makes a hollow 



CANKERS-TREATMENT. GROOVED HHOE. 191 

between the hoof and the coffin l>onc, the powder must he introduced there by 
■MM of a spatula, or flat piece of Wood, with | hit id tow on it ; hut do riot 
leave the tow behind, an that might produce u freak disorder. Butter of anti- 
mony is p re ferr e d hy eome to the foregoing powderj because it in a liquid tod 
acts more generally ; but it operatM only for a abort time Ixd'ore its effects 
cease, being killed by the moisture of the disease it wa» meant to destroy. 
Hind up the foot until the following day, when the application must Ik; re- 
peated, after wiping away roughly as mucli as possible of the diseased parts. 

Ah it is found of some importance to the cure, that the foot should l>e kept 
as much as poootble from wet and filth, and seeing that the /node of tying on a 
great bundle of tow in cloth, in tlie manner now in vogue, often fails, a light 
MOC, adapted to the present shape of the foot, should he put on, for the pur- 
pone of sustaining the dressings, &/•.. which may l>c found necessary to put 
on. The shoe DM another advantage over the tying fashion, inasmuch as it 
allows of the animal to place his foot fairly on the ground, a [xwition that 
mainly conduces to the cure hy promoting the secretions, especially when at 
length he can move about. Let the shoe be narrow weblx-d, with a groove on 
the inside i-A^t-^ so as to admit of a tin slider being shoved in and drawn out, 
when you desire to examine the under surface of the foot to change the 
dressings, (fee. Such a ■hot will obviate the complaints usually rawed by 
our stable attendants, that they can not keep on the dressings, nor preserve the 
foot from damp, which always retards the cure; for they are most of them 
bunglers at bandaging, owing to the very little practice which falls to the share 
of any one penON among the whole fraternity. Splcnts of wood may supply 
the place of tin, when this latter may not Is; at hand. 

Whenever the cankered parts slough off, and leave a more healthy appear- 
ance, the powder need no longer Is: applied at those particular places. Upon 
these lay on ■ dressing of tar, in which has been introduced alx^ut a tenth 
part of blue stone, powdered. Let as much pressure Is: given to the sole as 
can in; contrived, to prevent the granulation of new flesh coming on too lux- 
uriantly, which is otherwise very likely to happen, on the edges of the wound 
particularly. In this resj>eet, the grooved shoo will Is: found effectually ser- 
viceable. If, notwithstanding all your care, the edges will grow too fast, touch 
that part with lunar caustic; and in case the homy substance grows over the 
still cankered parts, it must lx: again pared away and laid bare. Peihapo the 
animal is young and vigorous in other resjx:cts, and his system probably would 
promote the secretion Of new horn quicker than an older, or less healthy horse ; 
thisdifrerence should teach us to employ some digestive, for the dressings, which 
has less tendency to promote: the growth of new horn than tar lias, which 
would l)c found more proj>cr for old horses. For the younger animals, let 
turj>entine be substituted, into which ha« been mixed a small portion of vitri- 

olate<i topper. 

From what has been said, the reader will perceive the dressings require 
changing with some degree of judgment and discrimination, and that the^y 
should not be passed over or delayed, as he values the horse; for, upon this 
marked attention alone donmile the cure, and such a cure as shall prevent a 
relapse. OfeoejBM he will not fail to take care of the evacuations, as in case 
of frush ; nor that the earliest exercise the animal takes be proportioned to the 
amount of disease he has Undergone in an inverse ratio. 

Prevention. — As we have seen that inflammation is the immediate cause 
of all disorders of this class, and seeing that the irritation which produces thin 
has bean broug h t on by distress of the parts for the want of due pressure on 
the frog, any one whose eyes are open may see the necessity of paring down 
the heels so that the frog may have a bearing, when the horse is walked over 
held or turf for example. For hereby it will be seen, on turning to the brief 



|3B KANPCKVClvS; KKMKnllX. 

description I thought proper to give at the beginning of this book, pagea 167 
169, Ac of the interna) conformation of the foot, that the healthy action of the 
parte upon each other is only to be kept up by the preaiure of the sensible 

" When the frog u not sufficiently pressed upon, fsays Mr. Coleman) it 
boooneoi soft from the accumulation of the fluid which it naturally secretes in 
pro.it abundance from the tatty [elastic] substance, which lies immediately 
under the tendon." This view of the process tellies tolerably well with my 
■)wn examination of the subject) at the pages just referred to, ami elsewhere. 

BAND-CRACK. 

When suffered to continue, the eure is attended with great difficulty, and 
the disorder may therefore be divided into two stages or degrees, like many 
other affections of the horse. The name of sand-crack is derived from t lie 
worst of these states, when sand, gravely or dirt, has got into the crack, which 
constitutes the disease. 

Gauss, — Brittle hoof will occasion sand crack of a very had sort, but the ac- 
companying cause is the cessation of the function of supplying matter for 
forming new horn in the vessels leading from the coronet. This may arise 
from an external injury at the coronet, or severe treatment for some other dis- 
order of the foot, as a running finish. As the hoof is always hot, i)iio main 

cause of sand-crack is referred to heated roads, to travelling in deep, hot, 
sandy countries; scantiness of water, and removal out of a oon to a very hot 

climate, as from England to India (East and \Vest\ are all known to cause 
the heat and brittieneu which accompany sand crack. 
Symptoms. — A split or crack in the hoof, on the inside quarter of the fan 

foot, for the most part, hut often o\\ the front of it, down towards the too, and 
OOCaakHially on the outside, and also near the heel. Sometimes it appears on 
the hind foot, on the front of it, and prevails with us generally in hot weather. 
Sand-crack is either superficial and easily remedied, or deep and extensive, 

requiring much attention, and an operation or two in its different stages. 

CUTS.— It will be seen that a slight eraek may, by Working the annual, be- 
come one of the worst speries. Pare awav the rotten parts, if such ho found, 
and make a transverse incision across the upper part of the eraek ; wash out 
the sand or dirt, apply daily tincture ol' tar, with a pledget of tow, and give 
the horse rest. Bind round the hoof tight with listing, ami stop up the solo 
with cow-dung, and this treatment will suffice in ordinary cases. l>ut when 
the crack extends so high, that there is no room left for making this incision 
aeross, to stop the progress of the crack, the disorder has assumed its worst 
aspect : the edges of the eraek internally now press upon the sensible part, or 
laminated substance that holds the coffin-bone and hoof together, and inflam- 
mation succeeds, it' hlood does not issue forth. If the eraek affects the coro- 
net, you may draw one side of it down to the cpuek about an inch with gi>od 
effect, but no farther, as that would oeeasion the hoof to divide more readily. 
Rest, however, will restore adhesion to the upper part of the eraek, and when 
lilts has taken place extensively, the operation of cutting aeross, or of firing it 

across with one line only, may be performed with every prospect of success; 

for as t'ne hoof grows down, which it does from the coronet, this transverse ar- 
tificial eraek you have made intereepts the material for forming horn, on its 
inside, and thus contributes greatly to till up the chasm below. To increase 

♦ his supply of the horny material, let the coronet Ih> anointed with ■ solution 
of tar and tallow and hog's lard daily, which should be extended lo the horny 
part of the hoot". 

S top p ing has t>oen mentioned as necessary to be adopted on the first o» 



BMMPH ''I < OK.N , I U3G, Ax. if# 

mildest attack, lieing very eondocivc U) r<«overy of the lonl fun' lion ff Mm I- 

mg tin- proper horny material. Thie, <.f coarse, will be attended loin i 
other stage o( the disorder, whereby n» ipplied to the dry brittle hoof, 

md conveyed to ii ■• mu I sensible peri internally. On the mm and edvan* 
ofihw ••iui|<lf rcf/i"ly | took <« - . a i< ■•■ word when speaking 

ol fruili at page J'jO, and reeommend the appll< at ion of I ' grOOVed, 

HH in excellent auxiliary to the core, • mi such m might 

M found neceHHa ry ; anil by allowing of hj.< ft! . /« mot .d, it. will also have n.ueh 

Hum- ;mii lal>our to that deocription of person* who ere seldom inclined to be* 
*tow too much of either. A a nmb er Mother cm may l>e adopted lo 

apply the same remedy — for affording ''"I moi lure lo the hoof, thi 

of wliieli M the leading liim forth lo | shaded pl.in -. and there tethering him 

up, where be might stand upon the natural Mod, graaa, 'lay, or eeJt ground) 
without a chance of running ahoul to make the ceee prone, an would m< 
f'ly happen. In default of this convenience, ■ good substitute i* the sponge 
Loot with bran pook ice lo cover the whole surface of the loot from toe to heeL 

In all f-;i H r ss remember to keep out tin: hand, grav< I. or dirt, which in < ■< r 
likely to insinuate »'self arid protract the cure, and, if not otherwise come at- 
■Mo. an Opening muet l>e made for that purrxihe by cutting down one hide 
of tOfl crack, aw In-fore recommcndi d. PfOtJfl flesh will bj found at thin part 

of the nprnina which must l>c dneeed with ■ solution of hlue vitriol. 

If the crack Ik; near the heel, merely thinning the horn and taking off that 
part whicb bean upon the hhoe, will ansist the CUM ; Mid whatever shoe may 
\m put on, OBM NJOOld be taken to prevent the crack from Ix-aring on it : the 
baf «hoc for heavy hOMM i« MIOMMnI indium-usable, and home fjgfien apply 
it invariahly. Others Bgaifl fire the foot, from the upper half of the hoof, BODVe 

the r:raek, to the MMeea joint. This i» certainly <■> raetiee, an the 

hoof ix renewed with new horny matter, Ixing ho hupplied a* to thruht off the 
old one; hut all violent remed if* hhould U: avoided until the milder ones have 
heen tried and failed, which will not U; the caw: with thoM: meant* I have re- 
commended above. 

The Ix-aring <>i Mir English shoe being commonly on the outer aurface of 
the hoof, promote* the crackling and chipping off of the wall. .Mr. Tea*t'a 
nhoe (em page IHfy is admirably calculated to prevent this disorder, hut is no- 
wi*e calculated to cure it, when once the ruin haw fairly commenced. 

Tin: COB 

Cauiie*. — I Khali not repeat what in already said on the two Unit-merit ion ed 
appearances a few pa^ex highr^r up, hut merely add, that distortion and undue 
ire Ofl the MUMMC iomk that irritation whi':h bliogl on inflarn- 

rnalion of ith edge, where the hhuttle-t>orie, i>t hoai bone, [<rehW:H down urxjn it 
at every hU;[>, and nUMfl the utrno-t bending that the minute elasticity of the 
boof allows of; but contraetion of the hee) / IV bich accompanies hot, brittle, arid 
in' I i-.tic hoof, preventK its bending duly and truly, and lateral pMMVM \\\><>n 
the qnarUrr« follows The wA': Ix-ing thu» undulv [>*:nt up, the cireijlatii»n is 
obstructed in its [>aswge to and from the eavity of the coffin-bone, and a de- 
posite of bhxxl. whieh hoon bMSMMM ofbnsive matter, ih the con Bad 

ebeeSWg; whereby Ibe fieels are pinched, als/j when the ragged ho<;f i «4 left, 
which may have contained partieien of Hand, will cause irritation, and end in 
yyTH, or fir_rg. 

Sijrnj/t.(,rr,#. — Tlie mivhief thus Commenced v. it!. in showh i 
the liar and the < rn t. or wall of the hoof, in a dirty-red tumour, vMth greatly 
increawd heat. l.ameneKH, in a decree projx»rtioned to the hedneM «»f the 
com, Li Uhually the fir st hyuipt >rn that direcU our attention to the w;le f''£7f 



194 TREATMENT: DISCRIMINATION NECESSARY. STRAINS. 

is but anv>thcr name for the same kind of corn when situated close to the bar 
of the frog, a little farther back in the hollow of the sole. Pain, very acute on 
the touch; or, when the horse treads on a hard suhstance, he issues a moan, 
or gran! : it is that sound in which his voice is aptly likened to the complaint 
of the human sufferer. 

Cure. — Although oftentimes very troublesome, returning again and again 
when the farrier apprehends he has cured it radically, yet no affection is easi- 
er of a partial remedy, or effected by more ordinary means. Deceived by the 
name, perhaps, resembling the hard excrescence called acorn, on the human 
foot, they proceed at once to "pare the corn out to the quick, till the blood 
starts;" but they heedlessly put on the same shoe upon the same thick heel 
and hard hoof which first brought about the malady, and the lameness returns. 
Let the heol of the shoe be cut offon the side that is afflicted, or if both sides 
have corns, a bar shoe is recommended as giving pressure to the frog. The 
heels are then to be rasped away free from any contact with the shoe; if they 
are thick and hard, this will give them play — if thin and tender, they will thus 
be freed from pressure. The thick heel is most commonly affected, and should 
be softened by an extensive poultice that is to cover the whole foot, after the 
corn has been pared and treated with butter of antimony. Tar is then a very 
desirable application, or Friar's balsam; and if inflammation is again discover- 
ed, poultice the foot once more. Fire is applied by some, butthehoof is perma- 
nently injured by the actual cautery; and whatever good is achieved is thus 
counterbalanced by the evil. Vitriolic acid mixed, carefully, with tar, in the 
proportion of one-tenth of the former to nine-tenths of the latter, will promote 
the absorption upon which the cure depends. 

But in some desperate bad cases, the matter has already formed within, most 
offensively, and discharges at the coronet by means of that curious process of 
nature winch I descri bed at a preceding page, as affording the coronet the 
material for forming new horn to supply the wear and tear of the hoof. Upon 
paring away the horny sole, which now becomes necessary, the offensive mat- 
ter will be found to have spread itself underneath the sensible sole, which will 
ooze forth and give immediate relief to the coronet. Let so much of the horny 
sole as lies loose from the sensible sole be pared away, and a dressing of tar, 
or ot Friar's balsam, be applied as before directed ; and if inflammation is again 
discovered, apply a poultice ; should the growth of horn be found too luxuriant, 
discontinue the tar. 



CHAPTER V. 

Of Strains Generally. 

STRAIN OF THE COFFIN-JOINT. 

Cause. — As previously observed, lameness of the foot does not consist in a 
strain of the joint within the hoof, but is referable to general concussion of 
all the parts, and is rather a strain of the back sinew at its conjunction with 
the bottom of the coffin-bone. Inflammation and accelerated circulation fol- 
low, and numbness of the foot succeeds: these, if not remedied betimes, are 
followed by ossification of the tendon, of the ligament of the small pastern, and 
die cartilaginous process at (J), fig. 3, plate 2, also becomes bone. That the 
joint of the coffin-bone with the pastern-bone may be strained, is very pro- 
bable; but no injury, blow, or concussion, can affect it, which does not at the 



WHERE SEATED. SHOULDER, HOW AFFECTED. l<)fc 

game lime affect all the component parts of the foot. Thin hoof and sole are 
most liable to this injury. 

Symptoms. — Sudden lameness, that is always increasing, and has scarcely 
an intermission, without any appearance to account for it on the limb; and 
the persons who permit the horse to incur this disorder by their carelessness 
seldom have the candour to acknowledge that they know the cause to be a 
tread, a rolling stone, or a stumble, and the doctor is left to "find it out." 
.Almost every one imagines the lameness to reside higher up, as in the shoul- 
der or the hip joint. Great heat and tenderness of the part soon come on; 
the latter symptom may be ascertained by striking the hoof in front with a 
key or small stone, when the animal will flinch considerably more than when 
the corresponding foot is struck in the same manner. When the hor«*e would 
stand at ease, he usually does so with his toe pointing forwards, so as to keep 
the pastern in a straight line with the leg, and thereby take off the tension or 
pressure upon the back sinew and ligaments: the inflammation shortly after 
reaches the upper part of the sinew, as may be ascertained by passing the hand 
down over it when the patient flinches. 

Cure. — Blistering at the coronet and fetlock repeatedly will reduce tne in- 
flammation within. A poultice covering the whole foot also tends to the same 
effect, which will be further assisted by paring the sole, if it be not already too 
thin : reduce the frog also, and do the same for the corresponding foot. 

Formerly they pared the toe tolerably close, and bled it there, by making a 
longitudinal incision: the usual application of tar, &c. then completed the 
cure. But this is an operation that is seldom performed with sufficient exact- 
ness, the incision l>eing too often made unwisely deep, so that other disease* 
were thus generated at some future day. Others, again, passed a seton through 
the heel to the hollow of the frog, taking care not to touch the sensible sole. 
A third set apply the actual cautery, which comes least recommended of either 
of the remedies just descril>ed ; especially when we consider that the actual 
disease is very often mistaken for some other ; a remark that implies how much 
caution should be used in first ascertaining the exact seat of the lameness, its 
cause and symptoms, ere we set about the cure by such violent means. 

STRAIN OF THE SHOULDER. 

Horses that are weak l>efore, and low footed, with an unsteady tread, are 
most liable to contract this disorder, which consists in a twist or sprain of the 
strong muscles that attach the shoulder to the body. 1 think the horse is very 
liable to incur this disaster, in a petty degree, whenever his progression is ac- 
celerated to the utmost of his powers; but we must guard ourselves against 
placing entire reliance upon the hastily-deliverod opinions of empirics, who 
boldly pronounce when they hope to deceive, and expect belief from the cre- 
dulous. 

Cauae. — Much the same as those which occasion concussions, blows, and 
numbness of the foot, with their consequences, which we consent to call 
"strain of the coffin-joint," without the most distant possibility of knowing 
whether this misfortune ever has happened. When the horse is subjected to 
any rude accident, as a kick, or being thrown down, or slipping on pavement, 
ice, &c, or treading on a loose stone, lie is very likely to incur strain of the 
muscles of the shoulder. See conformation of the shoulder, in chapter 1, p. 

Symptoms. — Decided by swelling upon the chest, 01 at the top of the shoui 
der; but we think it desirable to ascertain whether the accident has taken 
place before this symptom becomes apparent. Lameness immediately suc- 
ceeding any or either of those accidents, which may be distinguished from a 



1% SWIMMING I'OR STRAINED LIMBS. 

strain lower down by the animal's drawing liis tor along the ground, from in 
at'iiitv in the pari to lift it off the ground; l>nt when ho throws out the (out ia 
asemietrrie, described by the segment at page II, tliis shows thai tlie hurt is 
chiefly confined to the lower part of the shoulder near the elbow. Taking up 
the foot ami bending the limb will Anther prove the existence of strain in the 
shoulder, if the animal evince pain; whereas, if it lie in the foot, and not in 
tho shoulder, the lame leg can be moved aa supple as the sound asm, Tho 
difficulty of ascertaining the real sent of ba s e nes s is sometimea so very 
great, being entirely invisible, as to put ns upon all sorts of expedients to find 
out the real seat of the disorder. For this purpose hold op his head high, 
and after comparing and finding no difference in the shape of Ins two shoul- 
ders, lot go tho beau, when he will 1h> observed to finch upon bringing it to- 
wards the affected side. Let a parson rattle souk- corn in a sieve at a distance 
behind, now on this side, now on that, and he will be observed to evmoa pain 
at turning tho nook so as to strain tho affected sido ; not so it tho pain l>c in 
tho foot, of oonrso. As tho horso will stop short, and also throw out his leg 

somewhat in a semicircle, when ho has received a prick in shooing, this latter 
r*gn is not to ho taken as finally indicative of "strain in tho shoulder," until 
tho foot has boon examined, and the shoeing smith questioned as to his skill 
and carefulness, 

('urc'. — If the injury be Considerable, as when the horse has been thrown 
down, ho should be bled at onee, in tho plate vein when it is local, hut in tho 
neck when the injury has been more ge n e r al A laxative ball, or a purgative, 
must follow as a matter of course, proportioned to the actual state of his body 
at the time. A fomentation of camomile (lowers, or of scalded bran, should 
be applied largely and assiduously at the chest and inside the elbow, and these 
remedies, with rest from all labour and exercise, generally ported the cure. 

When tin 1 swelling is great, but not extensive, as in the case of a kick, spi- 
rits of wine, in which a fourth of its weight of camphor has been dissolved, 
should be rubbed in. This will supersede the necessity of walking the horse 

too early, with the hope of recovering the "use of his limb," by promoting the 

lymphatic absorption. A rowel is sometimes employed, when the heat and 
swelling are very high, with good effect] but the old system of previously 
boring and blowing, and laving on "a charge," is exploded as barbarous and 
inutile. On the symptoms abating, lot tho convalescent horso have a loose 
stall, and in proportion as his action may be free from lameness, so should In) 
regulated his return to walking, to exercise, and to work. Before he can be 
lit for his farmer occupation, it generally is found best to give the horse a run 
at grass; but previously he may try his powers in a contracted plot of ground 
in the homestead, to prevent his indulging too freely in exercise, seeing that 
he is very liable to a relapse, which is generally more difficult to overcome than 
the original attack. 

Swimming the horse "for strain in the shoulder Joint}" was a favourite re- 
medy formerly, but is deservedly exploded, although we could bo certain that 
tho joint intended to-be cured wore the elbow. This accident, however, does 
not happen often : 1 never saw a marked case, and merely deem it possible; 
yet has tho practice still its advocates. And it may be serviceable in Other re 
spools, as the muscles are thus brought into play, ami the whole limb employ 
ed in quite different kind of action to that of walking on terra fuma. Some 
persons submit their horses to bathing, by entire submersion ; an op er a tion 
that was performed most adroitly, about thirty-live years ago, by a stableman 
named Denis Lawler, in the bay of Publin. Irlis manner was to ride his horse 
to a convenient depth of water, and then jumping forward suddenly on the 
animal's head, thus souse it head foremost to the bottom. Tho feat caused 
groat marvel at the time ; but not so the total disappearance, upon one occa 



>l I.ami.m. BEHIND. tTBAIN OF TBE BACK jfy 

■ion >f the performer i poor Drab is rappoeed to have, received i kid >o the 
Bottom, and i.i. body drifted out to m,M big Howth fri«ri«Jw bend no more 
of biro after that, though "New Uari>our ;) underwent thorough r< pair ninco 

Lawlcr'n last kirk. 

BTBAlli OF THE WHIRL-BONE Mill' JOINT). 

A supposition di-.order, that is more frequently found to I < \ a tardy attack 
)f boM Hji.jviri, th;it in slow in coming forward, and Upon which M. la FOMJ 

ti.tn thought propei lo be rery facetious: "a horse bee the spavin, or b 

it not," say h In-; "for it. is not like a jack in-a l>ox, that waitH to make, his 

appearance when you poll the Hiring." Either spavin or strata of the erhirl- 
bone, he concludes, muet be the oieorder of the hiod leg; when the animal 
draws its toe along the road, eg described lust abovr: oh being a symptom of 
•train in the tore leg. When the animal has received injury in the region of 
the hip. the camphorated spirits recornrnended in a p re ce din g para (196), 
should be applied; but if the beat, swelling, end tension, do not abate \>y this 
treatment, Meter the parte with tin: mild hlihter, No. 15. at para \7.i. 'J hie 
application, with rest, m adequate to any ordinary ease of hip joint ■ceident 

STRAIN or THE STIFLE, 

Simple "lameness" would better designate this lo-ralled strain. The 
same re medies as those pres cri bed for nbirvbone strain will apply to thm part ; 
also fomentations, physic, and if the case !«• inveterate, a rowel, &c. foe. one 
after another. 1 amphorated spirits, or ultimately i inil<J bfister, are useful and 
proper, aeoording to thecircuni tan© just set down. 

STRING-HALT. 

A retching op of the hind leg at every step the bone takes, constitutes what 
k leraaed string-halt. It ie one of the incurables \ but thin eonaideratiorj shall 

not deter me from observing, that this over aelion of the hind leg may hi 

brought about by art, mr rather the ingenuity of man operating npona known 

function of nature. 

The cause, naturally srising i rery obscure] but the h o rra e shiliilkmcra. 
having occasion for much •how ettlieiramphi-tbeatrie courses, sought to hrinr; 
on this "high kIk.-.v" by puncturation. To them let the wcret belong] it is 

liarharous and unseemly. 

STRAIN or THE BACK 

When the immediate covering of the hones, described in H<x>k I. at page 

l'j, become relaxed, ijrid thereby fail to hold the joints toge t her sufficiently 

firm, the Consequence naturally arising from this I III limelSllte is, that they 
bend a little riut of place, at every movement the animal makes, anif the. least 

accident confirms the strain, or sprain. Merely et ra in i ng or stretching will 

nflei t this evil at times, though that be no greater than an effort to relieve, na 
lure by a mot i 

CttUtt, — Mostly affecting draught cattle of the heavy kind, and pr i nc ip ally 

incident to cities and towns, where dray and cart -horses are obliged to turn 

■hurt upon slippery atones, we- may ascribe this disorder to what is called a 

wrench, Of tvvi-.t in the human practice, 'i I" steady pull, unattended i.v a 

turn, it* not likely to < < ■<■,, nofl hurt of the hack, Is- it < | < t W hollow originallv ; 

e the effort that i- made to pull a fT< at weight cansrs the points to pre-* 

19 



108 POUNDER, VAKlul a NOTIONS AS TO ITS CAUSES. 

straight against each other, every capsule being than filled with its next e* r- 
responding convex hone. 

Symptoms. — A kind of separate motion for the hind quarter, compared te 
the lore one, of which the exact perceptible division is the Beat of the injury. 
Sometimes it appears as far back as the loins, but when farther forward than 
the twelfth spinous process, Tat G. 34) on the frontispiece, it affects the respi- 
ration, and with it other vital functions, and the animal suffers in his generai 
health. It may be muscular or ligamontan , or compounded of both, in whit b 
cases the parts adapt themselves to the derangement that has taken place, by 
thickening their substance, and the first lameness decreases greatiys in this 
event the horse's condition is not at all affected. While staling, his efforts 
are somewhat ludicrous ; as are also all attempts to make a trot of it when out 

of harness. These symptoms have deceived some persons into the belief, 
that the one or the other exertion has caused the strain ; whereas it is only the 
earliest demonstration oi' it to the observer. 

Remedies applied early may assist nature, but the lameness never can be 
cured completely. It" the wrench or sprain has been o( a violent sort, as in 
case of "strain in the shoulder," let the animal be bled to a good extent, i. e. 
from three to five quails, according to the quantity or degree ol' violence the 
animal has sustained ; tor it usually happens that it has been strained all over, 
in various parts. Two dray-horses, which were employed in pulling beer 

butts from the cellar of a public house, being backed too elose to tile steps, fell 
in, the weight of the hinder horse dragging in the fore one upon him. Much 
contusion was tin- consequence, as well <A' the accident itself as in dragging 
(hem out : they were in tact strained all o\i'r, so that they could scarcely stand 
for a while. Bleeding copiously, however, to the amount o( mx quarts, re- 
duced the tendency to inflammation ; and although they might be pronounce I 
hurt all over, and the hind horse in particular, both did well after physicking, 
and a few days of light work. 

[ have found a fomentation of hot vinegar of very great service, in a wel' 
marked case of recent Strain j the plan recommended by White, of administer 
jig it by means of a woollen cloth or rug, steeped and loosely wrung out, be- 
ing followed. A fresh sheepskin, just Bayed, was applied immediately, and 
the lameness sensibly lessened, after two days, applying the fomentation four 
or live times. 

FOUNDER 

Is a disorder, or rather a complication of disorders, of the fore feet. Some con- 
troversy has crept into our books of farriery latterly, as to what really is found- 
er: and whilst some would confine their consideration of the subject to tho 
foot only, others follow tin 1 fashion of grooms, and ascribe the incurable lame- 
ness that has no visible speciJic cause, to an affection of the chest. Hence 
"chest founder" of the stables, and the "body founder" oi' White. "Shoulder- 
shook" is a provincialism of the smithy, when the farrier can perceive "no 
thing amiss" with the feet — so far as he can see, feel, or understand. Sur- 
hating was another name given to the symptom we now recognise as founder, 
at a time when it was the practice to divide and subdivide every disorder under 
many, useless, and unmeaning appellations. 

Cause. — Hard work, bad shoeing, age and ill-usage, either of which pro- 
duce so many other disorders pertaining to the horse in his domesticated state, 
precede foundei ; for. we never meet with it unless the animal has been M 
treated or kept, and I look upon it rather as a complication or effect of several 
diseases of the foot Some of these, we have seen, are liable to be mistaken 
for others; therefore i]o the.- get maltreated, imperfectly cured, o* retain the 



I ■ [>EH \0A 

of futun ml founder i i the name given to ihat which i other' 

utahlc, li.i- no other origin, and in badly defined l>y ;jII writer* and 

talker* upon tin ( >ul "I thi . dilemma I do not at present atti mpt to 

it: I care not for term insomuch a they can aaaiat ua to un- 

avel l der. Contracted heel is the slow cauae of 

•under, whereby the quarters \<> on the coffin and shuttle bone 
and thus prevent the action of the latter, which! great at i 

and is mainly conducive to the prop i et retton of i.Ij<: horny material lx I >re 
■ M <<r preti •. inui h at large. To " a chill :i 1 1 generally attributed the im- 
mediate cau e of founder; and indeed the poor animal which baa suffered 
• ' the hand (01 ipui 1) of his masti 1 1 moat open to acquire any ill 
which chill «>r cold may inflict. When tin , chill takes place, the attack 1 
den and 11 mally violent. 

Inflammation always attends t h«- first symptom of (bunder, if i' he not an 

iiiniM -iij.iii c;im e thereof, arising, I have no doubt, from the waste or uV truction 

of the secretion marked (e) (c) in the cut at page 166. To thi ion J 

inn come the more positively, by reason oftne absence of those secretory ves 

in the feet of old, foundered or otlu rwisc diseased horses; which sccre* 

gned to furniah the material for forming new horn and g 
icity to the tread. Fig. !', plate '■', at {g) shows the progress of incipient 
founder, where those vessels are represented aa nearly dried up, and adf* ion 
haa begun of the inner surface oftne hoof and the coffin-bone. What must 
follow, inn brittle hoof, battered feet, orsurbating want of elasticity in the 
and tendon, accompanied hy inflammation, which is a cauae, if 
not caused hy founder! 

But voting b< while breaking in, hy the violence thai i> 

deemed i" ire foundered hy the rough rider, through the rupture 01 

forcing asunder the connexion betwei n the hoof and coffin bone, just spoker. 
of. In such case*, the animal being vigorous and the foot replete withju 
coronet ia greatly affected by oozing out there, in rte Wood and lympn 
If youth and general good health should bring the animal through his suffer* 
ing ita feet ■■■.ill evei after bear external marka of the internal injury. 

Symptoms. — Curved, wrinkled, or striated hoofs, ever attend those animals 
which have been soovet strained in youth, appearing ■>■ if the horn bad oeen 
ad or indented; which arisea from the coronet fumiehing the horny ma- 
terial too luxuriantly, before it has received sufficient concoction within thi 
fin-bone, a* before described, at p. 168. Lameness in one or both fore-feet, 
with evident pain, and great beat in the whole foot, attend founder in every 
At. the first attack of acute or violent founder, the horse is observed ^<-ry 
restless in bis fore feet, which he endeavours to eaae, hy alternately changing 
position, and lying down when he should be feeding. Jle brings his bind 
far under his l>elly for the same purpose, and if heia roused by hunger 01 
mandate he h<-s down again. Considerable alteration takes place in the pal <-, 
which indicates fever, and the patient breathes short with pain. The pro- 

1 ipid, seldom occupying more than a day or 

two. 

The slower or ehronie, founder begins with app a ren tly rheumatic pain* and 

awkwardnese of going, for which he usually receive* the whip. A fur a while, 
flattening sometimes appear* on the front of the hoof, and the heels contract! 
the old. 1 animals have now short, brittle, shining hoofa, with the small pastern 

ix.ne deeper sunk than heretofore; the hollow of the sole i , converted into the 

convex, or pumice foot, so that the animal can scarce find foot-bold on the 
ground but will slip and slide about He is then considered groggy, that into 

/•.ay, "like a drunkard," and may last many years ■ tins is cheat founder, and 
Meed the whole Inuh is usually affected up to the very cheat. 



2QQ REMEDIES: JOINTED SHOE 

Whethei the attack l)e of the acute or the chron.c Kind, it dies if not re 
lieved; for the coffin-bone becomes rotten, and the hoof is cast off without the 
■possibility of ever being renovated. In some constitutions, nature lends its 
aid in critically raising a tumour at the coronet, the breaking whereof and the 
discharge of offensive matter effects a cure. The same sort of critical tumour 
as denoting the crisis of general fever, or inflammation, was noticed at page 
114, "Critical Abscess." 

Remedy. — As soon as discovered take off' the shoe, note well the condition 
of the sole, the heat, and other symptoms, for according as these vary, so must 
the remedies be changed. Draw the soles a little with the buttress if founj 
too thick, not otherwise ; rasp the heels and quarters, which will ease the pain 
occasioned by the binding of the hoof, and give room for the action of the foot ; 
a fact that may be ascertained by bending it at the pastern, forwards and 
backwards, before the operation, and trying the same experiment afterwards. 
Apply a bran poultice warm to the whole foot daily, but do not add to it any 
greasy or oily substances as is too often practised. The sponge boot may be em- 

Kloyed with advantage, made large. After three or four days, that the horn 
as recovered its former consistency, put on the shoe gently, and walk the 
patient, to try in how much he is now lame ; and if the attack has been a 
slight one, he may recover with very little more treatment than a turn out in a 
meadow will afford. Otherwise the feet must be stopped, and kept moist and 
cool, as directed in case of Canker, at page 191. 

In all cases, (except where the foot is pumiced, or the sole is very thin), the 
jointed shoe of B. Clark, or of H. Goldfinch (page 183), will be found ser- 
viceable, as being well calculated for giving play or action to the parts of the 
foot, which produce the secretion that is so salutary to the renovation of new 
hoof; but which the disorder we call "binding of the hoof" has sadly pervert- 
ed into an offensive and harmful matter. 

The proper secretion of the juicy elastic substance, for the formation of new 
hoof, being essential to the restoration of the horse, and as the lameness will 
not wholly subside unless this process goes on healthily, resort must be had to 
blistering, provided he still goes lame any. This should extend from the coro- 
net and quarters to the knee, and be repeated, taking care to keep the heels 
open and the sole stopped. The good effects to the sole that will be found to 
result from blistering, shows the connexion or companionship that exists be- 
tween the legs and feet, as I took occasion to observe at a former page. 

But, as to drawing the sole, as before recommended generally, there is one 
exception : if the lameness and other symptoms come on after an inflammatory 
fever of the whole system, then we ought to look upon it as an effect of the 
fever seeking to throw off its dregs thus critically ; and a swelling and dis- 
charge at the coronet may be expected soon to take place that should be en- 
couraged, and treated as simple abscess, not fistulous. When this is the case 
the bar-shoe is better adapted to keep the parts in position, that the discharge 
may proceed temperately. 

In default of sending the sick horse to a meadow, he may be allowed to 
stand on a clay-made floor in an outhouse by day, or any slip of soft ground- 
but by no means adopt the plan of putting the patient upon litter that is damp, 
and is therefore half rotten and heating. A number ot contrivances for af- 
fording coolness and natural pressure to the sole and frog, besides the forego 
ing, have been resorted to, and among these the admixture of vinegar, alegar, 
verjuice, or solution of nitre with the clay, with the stopping, &c. are well 
talculated to answer the purposes intended. Rubbing the knees with turpen- 
tine is also serviceable. 

Physic would not of course be neglected at the earliest stages of lameness, 
adapted to the previous state of the patient's bodily health, and calculated to 



IMPOSTURES PRACTISED. FRENCH MODE OF EXAMINING A HOItSE. 20) 

lower the access of inflammation, which so much pain must naturally pro- 
duce. Either of the three evacuations being suppressed, or imperfectly per- 
formed, must be restored, and a purgative, a urine-ball, or a diaphoretic 
powder be administered »ri requires, and opportunity present* itself: 

of course, neither of those will he given while the animal is out of doors. 



PRECAUTIONS NECESSARY TO BE OBSERVED ON BUY 

INQ A HORSE. 

Much as hath been said of the make, shape, and proportion of the various 
breeds of horses in Book I., some few precautionary hints, still more familiar, 
i desirable in this place. Of the several points of inquiry to which pur- 
chasers apply themselves, the age of the animal is ever considered the most 
desen ing of attention ; the state of its legs, bodily health, and eye sight, coming 
next in order, if general appearance does not precede every other. On each 
of those heads I offer a few words of advice, most of which are tolerably well 
recognised, though seldom in print, as most of those who deal in horse-flesh 
acquire their knowledge from experience rather than hooks. Before all things, 
the new horse-dealer should guard against imposition, and not "look at a 
horse" where he has got to withstand two or three masked advisers. To be 
sure, no one desirous of a nag would submit to the imposition of a cart-horse 
instead ; hut, next to this kind of gross attempt, the thorough-paced dealers 
practise deceit of every species, and throw obstacles in the way of cool exa- 
mination, especially when we come to investigate the seat of any actual defect. 

General appearance : an idea of a good horse. — And first, that we may 
make no blunders, and the younger portion of readers be thinking of one part 
of him, whilst I am talking of another, let the annexed plate of " Terms com- 
monly made use of to denote the external parts of the horse," be kept con- 
stantly in sight, so that there be no mistake of that sort. 

Previous to stating our own old English notions, it may not be useless to 
quote the instructions with which the purchasers of cavalry for the French 
military service travelled fas I believe) over that country. Its coincidence 
with our own opinions and practices is at least eurious, though on such a topic 
no Englishman whatever requires instructions from a foreigner, if his own as- 
sertions are to be taken for genuine. " The persons sent to purchase horses 
should not only keep in mind the colour, height, and price of horses for which 
he is to treat ; but also the usual defects of the country, that he may guard 
against them ; these are, faulty sight, flat hoof, too brittle, or too soft, and 
affections of the lungs. 

" Those things being well thought on, the purchaser will look at the horse 
sideways at a tolerable distance : he will choose him as nearly as possible one 
tenth longer than he is high, measuring from the breast to the quarter, and 
from the withers to the ground, so that if the horse be five feet high, his length 
should be five feet and a half. 

" Preserving the same situation, he will see 1st, If the horse has a small 
head, not too fleshy, perfectly free from tumours, and well placed, neither cai 
rying it too low nor too high ; 2nd, If he has not an ill-shaped neck, with his 
windpipe hanging too low, or tending ; 3rd, Whether his withers be either too 
sharp or too large, with fleshy shoulders ; 4th, Whether he is not hollow back- 
ed ; 5th, Whether his chest be well formed, neither too round nor too flat, 
6th, Whether he be low-bellied, with a small sheath ; 7th, Whether he be 
touched in the wind ; 8th, If his fore legs are not too slender, or his hock do 
not bend forwards too much ; 9th, If the tendons or back sinews be not ailing, 
i. e. either sore to the touch, or else stiff-jointed ; 10th, Whether the animal 
ot not either loner- jointed, or short -jointed ; 11th, Whether he be strained in 
19*° 



2fhi RIGHT ENGLISH xVOTlUiSS OF A GOOD HORSE. 

tne pastern joint, going lovr ; I2th, Whether flat-hoofed, with low heels; 13th, 
Whether he be not narrow at the hind quarters ; 14th, Whether he has not 
spavin, windgall, or curb, ring-bone, or thorough-pin, or is likely to cut. Exa- 
mine his sole and heel for thrush, canker, or corn, and if contraction has taken 
place." 

Having thus before us the Frenchman's precautions, we come to the Eng- 
lishman's long accepted description of a good horse, and nothing else. His 
head ought to be lean, of good size, and long; his jowls thin and open; his 
ears small and pricked ; or, if they be somewhat long, provided they stand 
upright like those of the fox, it is usually a sign of mettle and toughness. Hia 
forehead long and broad : not marefaced, but rising in the middle like that o* 
a hare, the feather being placed above the top of his eye, the contrary being 
thought by some to betoken approaching blindness. His eye full, large, and 
bright ; his nostrils wide, and red within ; for an open nostril betokens good 
wind. His mouth large, deep in the wykes, and hairy. His windpipe big, 
unconfined, and straight when he is reined in by the bridle, for, if it bends like 
a bow (or cock-ihrottled), it very much hinders tlie passage of his wind. His 
head must be so set upon his neck, that there should be a space felt between 
the neck and the jowl ; for, to be bull-necked is uncomely to sight and preju- 
dicial to the horse's wind. His crest should be firm, thin, and well-risen ; his 
neck long and straight, yet not loose and pliant, which our north countrymen 
term withy cragged ; his breast strong and broad ; his chest deep at the girth, 
his body of good size and close ribbed up to the stifle ; his ribs round like a 
barrel, his fillets large, his quarters rather oval than broad, reaching well down 
to the gaskins. His hock bone upright, not bending ; which some do term 
sickle-hougl .ed, and think it denotes tastness and a laster. His legs should 
be clean, rlat, and straight ; his joints short, well knit, and upright, especially 
at the pattern and hoofs, with but little hair at his fetlock ; his hoofs black, 
strong, and hollow, and rather long and narrow than big and flat. His mane 
and tail should be long and thin rather than very thick, which some think a 
mark of dullness. 

Some do affect a small head at all hazards, thinking none other belongs to 
a good horse, but much will depend upon how it is set on ; if that be upon a 
crane-neck, as usually happens when very small, he will canry unsteady, with 
tail up as a counterbalance ; and if large head arise from thickness of the jowl, 
this will also be a real deformity and interfere with his safe going : hard mouth- 
ed usually accompanies the great big head at the jowl. Expanded forehead 
is quite a different thing, and belongs to neither 01 those objections, but on the 
contrary is a redeeming sign of good breeding for any kind of faulty head, or 
long or short, or thick or thin. The crest being slightly curved is always ac- 
companied by distinctly marked windpipe. No horse with a bad shoulder can 
carry his rider with ease and pleasure on the road, though a large one be re- 
quisite for harness, or a very oblique one belong to a speedy horse ; because it 
is the hind legs that send the animal along, as was eminently the case with 
Eclipse. See pages 5, 9, 10, of Book I., where many other points to our pre- 
sent purpose are discussed. 

As to bodily health, also, the reader will not have far to look to enable him- 
self to judge how any animal is affected which he may desire to purchase. 
The whole volume now in his hands is devoted to a description of the func- 
tions of animal life, and of their derangement. 

AGE. 

General appearance bespeaks the age of every animal, to those who have 
ouch practice in ascertaining that point, and whose interest may be said w 



NUMBER OF TEETH: TUHHES. 203 

(sharpen their judgment : in the horse we are enabled to make a fair estimate 
of Ins years from the birth, to ten or twelve, by means of its teeth, but then 
we should guard ourselves against a number of deception tricks that are prac- 
tised on the unwary. 

A certain juvenility of countenance and springiness of action, legs long 
compared to the carcass, or filling up, large at the knees and other joints, wide 
jow£ rough coat, and intractability, denote the foal and colt in succession ; all 
which indications vanish gradually as it advances toward? maturity, and be- 
comes full mouthed. Heavy cattle assume premature age and sometimes de- 
ceive us upon the first view ; nor do such decay when aged so fast as the more 
spirited, fretful, and lighter breeds ; and as no one would purchase a horse lor 
use before it be fit for his purpose, nor take to one that is worn out, the vendor 
hesitates not to stretch a year or so, one way or the other, as may Ijest suit his 
own interest and his customer's wants. To aid their nefarious designs, they 
are said to file the marks of age in colts' teeth, and to bishop the aged, for 
confirmation of their falsehoods. But we never rely wholly upon those marks, 
but turn our attention to the curve of the tushes in the horse's mouth, and the 
■loping forward of the corner teeth in both sexes, to detect the imposture. 

When we open the mouth of a full grown, or four year old horse, we per- 
ceive twelve nipper teeth in front and twenty-four grinders behind : between 
the two sets, above and below, a space is seen on the gum, designed by nature 
to receive the bit, and termed the bars of the upper or lower jaw, as the case 
may be. About an inch behind the last of the front teeth, the male has tush- 
es at this age, which seldom occurs with mares. The tushes coming up in 
the lower jaw sometimes occasion soreness at the bars, when these are to Ke lan- 
ced and the tushes appear: this the dealers effect prematurely at times; and 
having also drawn out the two front sucking teeth, this causes the " torso 
teeth" to come up soon, so that the animal may appear four years old be- 
fore its time. Pursuing the same species of deception, they proceed to draw 
the remaining sucking teeth, that the animal may assume the appearance of a 
five year old. Jockies have then a pass word for this operation, which they 
term "all up!" 

In examining the mouth to ascertain the age, we leave entirely out of con- 
sideration the grinding teeth, and chiefly rely upon the under jaw ; though 
when deception may be suspected, the buyer should refer to the upper teeth 
also, as these follow the Bame course of nature as the lower, but do not decay 
so fast in old age. 

At fifteen days old the fore teeth (two above and two below), appear above the 
gums, the outside shell first, having muscular substance in the middle of the two 
shells, whLh fills gradually up, till about the end of the first year, when the 
surface becomes smooth, and a small ring is observable towards the root of each. 

Meantime, when the foal is a month old, the next two teeth (one on each 
side) above and below, appear in like manner ; and at thirteen months the 
fleshy cavities of these fill up, and a ring is observable as in the former. 

At four months old the corner teeth come 
up, and the filling up is similarly effected at 
sixteen or seventeen months old. After this 
period the whole six teeth wear even, and so 
continue smooth and unmarked until two 
years and a half, the corner teeth being still 
the least perfect, the front ones largest. 

During this state of the mouth, if the un- 
principled dealer would give his animal's teeth 
'.lie mark of three or four years old, he is said 2 1-2 years old 

»j "file" two or four front te«th hollow in the middle; though in fact it o 




CO I 



TOMS' ANP COLTS' TEETH FORMIMV 



burnt 

But t 
lower 
teeth 
not be 
tinge, 



in with an acid that is capable of destroying the hardest mhetaaaem 
lis falsification may be detected, 1st, bj comparing the upper with the 
jaw which the* t>mit "to tile;" Oil, by noticing whether the marked 
have the ring before described, as pertaining to the sucking teeth, but deal 
lone to the horse teeth — lastly, these latter are larger, ofs brownish yellow 
and soon acquire tartar, very unlike thefinewbitenessofthesuckingtoeth 

On rising three years old, the two fore teeth 
(below, ana two above) tall out, and ire re 
placed by two horse teeth, having the hollow 
mark, in the middle, as shown in the untaxed 
cut. As just said, they are also larger and of 
a darker colour than the sucking troth. But 
between the third ami fourth years, two fur- 
ther colt's teeth (as well above as below) shed, 
snd are replaced by "horse teeth," i. e. larger 
and browner than the sucking teeth, with the 
black mark; the tushes also push forth, and 
the horse is now fully mouthed, as re- 
presented by the cut in the margin. 

Only the comers now remain un- 
changed from colts' to horses' teeth. 
These differ from the others in being 

shorter, smaller, and of a shclldikeap- 

pearanee, until the middle o( the fifth 
year, when these also are displaced hv 

horse tooth, in shape inueh like the 
former, and their marks but just per- 
ceptible within the upper surface, But, 
tow ard the completion o( five years of 
ago, they become larger, are more 
strongly marked, and are grooved on the 

inside, which groove denotes the age to 
be five with precision; no deception can 
be practised on this point, nor as regards 
the tushes, which are now curved, hav- 
ing grooves inside, that may bo felt with 
the finger, and seer, as represented in the 
figure annexed. At this age the two 
front teeth give proof of being worn, 
principally on the outer edge • the wear- 
ing sway goes on, and at six years the 
surface is level, eras they say, '"the mark 
is gone,'' whilst the next two teeth also 
begin to wear. Now, also, the grooves 
just spoken of in the corner teeth till up; 
the curve in the tushes is diminished, l 
at seven years their grooves till up in like 
manner, and become convex in another 
year or two. Up to this age only the two 
corner teeth retain the mark, and that 
but slightly ; when the horse acquires 
the term "aged," and these two likewise 
soon after become smooth. 

This is the state o( the lower jaw at 
seven years old, but tiie teeth of the upp*« 




r\u. ■:. Jiii;v fi« f.r.o ./: l\m 3^ 

I.. •» do not /ill ii|»«r) fott l>y t 10 (hat .» tolerably 

.1 :i li<-i ■• rimy !.■■ form* il until it 1 'root 

\ of the upjier jrware riot obliterated until 1 old, anil tlu 

rtooth only il the tenth yeai of 11 1 agej In i 
later than happen* to the correeponding teeth ol the lov rtthe 

> corner teeth above do not lew their marl > until the 1 >r. 

'I'll' 
away ai the poinl a il tie / had been ofl and j.oh ,!,e,i again 

eorru 1 u < id appear long .ni<i leaning forward ; the upper teeth | r the 

lower, and all low then oblong ehape, whil t the the gum reced< 1 and leave* 
their root* bare, ao that the te< When the teeth 

do not so meet evenly, certain dealer* Ak away tin projecting teeth j forthie 
denotation of old age, which may be attributed Uj j mouth, sometimee 

bappi ithout any other correeponding »ign. In two 01 I 

othei ve notice aimUar deviation* from the general rule, that none 

know how to account lor, unleea it I": that auch animal . old 

rite, when the hollowneea over iii<: eyi 1 a/ill be found to d 
of the mo it tend r 1 lo «• the marli in all tfv ir teeth ex- 

cept the corner*, a* curly .. I old; other* Ij;jv«- hard montha and tl«e 

, i»ui nil tbeae have '.Ik; hollow fuel woken ot Thia de- 
fect dealer* endeavoui to rectify by puncturing the akin and blowing it up. 
On the other hand, eome not th, or rathet healthy 

1l1.1t. the mark 1 ofnve yean '<i<i are retained by them until *ix 
Extreme old be further oeceitatned by the sioutb, with moa\ 

Up to ten or 1 lev< n jreai 1 ok), I n tain their oU 

figure and touch each other. Prom thai period the teetneontract in 

Minli.ll, and ■'' .'/etwee/, ll,.-,,,; wh|e|j -.),:,(<■ j,,. 

I to the fourteenth <»r fifteenth 
ilar ttiape, and j,n»j< ,.1, irregularly, lo another year or two t.h*s 

under li|> hang* down, the, jaw becomea neaped and contracted, the gum re- 
cede* eon Itderabiy from the ,,,,,! > f ;,,,.! lh»; uhape of the teeth ja then 

long, but directly contrary to the lir»t. 

ipproacbing .. h<- 

winka much, and the inner akin of bi mouth turnooutward. II natural 

, or mini colour, the dai turn maty, and he 11 then what they 

term "uea bitten:" graduailj ii:ig with the head ant] 

(iniahing with the V 

LAME 

Jm not f;a«y of detection, when the ho n the band* of 1 A 

wboofeourae makeethe beat of him, and endeavour* to inveigle our judg- 
ment^ and to throw in the way of examination. Perhapa, wh< 

walk* queerly, or unacconntably odd, thieabenU \*. aunVienl cauaa for 
rejection; but ifheauite the purchaser** purpoaein other reepecta, w< 

dly induced to look ;it bun a little further, and thia m the reaaon that the 
*eller ;dwayH put* bia tit upon the pace lie can p erfor m ■ • the 

gallop. All pacee are natural om backing and cantering, and are 

ail modification* of the Walk, trot, and gallop. 'J fie walk M made in four 

«; the trot in two, and the gaflop Idtewiee in iting 

on. When the in equal time, then in the horee lame. Thai 

ieoba 'hen he walk*, i* more apparent when be trote, but i- scarcely 

perceptible when he gallo ,. : bune "t 

tould I-*; put uikmj th e at the il u nj re 

rllffirult to lx- discovered !y rfCetng hirn go, than hy hearin;' the onh | |C* f 



006 BLOOD LETTING . ERRORS CONCERNING. 

sound in each alternate step. Hence, it will Iv soon, wo must examine 
whether a boon be lame by a gentle trot. To judge whether the lameness 
Dt» before, lot him come towards you, thon tho foro log wliioh tails to ground 
tho quickest is tho sound log, ami tho contrary MM is faulty ; but to Sad OM 
whothor tho inequality of his paces proceeds from defect in the hind log, make 
bin trot from you, ami that log whioh is longost in coining to tho ground is 
aft'octed in somo mannor or other; and in oithor oaso tho faulty log is to be 
closely examined, according to tho instructions before sot down, page 171 
Kvon thon, unless tho person has groat experience, he is liable to be imposed 
on, as the poor animal is often lamed oi a tore and a hind log, at tho same 
time: an 006008006 that may have been indicted on one leg in order to coun- 
teract tho first appearance of. actual lameness in the other. To detect this cruel 
imposition, it becomes necessary to examine every leg. to turn up all tho solos, 
and tii ascertain whether the horse has not MOD p egged between tho shoe and 
tho sole, or his "heels opened," by tho shooing -smith for tho purpose of sale. 

BLOOD-LETTING. 

Evkry one, almost, can bleed a horse in some way or other, ami it is often 
found extremely desirable that tho operation should DO perforated without de- 
lay. But, like many othor excellent remedies in tho hands oi unreflecting 
ik'rsons, this one is frequently emplo yed imperfectly, as well as too often. Each 
has its peculiar notions, oithor as to tho tit part whence the blood should bo 
taken, the tune when it becomes necessary, or the quantity proper to bo taken ; 
the latter being the more common error, as it is also the more excusable, inas- 
much as they can plead "authority" either way for what they do, is neverthe- 
less demonstrably ruled by wrong principles. The practice of bleeding at 
given perwnls, ho the quantity taken ever so small, is most injudicious, to say 
no worse of it ; for, why should we employ ■ curative when there is nothing 
to cure? especially when wo thereby substraet from vitality itself. 

"Only bleed incases oi intlammation," say tho French farriers, and thon 
they take a largo quantity, under the impression that taking a quart, ora little 
more, from a mass of two hundred and twenty quarts, which is fairly calcu- 
lated to reside in a middling-sized horse, "is but trilling with the disorder." 
Tho existence of intlammation, or fever, is to be ascertained by the state of 
the pulse, upon which I was tolerably minute whilst speaking of fever, &e. 
(pages 61 — 64) the number of boats, and the kind of vibrations, being well 
considered, previously to taking the tloam in hand, when the quantity drawn 
should be commensurate to the extent of tho disorder. Bleep in mind, how- 
ever, the exceeding danger oi mistaking one scries oi febrile symptoms for 
another, as may be judged of by turning to those oi "low fever," at POM t>7, 
when blooding would destroy the horse. See also pages t>8, t>'A Without 
question, if the operator entertains a doubt about the symptoms as indieated 
by tho pulse, the least quantity ho takes is likely to MipetieM the smallest 
amount of harm ; whilst, if he be correct in his observations, and has witnessed 
the go^xl offbeat of blooding in strictly similar 00000, its inadequacy can effect 
00 iiixx.1 whatever, nor repotitioo amend the matter one tittle, but the contrary. 
So that he must be wrong either way. 

For, as I proved at the pages before referred to, tho disorders for which 
pklflti Off is found serviceable depend less upon the quantity of blood that may 
be in the system at the time oi' the attack, than upon the construction or 
"state oi the blood,"* and the degree of irritation that may exist in the vee- 

That v to say, the proportion of Its tlien component party which '» mainly affected bj 10a 



AM) Al'l'KAKAN'.J. 01 OOAOUU 20T 

s*l« ifni contain it. ; botfi which ttkctUm 01 < to 1 1 oi (M i tae, f»rr- mtn 
quentfy t-, i,. | the manner of takii <n quantity than 

fir rather tin measure thereof If the blood, f. 
'j from ;i itniflll orift lly judged ttic q uar I 

fn-, bowevei consonant to the proportional 
irritation of the Mom! •-(■••i I- Known by the rigid feel of ttx 

i -I /or ili<< animal ' : J u ban been bk i 

of the doctor, "and rt : we have even pr< Bat tot 

thing lias not l»een performed with reaufeite hil. Amoti :iii«-*, 

the operator will \,< impropr* the bkiod 

ml, am! tin quantity drawn] than which /i<> 

n !»<• mor<! slovenly and falla* , 
A r ioul.l be pro vided, marked with graduated circular Knee, end 

numbered from the bottom by pinfi each, GHaac form-'. tl»<- i eaaeli 

but pewter oftei i .'< brittle material in he inc. The blood nhould 

while ifi the reeeel, that t h«- form it annum*** in coagulating may 
be noted and remarked upon; an commonly hapfjeriM mo*t imJi^n-etly ■ 
byatandera, whether it he caught or not 1 f n eea pwnotji 

u**>ii tin: view, the quantity ol >• l-l^xi indicate*, particularly 

when it. |. ..j, the ground i nor fat whan in a vessel, unless it be caught ppa» 
party, 

Let the vessel b< the blood fairly, end not trickle 

down the aide*, whereby the manner ol ita eoagulation is effected. Blood 
that i ilthy home, toon eongea Bntforataaneji 

alf»u» one fifth <;f water only remaining ai the topj from the r<-<.i<ji,< 

- away t(.< red of colouring partiek • tnd leave i pal iguloni or 

lymph. In ■ pound of such blood will be found these 

ounces of thick lymph, 5 ounces of the red or colouring parti les, !> ounces 

wau-ry. I « stirring I until k eooie, the water does 

parate, but flic whole forms one hom< In eeaee of great 

inflammation or fever, the I li HMS, an<l the bk) 

then eonai quently more iai kl or ihii k ; which ; it tfii« visd-Jity i« an 

• lymptom of the disorder, ai maintained in rarioui parte of thai 
volume; but, a* tb< animal loses ap 'll»«: make* no 

more n< f blood ; tli<- blood then becomes thinner i 

i its circulation, an'] the n->\ yui prrdo a a i in b ( hi 
I and all languishin 
es of dcdematous tumour, tin part i« found in the gtaatast pro- 

portion, and the red pan is ttu n almo I in inflami 

particles predoininj I the lymph greatly de> 

< »». 
/n- be Beam and b leod s t ick hav< 

of the o!<! seheol, but w« r<: unjustly stigmatized metnod of obtaining 

blood. In the hands of judicious persona, tL<; fleam al to 

purpose that was required, and ad adroitly no i nmoi 

blood-letting, probably, ever nil! le it. But during til i im- 

iled i fi ; v. iee, they nought 

• t to 
it is, thi rkward metnod of making twooi I 

skw, 

whilnte*.' off tOC 1»<-;j<1 IS swelling wjtlj oloed, iri | 

th<: application of the bjsjatnre rosmd tli«; m1 equally 

rbat earetes* operators fr< jm; subse- 

lf woumied lh« casolid u't/^n 
30 



908 FIJBAM AN1> l.AN( T.T. 1 .MATURE. 

that posses under the vein; yet are there insurmountable obstacles to the ge» 

neral ma of Um lancet, that can daw be overcome. 

Of those, 1 need mention but one objection, viz the time occupied in mak- 
BXg tht* opening-— seldom less Itian four or five seconds, which cimscs tht* ani- 
mal to iiiom' its head, tod thus to defeat the intention of making a sufficient 
orifice, wherein the adipose muscle o( Beany animals is allowad to intarpoati 
ami the hliHul trickiea down tha neck, and part of it gata underneath tha skin, 
Bv tha way, this bappena whan tha operator doea not bleed sufficiently high 
up tha neck, tha skin and muaola baing mueh thiokai lower down. U|>on 
Barge animals, likewise, tha lancet is wholly incompetent to its purpoaaj owing 
to the vorv thick toejunxtnta it haa to pass through, leaving entirely out of con* 
akleration tha aubatanca of tha vain naott To remedy those objections, the 
apring Beam is more advisedly employed by less practised hands, and is found 
to oomhine the advantages ass m nod tor the lancet, whilst it atcuraa the requi- 
site orifice punctured bv the Beam 

aaaTiny is now parfbrmed without previously applying a ligature, as it be> 
aoaaa apparent that tha i>Khh1 which waa thus detained in u>th veins, distend- 
ed also the capillary vessels in the bend, which pressed upon the brain. 
Hence it frequently happened that vertigo came over the animal, filling it 
with the apprehension of danger. Sometimes it fell down through oompree- 
aioo o( tha brain, and plunged ; whereupon tha dioconco r tad operator •**■ 
known la give it an for a had job, at tha moment it became more than ever ne- 

cessnry, charsjiiiij the fault to account of tha horse's restivenoss, with an ex- 

praastHl intention o( resuming tha attempt at some more favourable opportu- 
nity. But this v\,i> a promise he was seldom able to redeem cleverly; the 
alarm excited hv striking the Beam again and again scarcely ever subsiding, 
for the tension of tha veil! would hut increase with the oontinuanee ot' the 

hgature, and oauaed it to slip aside more certainly, Apoplexy ami death has 

ensued from the same cause, namely, the application ot a ligature, and the 
consequent bursting of tha tine blood vessels of tha brain. 

A MfM rej'.'i is more desirahle to take blotkl from, as an evacuation that is 

to relieve tha whole ayatoaa, than a small one, and the jugular or neck vein, 

within a hand vA the jowl, is ever preferable; Uvause the small <\o not con- 

veniently admit of making solnrgc an orifice, tor the quick escape of the blood, 

UOOM which ao mueh benefit depends ; nor tor tha same reason allow of draw- 
ing a suthVient quantity at one time, to afieeJ any good Upon the spasmodic 
tendency or irritability o( the vessels. 

Loosa aaaeaWuxf', in tha plate vein for example, for a bruise in that region, 

dot's not enter exactly into mv present view ol the subject oi' bltkkl letting ; 
though as mueh service to the part affected may he derived from drawing OUT 
from the circulation a' tha neck vein, as Spraying B vein immediately at the 

eeatof the evil Bleeding in the foot is the onh exception 1 should make: 

unless the practice ol' incising the bars of the mouth when the animal will not 
take his corn, be another, or at Icost not oi importance sufficient to he men- 
tioned at all, even as an exception. 

The juauhir rein being BOUghl for where it is largest and nearest tha sur- 
face, this will be found upon pressing it with the finger, a hand's breadth from 
ttM BStting on oi the head, a very little below the place w here a hraneh conn's 

from the lower jaw, and joins another from the upper part. The Frenchman 
instructs his aurorftal thus pithily on this topic, at on several others — "Do 
not blood VSSJV horse in the head, hut as near tit it as possihle." lis sit nation 
being thus found lake the tleam between tha fore-finger and thumb of the 
'eft hand, and pressing gently Upon the vein beJow with the other fingers, the 
tain will rise; liven strike, wiih stick or spring, as the ease may be, and con- 
tinue the pressure until the proper quantity of blood is drawn oft If this 



OF IMNNIVJ -IIIR OMIT K ACI.ii. FOIJNDKR. 2fK) 

laftrt iiecetwary attendance i". found ineon 'be ligature may now \m 

■ppfied without dan rHh no additional advanf 

Pinning up the orifleefethe Anal part of Mood lotting that i>. frequently 
i * * r ■ * - - that ik • < moeh oi the fkln ii drawn uj< over tin mwbi n 

o that the Mood will gow wn Jor n eot h the akin, which cauaea a i 
ind n fi-.tulou* tumour it the fMMeqiifimn, that in vry troubleaon 
Where the ' : 'f blood taken haa b een OMnll, Graving a redun- 

*J;> f f.y in tin: *y*»em. ttlU latter mi fortune i» likeliest to happen ; but ' 

the quantity taken mm beau mm Mid the boree reete quietly aftet it the 

pinning np may be (Hepeneed with, for the Mood itself, the 

Iher will adhere alme I y, by holding the MMM 

at the ortftM Mf I <<• v MMMld*. Hut when you mu*t umc a pin, fx; careful it 
do»;« riot prick the orifice ol the vein. 

Im it neeeeaafytoadJfthajl t f »*- Imjm njmjU bi mmmj Mid rtMMwtee in good 

or<\< ■ 

Jfulf.n. J. Always {jive purging phynic after letting blood, 
blew! immediately after a run ; nor at the moment, pretend to pa** judgment 

on the pul*e, a* it i* then flurried. '< Vou may bleed after i fail, or ■ <>m- 

tu*ed wound; though the pulee \f. not quick, it will then be irregular: inciacd 
wound* do not require bleeding, MlMe enough MMOMJ at the wouri'l. 4. Jf 
the blood in the mea*ure bl very hard, with buff at the U>p, the animal may 
Ix: Med again : it indicate* high fw-.r. f>. If the blood Hcarecly coagulate*, th* 
j>oor creature ought not to have been blooded at all. 



on A'jirrr; foundkr. 

Founder, ha a general nubject, i* MM of gNMl irri porta n- vhen it in 

lered a* MAgo aW e , that if it doe* not destroy, it at U*a*t r selcaa 

n><>rr horse* than all other OMMMM put toget h er, it* importance can hardly fxj 

rated t/v> high. To a proper eo na idewMMi of it, however, it mjm! be < ywj 
an eoneieting of two kindle, and the*e eeeenttailjr differing from each other. 
The one. \n an acute attack, dependent on diffuaed inflammation or fivt-r, like 
the inflammation* of any other Intportarjt mmumj the other, a mmmmE) mmo> 

Hioned by lo':al inflammation, wunetimeH rlep*;nderit on corifttitutional liability, 
but. much more frequently on outward oc/.a-ional eauxea. 

Jiit M an aeute founder tpMMfP 10 bf the rri'«t general MMMMMJ thw coun- 
try, I shall confine rnywdf entirely to a consideration of it. 

A' ap(x-arn t<; fiave two origin*., in MMCMM MJMJg a true me- 

taataiti« r/ primary f*-.^<-r, i>r translation of dineaae from one f/art t/j another; 
in otf Mea tfie atfMeft appear* to be made more direetly on the feet 

thernv.-lve«. In a gMMt rriany hf*ltffff1 it can bf direetly lM)Md to the effect 
of obstructed perspiration ; or at leant of the nudden alt/;rnatioriK of tern[»era- 
ture, OOMMJOg in tfie production of general febrile MMCtfMMj wfir/^; tranhla- 
tion t/» the feet M ik>rnetirrK,*a jx:rha[>n arx.idental, and at other* may fx; pro- 
duced by MOM CaOM which ban already weakened them. In thin latter way 
it often occur* after very neve re exertion*; a* very hard riding or drisinjr. with 
pr'-viou-, preeent, orOMMMJOeuf MrpOMMJ t/> wrrt or cold, particularly of the 

m rra ahin g them irnrnediately afu:r the bona arrive*; or the tendency 
Mar p e rh ap s be in texpoaing the feet to cold and afterward* 

M> flic IfJf OMnoring then int» a warm hUible; the vefMvdti of the h-ef n->t lx:inrj 
able to bear thM MmMm aJteialioa, OMMOd and fall i ntr> inflammation It may 
in many of tbene MaMfOCCMi pfMt lOCMMnl lever, whieh will then lx; «yrnp 
lomatic ; or it may tx: eOMMfIMM] Uj it, wli/;n the founder it»»elf ia the effec* 



210 ACUTE FOUNDER. 

o! translation; ami both are frequently occasioned, aa before stated, byre 
pealed ami long continued exertions with subsequent exposure to cold, cspe- 
dally bv the custom of washing the feet ami legs when hot. 

Founder very frequently proceeds from cokl too suddenly applied to the 
body from a current of cokl air acting upon it when in an over-heated state) 
or from drinking froely of cokl water. The symptoms are at first these i 
when tin" horse begins to cool, ho appears very still' and feeble in his fun 
quarters, ami, when forced to move forwards, ho collects his body, as it were, 
into a heap, and brings his hind foot as tar forward Under him as ho can, in 
order to remove the pressure of the weight of his body from the fore logs a il 
toot ; at the same time ho sots his fore feet to the ground with great pain ; lus 
fore parts aro extremely hot, and sometimes his lege are considerably swollen, 
and evidently painful to the animal when touched. 

As soon as the complaint has risen to any height, the foot will be found h> 
intensely hot, and the pastern arteries pulsating very strongly; there is some- 
times some little tumefaction round the fetlocks, and when one foot is hold up 
for examination, it gives so much pain to the other that the horse is in danger 

of falling. The poof boast groans and breaks out into profuse sweats at one 
time, and at others is ookl; his eyes are moist and red, and his whole appear* 
ance betokens that ho is labouring under a most painful inflammatory affec- 
tion. 

In this state, the complaint shows itself the first throe or four days, after 
which its effects are various. In excessively bad cases, when the symptoms 
stated have raged a few days, a slight separation ol' the hoof at the coronet 
may be observed, from which a small quantity of thin matter may be pressed ; 
the sensible lamina of the foot, now losing their connexion with the insensible 
lamina by the effects of the inflammation, the hoofs gradually separate, and 
at last drop off At other times the effects aro not quite so violent : still how- 
ever the termination is sufficiently unfortunate; for coagulable lymph is thrown 
out, which equally forces off the hoofs; but not until the parts underneath 
have acquired BOOM solidity, nor till the germ ol' a new hoof appears, which 
if suffered to grow never proves perfect; on the contrary, the horse usually 
remains permanently lame. In other cases the lamina, losing their elasticity 
ami power, yield to the freight ol' the coffin-bone, which becomes pushed back- 
wards, and in its passage draws with it the front ol' the hoof, which falls in; 
tlK> pressure also ol' the eotlin bono destroys the concavity of the horny sole, 
which becomes convex, or pumiced, leaving a large space hollow towards the 
toe, which very frequently turns up. 

But when the attack is not commenced with that violence which has been 
detailed, or when an early and judicious plan of treatment is adopted, the ter- 
mination will be more fortunate; the horse will stand longer upon his feet, the 
pnlse, which at the onset of the disease is very high, will gradually fall, these 
favourable appearances will increase daily, and in the end the animal will re- 
cover the use ol his feet. 

As soon as the disease is discovered, take away blood from the neck to the 
amount ol' four, five, or six quarts, as circumstances may require, or size and 
condition will permit; back-rake and throw up clysters , but unless there be 
much eostiveness present, do not give strong purgative medicine, as the high 
state ol' irritative fever which is generally present, forbids such practice. 
Mild laxatives should Ik> given twice or three times a day until the bowels 
«ire moderately opened, together with the fever ball, recommended some 
pages further back, twice a day, until the inflammatory symptoms have sub- 
sided. 

The feet bhouU V attended to after the general bleeding, dee. In the iirst 
ptawd ict the shoes be taken otlj and the soles pared a little; (he hoof should 



ACUTE FOUNDER. 21 1 

be raH[>oi] as thin an is prudent, which will greatly relieve the internal sensi- 
ble parts, which are tender and swollen, hy removing the pressure of the sole 
and hoof from them; let the feet Ik; immersed in warm water or apply poul- 
tices to them, or if preferred wet cloths may he kept round them; if the 
general fehrile symptoms still continue repeat the hleeding ami the medicine. 
As soon as amendment hecomes apparent, foed mildly, and allow the horse 
to rent ; do not proceed to exercise until the feet have gained some strength, 
nor must it he forgotten that feet once foundered, require great caution in 
their future management, as they are very liable to become again affected on 
■ ny considerable exertion. 



20 • 



INDEX. 



A. 

Abscess and tumours, how engendered, 110. 
■ , critical, treatment of, 1 13. 

Drawing poultice, 114. 
■ — , deep-seated, danger of, 115. 
Acute founder, origin and treatment of, 209. 
Age of horses, how to estimate the, 202. 
Air, effects of, on the blood, 39. 

, confined or noxious, a cause of inflammation, 60. 

, the importance of keeping out a draught or current of, in stable*, 74 

— , cells, controversy concerning, 82. 
Anatomy of the foot, 169. 

Animal system, general observations on the, 54. 
, definition of the term, 54. 
, how deranged, 55. 
, lesser parts of the, described, 56. 
Anticor, prevalence of, in France, 142. 

, cause, symptoms, and method of curing, 142. 
Alterative ball, 143. 
Arabs, practice of the, in cases of lameness, 170, 177. 
Arteries and veins, their office, 41. 

B. 

Back, strain of the, cause and symptoms of, 197. 

, effects of, and remedies for, 198. 
Back-raking, in cases of costiveness, method of, 69. 
Bile, excess and deficiency of, 50. 
Bishoping, how to detect, 204. 
Bladder, construction of the, 53. 

, diseases of the, 54, 104. 
- , inflammation of the, cause of, 105. 
■ , symptoms and remedy, 105. 

, cases of stone found in the, 108. 
Bleeding, copious, in certain cases recommended, 74, 198. 

■ , dangerous, after continuance of inflammation, 74. 

■ - , of the employment of the fleam and blood-stick in, 207. 

, objections to the lancet, 208. 
, local, remarks on, 208. 



— , modern method of, 208. 
— , on pinning up the orifice after the operation ofj 209. 
-, rules to be observed in, 209. 



Blind-gut, its uses, 46. 

Blistering, to divert inflammation, considered, 76. 



■2U INDEX. 

Blood, circulation of the, 38. 
— — , effects of air on the, 39. 

•k , how cleansed, 40. 

, fluidity of the, 42. 

, effusion of the, 42. 

, the, how made, 48. 

, healthy proportion of the component parts of a pound, 207. 

Blood-letting, remarks on, 206. 

, use of a graduated measure recommended in, 207. 
Blood-vessels of the foot, 168. 
Bone spavin — See Spavin. 

Bones and integuments of the foot and leg, description of the, 169. 
Bowels, inflammation of the, symptoms of, 88. 
Breeders, advice to, 18. 

Broken wind, 82. See Organs of Respiration^ %. 
Brood-mares, treatment of 18. 



Calculus, or stone in the bladder, cause of, 107. 

■ ■ ^ its resemblance to colic, 109. 
Canine madness, causes of, 159. 

Canker, causes, symptoms, and method of curing, 190. 
, treatment in cases of, 190. 

, how prevented, 191. 

Cat-hams, how contracted, 13. 

Circulation of the blood, 36. 

Cline, Mr., his opinion regarding hereditary roaring, 85. 

Coffin-joint, strain of the, how caused, 194. 

, symptoms and cure of| 195. 
Cold, progress of a, 33. 

, mistreatment of a, 35. 
Cold or Catarrh, causes of a, 76. 

, symptoms of a, 77. 
, remedies in cases of, 78. 
Colic, a prolific source of inflammation, 88. 

, spasmodic or flatulent, symptoms of, 90, 96. 
, definition and re-production of, 94. 

, causes and progress of, 95. 

Drench, No. 1, 9& 

, No. 2, 98. 

Sedative ball, 98. 
Colts, consequence of mounting too early, 19. 

Concretions, cause of, 107 — the caecum, 46 ; kidneys, 51 ; Madder, 6SL 
Consumption, definition of the term, 82. 
Contraction caused by paring the sole inconsiderately, 185 
Corns, how caused, 193. 
— — , symptoms and mode of curing, 193. 
Costiveness, causes of, 68. 

, symptoms of, 68 
, remedy in cases of, 68, 92. 
- - , restoratives, 69. 

laxative drench, 69. 
tonic ball, No. 1, 69. 
, No. 2, 7a 



INDEX. 2J"> 

cooling decoction, 70. 

Cough remedies for, 7!>. 

expectorant ball, No. 1, 80. 
, No. 2, 80. 

a laxative hull, 81 

a diuretic ball, 81. 

drench, No. 1,81. 

, No. 2, 81. 

, diet and regimen in cases of, 81. 

Cough, chronic, described, 30. 

— — , symptom* of, 8*3. 

, plethoric, how brought on, 80. 

, remedy in cases of, &6. 

purgative ball, 80. 

, periodical, treatment of, 87. 

mild purgative ball, 87 
alterative ball, 87. 

, constitutional, 88. 

drench, 88. 
Curb, description of, and how cured 174. 

D. 

Dead subjects, duty of examining, 2. 
Defectiveness, constitutional, 110. 
Diabetes, cause and symptoms of, 10G. 

, remedies for, 106. 

Diet and regimen in cases of cough, 81. 

Digestion, the process of, 43. 

I hseases of the lungs, review of, 35. 

, origin of constitutional, 48. 

Disorders, inflammatory, 59. 

of the foot and leg, introductory observations on, 170l 

Dissection, how to proceed with, 2. 
Docking, introduction of the practice of, 56. 

, effects of, 157. 

Dung, an indication of the state of the body, 65. 

E. 

E?ra, the, by their movements, indicate the passions, 57. 
Eclipse, the race-horse, 5, 10. 

weight of the heart of, 37. 
E' 
E 

Exercise, effects of, 42. 
Eye appearance of the, a criteiion by which to judge of the constit 



Englishman's description of a good horse, 202. 
Eruptions, scurvical, treatment of, 176. 



F. 

Farcy and poll-evil, connexion of, 121. 

, distinction between, 121 

, cause of, 110. 

, symptoms, 140. 

, treatment and cure of, in its three stages, 141. 



t INDEX. 

Farcy, mercury, a specific m, 142. 

Farcy buds, the free application of the actual cautery recommended 

purgative ball, 141. 

alterative ball, 141. 

mercurial ball, No. 1, 142. 

, No. 2, 143. 

Fever, predisposition to, 59. 

■ , and inflammation, slight distinction between, GC 
•~— , remedies recommended in cases ofj 61. 
high, indications of, 62. 



-, simple, symptoms and treatment of, 63. 
-, danger of relapse, in cases of, 65. 
-> low, cause of, 66. 

, symptoms of, 66. 

-, remedy and restoratives in cases of, 67. 



typhus or putrid, causes and symptoms of, 70. 
epidemic, cause of, 71. 

symptoms of, 71. 



Fever in the feet, i5, 178. 

purgative ball, 63. 

■ — , clyster, 64. 
fever powder, No. 1, 65. 

■ , No. 2, 65. 

fever drink, 65. 
laxative draught, 67. 
diuretic ball, 67. 
Figg. See Corns. 
Firing, barbarity of the operation of, 56. 

, in cases of strains, when proper, 179. 
Fistula in the withers, cause of, 122. 

— —- , symptoms, 122. 

, method of cure, 122. 
, operations necessary in, 123. 
cold lotion, 124. 
Fleam, the spring, advantages of, 207. 
Fluidity of the blood, 43. 
Fomentations, great service of, in strains, 198. 
Food of the horse, 43. 
Foot, constitutional defects in the form of the, 7. 

■ - t cutting away the horny part of the sole, reprobated, 56. 
^ a section of the, 166. 

k structure and physiology of the, 164, 168. 

, mode of severing a, 167. 
, blood vessels of the, 168. 
, ligaments and tendons of the, 168. 
— — , anatomy of the, 169. 
— -, and leg, description of the bones and integuments of the, 169. 

, observations on the disorders of the, 170. 

— -, remarks on the diseases of the, 188. 
France, prevalence of anticor in, 142. 
French method of cleaning sores, 124. 

-, notions of strains, 176. 

, military service, instructions to the purchasers of cavalry for the, 201 

Founder, causes of, 198. 
, in young horses, 199. 



index. sr 



Founder, symptoms attending, 199. 

. , distinction between acute and chronic, SO*' 

]- remedies in cases of, 200. 

. , the effect of inflammatory fever, 200. 

t acute, origin and treatment of, 209. 
Frash. See Thrush. 

a. 

Genitals, how nourished, 57. 
Glanders, how generated, 33. 

. ■ — , observations on, 129. 

. 1 predisposition to, 129. 

. , symptom* of the tiue, 134. 

, as described bv La Fosse, 135. 

•, controversy as to, communicable, 135. 



— of three soris — two contagious, 136. 
—.cause of, 129,_136. 
— , symptoms, 137. 
— , tests of true, 138. 
— , remedies for, 139. 
-, legal restraints regarding, 139. 



Glands, on the functions anil diseases of the, 29, 129. 
Grease, causes of, 143. 

., white feet liable to, 144. 

, symptoms of, 144. 

, preventives and remedies, 144. 

. , regimen recommended, 146. 

alum wash, No. 1, 145. 

strong alum wash, No. 2, 145. 

strongest, or mercurial wash, No. 3, 145. 

diuretic alterative [kvv 'er, 146. 

purging ball, 146. 

alterative balls, 146, 147. 

diaphoretic ball, 146. 

ointment, 147. 

. , molten, physiology of, 93. 

, its causes traced, 94. 

— — — , treatment of, 94. 

sedative clyster, 94. 
Great gut, course of the, 46. . . .._._ — 

Gripes and inflammation of the bowels, distinguishing symptoms between, 0Q 

-, distinguishing symptoms of, 96. 

, treatment in cases of, 'J7. 



H 

Head, motions of the, indications of pleasure and pain, 14. 

, a large, a sign of sluggishness, 17. 

Heart, structure and functions of the, 3. 
, organization of the, 37. 

, sha|>e of the, 40. 

, weight of Eclipse's, 37. 

Hide boona, caused by internal tumours, 149. 
, symptoms, 150. 



218 INDEX. 

Hide bound, method of curing, 150. 

alterative laxative, 150. 

tonic, No. 1, 150. 

, No. 2, 151. 

alterative balls, 151. 
Hip-joint, treatment in cases of strains of the, 197. 
Hoof, shape and make of the, 1 1. 

, duty of studying deformities of the, 164. 

bisecting the perfect, 166. 

, internal structure of the, 166. 

, component parts of the, 1GG. 

, brittle, a cause of sand-crack, 192. 

Horse, external structure of the, 5. 

, evils resulting from bad make and shape of the, 

, length of body of the, 15. 

, hollow back, 16. 

, food of the, 43. 

, of the leg and foot of the, 161. 

, impolicy of working the, too early, 19, 170. 

, advice to purchasers of a, 201. 

, Englishman's description of a good, 202. 

, criterion by which to ascertain the age of a, 203. 

Hydrophobia, an incurable malady, 159. 

, causes of, 159. 

• , symptoms of, in the dog, 1G0. 

-, in the horse, 1G0. 



, water no true test of, 161. 

, regimen recommended in, 161. 

writers on, 162, 163. 

Purgative ball, 162. 

1 and J. 

Indigestion, diseases of, 45. 
Inflammation of the stomach, 44, 88. 

, of the liver, 50. 

, and fever, distinction between, 59. 

— , causes of, 59, 89. 

-, restoratives incases of, 61. 



— , of the lungs, causes of, 72. 
-, symptoms, 72. 



— , stage horses liable to, 89. 
— , how incurred, 89. 
— , how distinguished from colic, 90. 
-, of the kidneys, 51, 90, 102. 
— , of the bowels, symptoms of, 91. 
— . of the liver, cause of, 99. 
— , symptoms of, before yellowness comes on, 99. 
-, liver and kidneys, treatment in cases of, 100. 



Iron defence. See Shoeing. 
Instructions, French military, for the purchase of horses, 20L 
Intestines, construction and diseases of the, 44, 88. 
Jaundice, or yellows, cause of, 101. 

> , symptoms of, 101. 

, ) cure faf t ioi. 



INDEX. ^ 813 

J ' 
K. 



Rjdney?, functions and diseases of the, 51. 
■ , influence of inflamed, 91. 

, inflammation of the, 102. 

, causes of, 102. 

____ f symptoms, 103. 

, cure, 104. 



Mild purgative ball, 104. 
Embrocation, 104. 



L. 



Laertes, Mr. Maberly's, a capital leaper, 9. 
Lameness, test for ascertaining, 171, 985. 

, remarks on, 171, 105. 

, rest indispensable in cases of, 170. 

Lampers, or lampas, description, symptoms, and method of curing, 128. 

Lancet, objections to the, in blood-letting, 208. 

Lawler, Denis, anecdote of, 19b\ 

Leg and foot, on the disorders of the, 170. 

Legs, mechanical explanation of the form of the, 6. 

Ligaments and tendons of the foot, 168. 

Liver, situation of the, 49. 

, functions and diseases of the, 49, 99. 

, inflammation of the, 50, 99. 

, ulcers and tumours on the, 102. 

, complaints, and kidneys, discriminative symptoms of, 102. 

Locked jaw, symptoms, 157. 

, remedies for, 157. 

, treatment of, 158. 

Lungs, description of the, 31. 

experiments on the, 32. 



— , review of diseases of the, 35. 
— , ulcer on the, frequently mistaken for worms, 39. 
— , causes of inflammation of the, 72. 
-, symptoms, 72. 



, restoratives in cases of inflamed, 75. 

Lympbatic*| importance of stimulating the, 30. 

M. 

Madness, canine, causes of, 159 

, symptoms of, 160. 

, treatment of, 161. 

Malle/ulers and sallenders, cause and cure of, 176. 
Mange, cure for the, 148. See Surfeit. 

Ointment, 149. 

Alterative for the mange, No. 1, 142. 

— , No. 2. 149. 

Megrims, characteristics of, 156. 

, remedies, 156. 

Membranes, construction of the, 27. 

, cellular, diseases of the, 28. 

Mercury, a specific in farcy 141. 
21 



330 INDEX. 

Mercury, green food improper under a course of, 142L 

, precautions necessary in the use of, 154. 
Midriff its uses, 26, 34. 

Millers' horses most liable to stone in bladder, and why, 1081 
Molten grease. See Grease. 
Muscles, their construction, shape, and uses, 28. 

N. 

Nailing, importance of the operation of, 186. 

, risks attending the old method, 186. 

, improved modern mode of, 187. 

Nerves, construction and uses of the, 30. 

O. 

Organs, large and small, description of, 21. 

■' , of respiration, liable to several kinds of disease, 35. 
, urinary, diseases of the, 105. 

P. 

Pegged, how to ascertain whether a horse has been, 206. 

Perspiration, 23. 

Phenomena, the trotting mare, 6, 9. 

Physiology of the stomach, 43. 

Pinning up the orifice, after bleeding, cautions relative to, 20d 

Pleurisy, 77. 

Poll-evil, causes of, 115. 

, symptoms of, 116. 
, cure for, by dispersion, 116; by suppuration, 117. 

-, form of bandage for, 118. 



-, method of operating, in cases of, 118. 
-, the seton, how applied in, 118. 
-, general remarks on, 121. 
-, and farcy, connexion of, 121. 

-, distinction between, 121. 



embrocation, 116. 

alterative ball, 117. 

irritating mixture, 119. 

digestive ointment, No. 1, 119. 

scalding mixture, No. 1, 120. 

, No.2, 120. 

, No. 3. 120. 

digestive ointment, No. 2, 121. 
Pulmonary patients, treatment of, 72. 
Pulse, observations on the state of the, 62, 206. 

— , a register of the state of the, recommended to be kept, d9L 

Purchasers of horses, advice to, 201. 

GL 

Q,uittor, how caused, 125. 

, method of curing, 125. 
■%■ mild treatment of, recommended, 173. 



INDEX. 331 



first alterative baH, 126. 
second , 126. 



Rabies, incurable, 159. 

, means of discriminating the true from the false, 160. 

1 Ingress of symptoms in, 160. 

-, nostrums recommended in, 162. 



Reaimen and diet in cases of cold, 81. 

Relapse, danger of, in cases of strains, 179. 

Respiration, its close connexion with the formation of blood, 31. 

the organs of, liable to several kinds of diseases, 35. 

, and exercise, effects of, 42. 

Ringbone, causes, symptoms, and remedies, 172. 
Roarers, hereditary, Mr. Cline's opinion respecting, 85. 
Rules to be observed in bleeding, 209. 

S. 

Saddle galls, how caused, and remedy for, 124 
Sand crack, cause of, 192. 

, symptoms of, 192. 

, treatment in cases of, 192. 

, remedies for, 192. 

Secretions, uses of, redundant and defective, 22. 
Shoe, shape of the, English, 181. 
-, French, 181. 



, an improved form of described, 182. 

, the patent, remarks on, 180, 184. 

, the jointed, 183 ; Bracy Clark's, 183 ; Goldfinch's jointed, 183 ; C«te 

man's frog slioe, 184 ; Teast's, 188. 

, ruinous consequences of trying on the, hot, 185. 

, importance of the operation of nailing the, 186. 

Shoes, various, for diseased feet, 188. 

— . — , cast iron, objection to the use of, 188. 

Shoeing, remarks on, 179, 185. 

, of preparing the hoof for, 184. 

, French method of, 187. 

Shoulder, conformation of the, 10. 

, lameness of „ne, 15. See Strain*. 

Sitfasts, how to remove, 125. 
Skeleton, explanation and practical use of the, 4. 
Sole, danger of paring the, too much, 180, 185. 
Sores, French method of cleaning, 124. 
Spavin, varieties of, 173. 

, bone <;auses of, 173. 

, symptoms and cure of, 174. 

Splents, cause and symfrtoms of, 175. 

, remedies for, 175. 

, in some instances, occasioned by shoeing, 175k 

Liquid blister, 175. 
Staples, close, prejudicial to health, 39. 

, the necessity of ventilation in, 74. 
Slagg^rs^ origin of, 155 156. 



852 INDEX. 

Staggers, varieties of, 156. 

, remedies for, L5& 

, mad, a can of, 71. 

Staling, excessive, or diabetes, 106. 
Stallions, on the choice of, 18. 
S title. See Strains. 
Stomach, physiology of the, 43. 

, inflammation of the, 44, 86. 

Stone, cam o£ found in the bladder, 109. 
Strains, remarks on, 176. 

, of the back sinew and ligaments, cause of, 177. 

, symptoms of, 177. 



-, danger of relapse in cases of, 179, 
Embrocation, No. 1, 178. 

, No. 3, 178. 

Blister, No. 3, 179. 

- of the coffin-joint, cause of, 104. 

■, symptoms of, 195. 



, method of curinf 1781 



, remedies for, 195. 

shoulder, cause and symptoms of, 195t 
-, treatment in cases of, 106. 



whirl-bone (hip-joint) remedies for, 197 
stille, treatment of, 197. 
back, cause and symptoms of, 197. 
^ remedies recommended in, 198. 



Strangles, cause of the, 130. 

, symptoms of, 131. 

, cure of, 131. 

, bandage for, 133. 



■, inoculation for the, 133. 

, of the gullet, 133. 

, bastard, 134. 

laxative ball, 133. 

laxative drench, 133. 

stimulating liniment, 132. 

fumigation, 133. 
Strinshalt 7, 197. 
Surfeit, erleets of, 147. 

, cause, remedy, and cure of, 148. 

wash, 148. 



Teeth, description of the, 303. 
Tendons and ligaments of the foot, 168. 
Thoroughpin, cause of, and remedies for, 173L 
Throat, sore, remedies in cases of, 78. 

■- , method of bandaging for, 79. 

Thrush or "frush," cause and symptoms of, 18ft 

■ , method of curing, 190. 

Tongue, state of the, a health-guage, 56. 
Tonics requisite after inflammatory diseases, 69. 
Tumours, internal and external, 43. 



INDEX. <£# 



TumuiiM, Otl the Hver, 99. 
— , definition of, 111. 

— ■ -, how engendered, 111. 

, distinctions \a-Xwcv.h tJirt single and the varied, 113. 

, tin: kind of horn*: most liaoie to, 112. 

, on the joints, [I'.i. 

, and abscess, ywd ol>aervation» on, lLJt 

U. 

Ulcer on the lungs, frequently mistaken for worms, 39. 

lJrin;iry organs, ftjfftfff of the, 105. 

Urine, secretion of the, 52. 

, chemical analysis of, 53 

> a good indication of the state of tUe body, 66. 

, suppression of the, 103, 

, balls, evil clIwtH of, 101. 

, incontinence of, 100. 

, Moody, cause of, and treatment recommended, 103. 

V. 

Winn ;iri<l arteries, their oo-construction, 41. 
Ventilation of itabie^ the imi>ortance of, 74. 
Veterinary knowledge, the ad vantages of, I. 
Vivch, description, cause, and symptoms of, 126, 127. 
, its connexion with farcy and glanders, 1^7. 

, cure for, 127. 

, false, method of removing, 128. 

lotion, 127. 

w. 

Warbles. See Saddle-galls, and SUfasU. 
Water, no true tut of rabies, Ibl. 

Whirl-bone, strain of the, remedies for, 197. 

Wind, broken, how acquired, 82. 

, varieties of, 82. 

■ , causes of, 83. 

i , regimen in cases of, 84. 

tonic ball, 84. 

ball, 81. 

Windgalle, causes of, 173. 

, temporary cure of, 173. 

Windpipe, construction of the, 32. 
Withers, fistula in the, 122. 
Worms, general remarks on, 151. 

, causes of, 152. 

, distinguishing symptoms of, 152. 

, regimen recommended in cases of, 13U 

, cure for, 153. 

No. I, mercurial bolus, 153. 

No. 2. purgative ball, 154. 

No. 3, laxative alterative balls, 154. 
21* 



BMDL 

laxative powder, No. 1, 155. 

balls, 155. 

powder, No. 2; 155, 

Y. 



follows. See Jaundic*, 






SUPPLEMENT 



TO 

MASON AND HIND'S 

POPULAR SYSTEM OF 

FA ERIE BY: 

COMPRISING 

r\N ESSAY ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 

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BY J. S. SKINNER, 

Editor now of the Fanners' Library, New York ; Founder of the American Farmer, in IBtf 
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1883. 



Entered according to Art of Congress, In the Tear 1883, by 

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DEDICATION. 



Without going through the formality of asking leave 
to say " by his gracious permission," which, if sought, 
might have been withheld, this Supplement to Mason 
and Hind's Popular Systems of Farriery is respect- 
fully dedicated to Col. Balie Peyton. 

It is not that a contribution so inconsiderable is 
deemed worthy of him, or the subject so interesting ; 
but that the Author would fain embrace any fair occa- 
sion to manifest to him, and through him to their com- 
mon friends at New Orleans, his grateful remembrance 
of their kindness when among them. 

There would be, moreover, an essential propriety in 
dedicating to Col. P. a more adequate offering of this 
sort ; as he is known to be a breeder and warm amateui 
of the high-bred horse ; and, in his own spirit and cha 
/acter, exemplary of what is best bred and most excel 
lent among men. 

J. S. S. 

New Ykah's Dat, 1848. 
For the nonce at Annapolis, Md 



i3) 



PEEEACE. 

Though, under ever fluctuating but sometimes pro 
pitious circumstances, the very climax of equestrian 
power may have been reached in a few cases in the 
United States, as in the country from which we derived 
our skill and material, is it not still worthy of all con- 
sideration how we may contrive to belay, as the sailors 
say, what we have gained in that important branch of 
Rural Industry — not only as a means of individual en- 
joyment, but as a prolific, indispensable source of 
National power and wealth ? 

However serious and apparently insurmountable may 
be the difficulties that stand in the way of farther im- 
provement of domestic animals, and especially the Horse 
— either in the general absence of the necessary means 
and appliances, and of adequate encouragement for the 
care and expense attendant on the production of Horses 
of high qualities, there ought, surely, among well-in- 
formed men, to be no obstacle arising from ignorance of 
the art of breeding. Hence it is that in sending forth 
the JYinth Edition of this popular work on Farriery, 
while nothing seemed to be needed in the way of de- 
scription or treatment of the diseases of domestic animals, 
and while the author of this Supplement was only called 
on to extend the stud-book in a manner to embrace the 
pedigrees to which breeders and dealers might have 

occasion to refer, he could not forego the opportunity 

,5) 



VI PREFACE. 

to offer some such additional matter as, to him at least, 
seems to be of sufficient value to render it acceptable 
and useful. 

In the introductory remarks on the relations existing 
between Man and the animals destined for his use and 
amusement, and the obligations these relations impose, 
the writer has but expressed the sentiments he has ever 
entertained, of duty on our part to respect the feelings 
and comfort of the humblest among them; and has 
endeavoured to encourage continued exertions for their 
melioration by showing how successful and progressive 
such efforts have been, even up to the present time. 

To these observations of his own are appended those of 
writers of acknowledged judgment and authority — 
accompanied by such notes as appeared to be apposite and 
well-founded ; and to these, again, have been superadded 
a few tables and other items which might not elsewhere 
be conveniently met with. His undertaking, kind reader, 
< hath this extent, no more." All, then, that the author 
of the " Supplement to Mason's Farrier" has to ask 
of you is that you will bear in mind that there has been 
no engagement to write anything — much less a Book on 
Farriery : for that there was no call or necessity. With 
this intimation, the reader will please accept for what it 
is worth and with all due allowances, the little that has 
been volunteered — by one who may claim to have been 
all his life an amateur if not a connoisseur of the Horse. 

J. S. S. 

Edit. Farmers'' Library 



CONTENTS. 



Jn the relations between Man and the Domestic Animals, 
especially the Horse, and the obligations they impose, Pago 9 

On the Form of Animals 18 

The Chest 19 

The Pelvis 20 

The Head 20 

The Muscles 21 

The Bones 22 

On the Improvement of Form 22 

On the Character of Animals 25 

Examples of the good and bad effects of crossing the breeds 26 
On the importance of more attention to the Principles of 

Breeding — the Stallion and the Brood Mare 31 

An Essay on the Condition of a Stallion 41 

Tables — Weights and Measures 49 

List of Medicines 50 

Apparatus for Compounding Medicines 5C 

Instruments 5C 

Calving Table 51 

Lambing Table 51 

Trotting 52 

Best Trotting Time, at Mile Heats 53 

At Two Mile Heats 53 

At Three Mile Heats 53 

At Four Mile Heats 53 

Racing — Best Time on Record at Mile Heats 54 

At Two Mile Heats 54 

At Three Mile Heats 56 

At Four Mile Heats 57 

The St. Leger 58 

Average Speed for the Doncaster St. Leger 59 

Pedigrees of Winning Horses, since 1839 60 

Celebrated Stallions and Brood Mares 89 

37 

<7> 



SUPPLEMENT, ETC. 



ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN AND THE DO- 
MESTIC ANIMALS — ESPECIALLY THE HORSE — AND 
THE OBLIGATIONS THEY IMPOSE. 



" La connaissance de la conformation exterieure du cheval est beau- 
coup raoins repandu qu'on nc le pense vulgairement : elle repose sur des 
etudes d' anatomie de physiologie, de mecanique, et d' histoire naturelle 
dont peu de personnes se font une juste id6e." 

If animals were classified by naturalists in the order 
of their intelligence, docility and usefulness, the Horse 
and the Dog would occupy, in relation to Man, the jux- 
taposition they have assigned — on the ground of physical 
structure — to the impracticable baboon and the grotesque 
and chattering monkey ; and in lieu of groping in the 
darkness of antiquity for the period when they are sup- 
posed to have been entrapped or subdued, by fraud or 
violence, we should the rather conclude that Nature 
placed all the domestic animals where we have ever found 
them — in close association with Man, administering to 
his pleasures and wants ; lightening his toils and sharing 
his dangerL , and constantly advancing, like Man him- 
self, under the improving influence of civilization and the 
arts that belong to it. 

In contemplating the whole animal kingdom, does not 
Man — standing preeminently at the head of it, surrounded 
bv the domestic races — present everywhere the most 



10 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 

lush ous spot on the varied map of living creation ? From 
die everlasting snows of the north to the burning sands 
of tropical deserts, his faithful dog follows at his foot ; 
the horse is at his side — submissive to his will ; — the 
patient ox bows his neck to the yoke ; and the sheep and 
the hog are present to supply his clothing and his food. 
Far otherwise is it with untameable and predatory birds 
and beasts. Restricted to particular regions by an all- 
wise Providence, the absence of food and climate con- 
genial to their nature forbids them to roam beyond limits 
comparatively circumscribed. And do not these arrange- 
ments for our benefit, and which give us " dominion 
over all the earth and every creeping thing that creepeth 
upon the earth," enjoin on us the duty of studying their 
habits, their economy, and all the laws of their existence 
— with a view to their improvement for our advantage, 
in every way consistent with kindness to them and with 
gratitude to Him, 

" Who in his sovereign wisdom made them all ? " 

And while these considerations teach us to be merciful 
ourselves, do they not convey the admonition 

■ Ye therefore who love mercy, teach your sons 
To love it too!" 

The very fact that to them has been denied the power of 
speech, and the necessity of uncomplaining submission 
under every hardship, ought to put us constantly on our 
guard against practising, or permitting to be practised, 
any, the smallest measure of abuse or ill treatment. Thus 
every man of common humanity will study their com- 
fort in all things, consistently with the purposes for which 
they were designed, and will never even mount his faith- 
ful horse without seeing that whatever is needed has Deen 
done to give an easy set to his saddle — and, still more, 
tnat all is light about his feet ! 



AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 11 

Doctor Rush, in a beautiful and benevolent eulogy op 
the Horse, in one of his lectures, related a touching anec- 
dote of a highly intelligent and successful Pennsylvania 
fanner, who, stricken down suddenly with apoplexy in 
his barn-yard, expired on the instant — with this last di- 
rection to his herdsman on his lips: " Take care of the 
creatures /" And the biographer of an eminent English 
Chancellor relates, as from himself, how his beloved son 
had preferred to him, in his very last moments, a petition 
in favour of his faithful terrier ; " And Father y youHl 
take care of poor Pitcher, wonH you V Nevertheless, 
after all the care that can be taken, we should probably 
be amazed if we could know the amount of pain unwit- 
tingly inflicted on animals dedicated to our service, and 
some of whose bodies are at last consumed to afford us — 
as some would contend — superfluous nourishment, refer 
ring back as they do to that golden age when 

« Man walked with beast — joint tenant of the shade ; 
The same his table and the same his bed — 
No murder clothed him, and no murder fed." 

Even all unnecessary harshness of reproof should be 
avoided — for it is well known that some animals are even 
more susceptible of painful and violent emotions, from 
various causes, than some men, whose hardened nature 
and familiarity with vice, render them as insensible to 
the reproaches of others as to the stings of their own 
conscience. Those, for instance, who have studied the 
character and affections of the horse — with a view to his 
diseases and moral susceptibilities — need not be told that 
while sharp and threatening words will so disturb him as 
to quicken his pulse some ten beats or more in a minute,* 

* The natural constitution of different varieties of the game class of 
•nimals is worthy of close attention. In small and thorough-bred horses, 
!or instance, the pulsations of the heart are about 40 to 42 — while in 
the larger, cold-blooded cart-horse, they do not amount to more than 3C 
But when ill-treated, as before suggested, their pulsations are increased, 

37 • 



12 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 

ne has in very memorable cases been known to fall dead 
under the excitement of the sexual and other passions. 
That he is sometimes animated by the strongest spirit of 
rivalry, and a noble ambition to excel, has been occa- 
sionally evinced by violent attacks on his passing rivals 
on the turf— and very recently the case occurred with a 
noble animal which fell dead at the very winning-post, 
in vainly struggling for victory, on the Pharsalia course at 
Natchez. The contest which had this melancholy issue 
was between Col. Minor's Jenny Lind and Col. Bing- 
aman's Black Dick : 

" Dick was the favourite at odds. Some even bets 
were made that he would win at three heats — and some, 
if the heats were broken, would not win. Jenny drew 
the track, and after some little mancevring, they got off 
together, but Dick outfooted her and took the track on 
the turn ; at the half-mile post she had got her head to 
his hips, and they ran locked round the upper turn ; at 
the head of the front stretch she began to draw clear of 
him, and spurs were applied. < Then burst his mighty 
heart,' for he soon was seen to reel, but he still struggled 
on ; his jockey Mat, leaped unharmed from his back, and 
the noble animal fell dead within ten feet of the winning- 
post, which he had left not two minutes before in perfect 
health and the finest condition. No shout of triumph 
hailed the winner: all was sympathy and regret. Two 

say, ten in a minute. The natural circulation of the sheep is about 70 
per minute. The average pulse of a full-grown ox, in a state of health, 
in England, is about 40 — but this increases in a climate of higher tem- 
perature. Doctor James Smith (Journal of Agriculture, vol. ii. p. 92.) 
finds that in the climate of Louisiana the pulse of the ox, in its natural 
*tate, is from G8 to 75— rising on the slightest excitement to 80. Every 
one knows how destructive is the moral influence of fright to a flock of 
sheep — when, for instance, they have been badly scared by dogs. It 
often happens that they never recover from its effects. 

For all farmers wh., nave occasion to fatten animals, we must take 
room for three words — warmth, cleanliness, and quietude. They are 
the veni-vidi-vici, in their fields of action. 



AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 13 

of our most talented medical gentlemen immediately 
made a post-mortem examination, and came to the con- 
clusion that the death of the horse was produced by apo- 
plexy, caused by congestion of the heart, brought on by 
over-excitement and violent exertion." 

The annals of domestic animals abound in cases to 
show how liable they are to acute affections and suffer- 
ing, far beyond the apprehension of the most considerate 
and humane. 

Thus much, good reader, have we gladly seized the 
opportunity, and even gone a little beyond the require- 
ments of our publishers, to say in the way of appeal in 
behalf of speechless creatures, as alive to pain as to a 
sense of gratitude for generous treatment; and having 
already adverted to the obligation we are under to study 
the laws of their existence, and the means of their meli- 
oration, it may now, even be insisted that in the whole 
range of the occupations and interests of breeders of 
their own stock, there are few things that demand more 
consideration and skill than does this very branch of 
rural industry. 

The study and the pride of every one should be, not 
merely to maintain them at a point of excellence already 
acquired, but to have them progressively improving in 
whatever constitutes economy and value ; for why should 
any man indolently conclude that his stock has already 
artained the ne plus ultra in the way of amelioration 
however superior it may be ? Such is not the fact, nor, 
it may safely be affirmed, would it be consonant with the 
orders of Providence, or even with our own interests, 
that it should be so. To man has been given dominion 
over the beasts of the field — that, like the earth itself, he 
should cultivate and improve them ; and for that, among 
other purposes, was he endowed with the great, dis- 
tinguishing, and godlike power to prosecute intellectual 



hi ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 

investigations into every department of nature and in- 
dustry. Doubtless our ancestors, more than a century 
ago, were ready to believe — what indolence is ever ready 
to whisper — that the several races of domestic animals 
most immediately under their care, had then already been 
carried up to the maximum of unprovability ; yet which 
of them has not been vastly bettered in the meantime, in 
all their valuable points — and that, too, not by any sud- 
den or accidental accession of one or more good quali- 
ties, but constantly and progressively ; by a closer study 
and a better knowledge of the laws of animal and 
vegetable physiology, and by the application of other 
appropriate sciences. In the plain English of the motto 
chosen for these reflections what is there said of the 
Horse may apply to other animals : 

"The knowledge of the external conformation of the 
horse is much less extended than is generally supposed. 
It reposes on the study of anatomy, of physiology, of 
mechanics, and of natural history, in a manner of which 
few persons have a just conception." 

In 1710, by the estimate of Dr. Davenant, — a writer 
of unquestioned candour and authority, — the weight of 
" black cattle" (so called, because, at that day, most 
cattle were of that colour) averaged but 370 pounds ; the 
weight of the calf was estimated at 50 pounds; and the 
average of sheep and lambs, taken promiscuously in the 
London market, was only 28 pounds. After the lapse 
of 120 years, — with far less of science applied to the 
subject than at this time, — M'Culloch, in his dictionary, 
so highly characterized by the accuracy of its statements, 
puts the average of cattle at 556 ; sheep and lambs at 
50; and calves at 105. But the late accomplished Pro- 
fessor Youatt, in his able work on cattle_ estimates the 
average weight now at Smithfield at 656 ; that of sheep 
and iambs at 90; and calves at 144; — -the weight of 



AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 16 

each having doubled in 130 years ; and that, as before 
said, not by any accidental importation from abroad, or 
fortunate cross at home, but by a course of careful, 
systematic, and sagacious attention to the laws and prin- 
ciples of breeding and feeding. The horse, standing at 
the head of the list, — sharing and supporting man in all 
his most pleasurable as well as toilsome and dangerous 
enterprises, — naturally engaged his earliest attention and 
most assiduous care, to cherish and improve to the high- 
est pitch, his noble faculties of strength, speed, and 
endurance ; and thus may have been already brought to 
the zenith of his capabilities, if indeed he has not pass- 
ed the culminating point ; but see what must have been 
achieved by the stimulus of the turf, and art in the 
breeding-stud, to raise the bred horse of England to a 
height of perfection, even above the wonderful capacity 
of his south-eastern ancestry, — the very "drinkers of 
the wind" themselves ! — for we have the high authority 
of Nimrod, the crack writer of England on all field- 
sports, for saying that, on the best Indian authorities, 
" the best Arab, on his own ground, has not a shadow 
of a chance against an imported English racer, in any- 
thing like a good form." The celebrated race on the 
Calcutta Course, between Pyramus and Recruit, — the 
former the best Arab of his year ; the latter a second- 
rate English race-horse, by Whalebone, the property of 
che Marquis of Exeter, — settled this point, inasmuch as 
allowance was made for the comparatively diminutive 
size of the Arab, — it being what is termed a give-and 
take match, or weight for inches ; in which Recruit car- 
ried 10 stone 12 (152) pounds ; and Pyramus only 8 
stone 3 (115) pounds, an extra allowance of 7 pounds 
having been given to him as an Arab. 

Pyramus, says the reporter of this race, is as gooi. 



16 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 

an Arab (he had previously beaten all the best Arabs in 
Calcutta for the gold cup) as has appeared for many years. 
His condition was undeniable; the distance was all in 
his favour, and he was ridden with superior judgment — 
so that the result of his match with Recruit may be con- 
sidered to have established this an axiom : that no allow- 
ance of weight, within the bounds of moderation, can 
bring the best Arab — even in a climate most congenial 
to him — upon a par with an English thorough-bred horse 
of moderate goodness. In addition to all these circum- 
stances in favour of Pyramus, it must be remembered 
that Recruit only landed on the 28th May, (the race was 
run in January), after a voyage of five months." 

In England, where the progress of improvement was 
greatly accelerated by a seasonable infusion of Arabian 
and tartaric blood, the bied-horse — standing, in respect 
of the equine race, as the capital on the Corinthian pil- 
lar — has reached a point of perfection that, if it can be 
kept up, we can hardly dare hope will ever be excelled 
In that country, four-mile races are nearly abolished, and 
it has been said with every show of reason, that early 
training, light weights and short distances, are impairing 
the stoutness of lie English race-horse and hunter, and 
their capacities to stand up and go the pace as in the 
palmy days of the English turf. In our own country, 
the annals of the course show, that our climate is highly 
congenial to the constitution and physical development 
of the horse — and that whenever the sport has been 
fashionable and the rewards adequate, he has ever been 
ready to meet all reasonable expectations — rather advan- 
cing tnan falling oack. 

When Floretta won her race in Washington — winning 
the 2d heat in 7.52, against such nags as Oscar, Top- 
gallant and First Consul, it was deemed a mar.dlous 



AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. IT 

perforrr znce ;* and sportsmen thought that the acme of 
speed and bottom had been reached in our country in 
the days of Sir Charles and Eclipse, yet have not their 
best achievements been eclipsed by two illustrious and 
yet living rivals of each other — Boston and Fashion ? 
But what have we not to apprehend should what seems 
to be threatened come soon to pass, and the turf — the 
only sure test of speed and stoutness, be allowed to go 
down 7 We remember once at a dinner-party at the 
British Minister's in Washington, to have inquired of the 
late John Randolph of Roanoke, whether the Old Domi- 
nion maintained, unimpaired, her claim to a superior race 
of horses? "No, Sir; no, Sir, n was his shrill-toned 
prompt reply ; " Since we gave up horse-racing and fox- 
hunting, and turned up the whites of our eyes, our hones 
as well as our men have sadly degenerated." 

Finally — justice, truth, and a sense of obligation for 
the assistance derived from his labours, in the small con- 
tribution we are here making to the breeders and amateurs 
of the Horse, demand of us to say, at the least, that if 
the American Turf should decline, it will not be for want 

* This was one of the most memorable contests that ever came off 
on the Washington Course. Horses were horses, and men were men, 
in those days. Fair- top boots, powdered heads, and golden "guineas'* 
were all the go — and for fairness and honour, a " stain was felt like a 
wound." 

The horses were thus placed : 

Dr. Edelin's c. m. Fluretta, by Spread Eagle, 6 years old, 5 11 

Gen. Ridgely's b. h. Oscar, by Gabriel, 6 yrs. old, 2 2 2 

J. B. Bond's b. h. First Consul, by Flag of Truce, aged 4 3 3 

Col. Tayloe's b. h. Top-gallant, by old Diomed, 6 yrs. old, 14 4 

M. Brown's b. m. Nancy, by Spread Eagle, 6 years old. 3 dr. 

In this race Floretta was closely run by Oscar and First Consul — - 

each heat was run under 8 minutes, and the second in 7.52. Each horse 

made play from the score, and the time was better than had been made 

an that Course even up to 1829. Has such a field of men and horses 

come to that post since 1 

In another pace — the trot — it was deemed marvellous that' old Top" 
should go his mile with 150 pounds weight in 2.45. But Lady Suf- 
folk — well dashed with the old Messenger blood — has done hers *a 
2.28$, and is yet in full if not improving vigour. 



18 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 

of an able, industrious, and tasteful advocate and illus- 
trator of its advantages and uses, as long as W. T. Por- 
ter shall continue to animate and guide the " Spirit of 
the Times." Extensive acquaintance and coextensive 
popularity — the just fruits of accomplished manners and 
an obliging temper — have made him the focus of a most 
varied and recherche correspondence : while his own 
tact, scholarship and nice appreciation of what is good 
in the literary and the sporting world, enable him to turn 
all his rich resources to the best account, for the enjoy- 
ment of his numerous and refined readers — for the most 
part, gentlemen of blood and mettle. 



ON THE FORM OF ANIMALS, 

BY HENRY CLINE, ESQ. SURGEON. 
WITH NOTES BY J. S. SKINNER. 

The form of domestic animals has been greatly im- 
proved by selecting with much care, the best formed for 
breeding — but the theory of improvement has not been 
so well understood, that rules could be laid down for 
directing the practice. There is one point particularly, 
respecting w T hich the opinions of breeders have much 
varied, which is, whether crossing the breed be essential 
to improvement. 

It is the intention of this communication to ascertain 
in what instances crossing is proper, and in what pre- 
judicial ; and the principles upon which the propriety 
of it depends. 

It has been generally supposed that the breed of ani- 
mals is improved by the largest males. This opinion 
has done considerable mischief, and would have done 
more injury had it not been counteracted by the t'.esire 
of selecting animals of the best form and proportions, 
which are rarely to be met with, in those of the largest size 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 19 

JCxperience has proved that crossing has only suc- 
ceeded in an eminent degree, in those instances in which 
the females were larger than in the usual proportion of 
females to males ; and that it has generally failed when 
the males are disproportionally large. 

The external form of domestic animals has been much 
studied, and the proportions are well ascertained. But 
the external form is an indication only of internal structure. 
The principles of improving it must therefore be founded 
on the knowledge of the structure and use of internal 
parts. 

The lungs are of the first importance. It is on their 
size and soundness that the health of an animal princi- 
pally depends. The power of converting food into 
nourishment, is in proportion to their size. An animal 
with large lungs, is capable of converting a given quantity 
of food into more nourishment than one with smaller 
lungs, and therefore has a greater aptitude to fatten.* 

The Chest. 

The external indication of the size of the lungs is the 
form and size of the chest; the form of which should 

* [In farther explanation of this principle, it may be added, from an au- 
tnor who had evidently read and relied on this able Essay of Surgeon 
Cline, that muscular exertion facilitates the return of venous blood to 
the right side of the heart, and in long continued and violent exertion, 
the respiration being quickened, the lungs — if small — are unable to 
arterialize and get rid of die blood as fast as it is pumped into them ; 
consequently, if there is not room for the blood, congestion takes place, 
and the horse becomes what is termed " blown" — the lungs being gorged 
with blood, and sometimes the animal is destroyed by it. In England 
it is said to be "well understood that a majority of horses that perish 
under a hard press 'across the country,' are narrow-chestea /" The 
conical form, not of the body, but of the chest, as laid down in the next 
paragraph, is very observable in the best paintings of Fashion. 7'hero, 
and in her quarters and hocks, appear to us to lie the great sources of 
ber yet in this country unequalled speed and stoutness. — T. S. 3,] 

38 



20 THK FORM OF ANIMaIS. 

have the figure of a cone, having its apex situated hetween 
the shoulders, and its base towards the loins. 

The capacity of the chest depends upon its form more 
than on the extent of the circumference ; for, where the 
girth is equal in two animals, one may have much larger 
lungs than the other. A deep chest therefore is not 
capacious unless it is proportionally broad. 

The Pelvis, 

The pelvis is the cavity formed by the junction of the 
haunch bones with the bones of the rump. It is essential 
that this cavity should be large in the female, that she 
may be enabled to bring forth her young with less diffi- 
culty. When this cavity is small, the life of the mother 
and of her offspring is endangered. 

The size of the pelvis is chiefly indicated by the width 
of the hips and the breadth of the twist, which is the 
space between the thighs. 

The breadth of the loins is always in proportion to that 
of the chest and pelvis. 

The Head. 

The head should be small, by which the birth is facil- 
itated. Its smallness affords other advantages, and gen- 
erally indicates that the animal is of a good breed. 

Horns are useless to domestic animals. It is not dif- 
ficult to breed animals without them. The breeders of 
horned cattle and horned sheep, sustain a loss more 
extensive than they may conceive ; for it is not the horns 
alone, but also much more bone in the skulls of such 
animals to support their horns ; besides there is an addi- 
tional quantity of ligament and muscle in the neck which 
is of small value. 

The skull of a ram with its horns, weighed five times 
more than another skull which was hornless. Both these 
skulls were taken from sheep of the same a^e, each be'ng 



THK FORM OF ANIMALS. 21 

four years old. The great difference in weight depended 
chiefly on the horns; for the lower jaws were nearly 
equal, one weighing seven ounces, and the other six 
ounces and three quarters ; which proves that the natural 
size of the head was nearly the same in both, independent 
of the horns and the thickness of the bone which supports 
them.* 

In a horned animal, the skull is extremely thick. In a 
hornless animal it is much thinner; especially in that 
part where the horns usually grow. 

To those who have not reflected on the subject, it ma) 
appear of little consequence whether sheep and cattle 
have horns — but on a very moderate calculation it will 
be found, that the loss in farming stock, and also in the 
diminution of animal food, is very considerable, from 
the production of horns and their appendages. A mode 
of breeding which would prevent the production of these, 
would afford a considerable profit in an increase of meat 
and wool, and other valuable parts. 

The length of the neck should be proportioned to 
the height of the animal, that it may collect its food 
with ease. 

The Muscles. 

The muscles and tendons, which are their appendages,, 
should be large ; by which an animal is enabled to travel 
with greater facility. 

* [It is matter of surprise that among the varieties of cattle imported, no 
one should bring the celebrated Suffolk polled or hornless cattle. Be- 
sides the advantage here enumerated, valuable animals are sometimes 
killed by being gored. In respect of this breed, Youatt speaks very 
highly. He says they sometimes give 32 quarts of milk, and 24 ia 
not uncommon, in a day — and adds: — "There are few short-horn 
cows ; altbough far superior in size to (he Suffolks, and consuming nearly 
double the quantity of food j that will yield more milk than is usuallv 
obtained from the smaller polled breed." Formerly the Suffolk polled 
cattle were generally of a dun colour, and thence commonly called Suf- 
folk duns, but that colour has of late been repudiated. — J. S. S.] 



22 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 

The Bones. 

The strength of an animal does not depend upon the 
size of the bones, but on that of the muscles — Many 
animals with large bones are weak, their muscles being 
small. Animals that were imperfectly nourished diring 
growth, have their bones disproportionately large. If 
such deficiency of nourishment originated from a con- 
stitutional defect, which is the most frequent cause, they 
remain weak during life. Large bones, therefore, gene- 
rally indicate an imperfection in the organs of nutrition. 

On the improvement of Form. 

To obtain the most approved form, two modes of 
breeding have been practised — one, by the selection of 
individuals of the same family — called breeding in-and- 
in. The other by selecting males and females from 
different varieties of the same species ; which is called 
crossing the breed. 

When a particular variety approaches perfection in 
form, breeding in-and-in may be the better practice — 
especially for those not well acquainted with the princi- 
ples on which improvement depends. * 

* [Professor Youatt says, on this subject [breeding in-and-in] : " It is the 
fact, however some may deny it, that strict confinement to one breed, 
however valuable or perfect, produces deterioration." By what he after- 
ward says, as will be seen, he must have meant confinement to one 
family or strain of the same breed. The rule should be this : that 
valuable qualities being once established, which it is desirable to keep up, 
should thereafter be preserved by occasional crosses with the best animal 
to be had of the same breed, but of a different family, This is the 
secret which has maintained the bred Horse in his great superiority— 
for although, as Nimrod avers, the immediate descendants of eastern 
horses have, almost without an exception, proved so deficient of late 
years that breeders will no more have recourse to them than the farmer 
would go for immediate improvement to the natural or original oat ; yet 
the breeder is glad to cross his stock with one of another strain or family 
of the same blood, taking care never to depart from the blood of the sou£h< 
eastern courser which flows in the heart of all families of Horses of ttu 
highest capabilities. 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 23 

When the male is much larger than the female, the 
offspring is generally of an imperfect form. If the female 
be proportionally larger, the offspiing is of an improved 
form. For instance, if a well-formed large ram be put 
to ewes proportionally smaller, the lambs will not be so 
well shaped as their parents ; but if a small ram be put 
to larger ewes, the lambs will be of an improved form. 

It is here worthy of remark that Nicholas Hankey Smith, who resided 
a long time among the Arabs, in a work entitled "Observations on 
Breeding for the Turf," gives as his opinion that colts bred in-and-in 
show more blood in their heads, are of better form, and fit to start with 
fewer sweats than the English turf-horse ; but when the incestuous 
intercourse has continued a few generations, he says, the animal de- 
generates. 

This plan of breeding in-and-in, says Youatt farther, when speaking 
of cattle : " has many advantages to a certain extent. It may be pursued 
flntil the excellent form and qualities of the breed are developed and 
established. It was the source whence sprung the cattle and the sheep 
of Bakewell, and the superior cattle of Colling — and to it must be traced 
the speedy degeneracy, the absolute disappearance, of the new Leicester 
or Bakewell cattle; and in the hands of many an agriculturist, the im- 
pairment of constitution and decreased value of the new Leicester sheep 
and the Short-Horn beasts. It has therefore become a kind of principle 
with the agriculturist to effect some change in his stock every second or 
third year — and that change is most conveniently effected by introducing 
a new bull or ram. These should be as nearly as possible of the same 
sort coming from a similar pasturage and climate, but possessing no 
relationship, or at most a very distant one, to the stock to which he is 
introduced" — and these remarks " apply to all descriptions of live-stock," 
says Professor Johnston, author of the Farmer's Cyclopedia. 

This is the secret whereby Mr. Gkohgk Pattkiison, of Maryland, 
has not only kept up but improved the size and beauty of his North De- 
vons. Every " two or three years," a new bull the best to be had in 
England, is introduced to his cows. The neglect of this precaution, and 
breeding in-and-in too closely, are the true reasons why we so rarely see 
the descendants of imported stock in this country equal to the originals. 
Too close breeding tells in Man as well as in beast ; hence the famous 
lines of Lord Byron when speaking of the nobility : 

« They breed in-and-in as might be known, 

" Marrying their cousins, nay, their aunts and nieces, 
" Which always spoils the breed, if it increases." 

But, after all, we must look closely to the form of the parents as well 
in Horses as cattle — for, let the world dispute as it may, whether " blood 
ts everything," or " blood is nothing," — be the blood what it may, who 
has ever seen, as Apperley asks, an instance of a misshapen horse end 
ill-formed mare producing winners ? — J. S. S.] 

38 # 



•24 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 

The proper method of improving the form of animals, 
consists in selecting a well-formed female, proportionallj 
larger than the male. The improvement depends on this 
principle, that the power of the female to supply he 
offspring with nourishment is in proportion to her size, 
and to the power of nourishing herself from the excel- 
lence of her constitution. 

The size of the fetus is generally in proportion to that 
of the male parent ; and therefore, when the female pa- 
rent is disproportionately small, the quantity of nourish- 
ment is deficient, and her offspring has all the dispro- 
portions of a starveling. But when the female, from her 
size and good constitution, is more than adequate to the 
nourishment of a foetus of a smaller male than herself, 
the growth must be proportionately greater. The larger 
female has also a greater quantity of milk, and her off- 
spring is more abundantly supplied with nourishment 
after birth. 

To produce the most perfect formed animal, aOundant 
nourishment is necessary from the earliest period of its 
existence, until its growth is complete. 

It has been observed, in the beginning of this paper, 
that the power to prepare the greatest quantity of nour- 
ishment, from a given quantity of food, depends princi- 
pally upon the magnitude of the lungs, to which the 
organs of digestion are subservient. 

To obtain animals with large lungs, crossing is the 
most expeditious method ; because well-formed females 
may be selected from a variety of a large size, to be put 
to a well-formed male of a variety that is rather smaller. 

By such a method of crossing, the lungs and heart 
become proportionately larger, in consequence of a pe- 
culiarity in the circulation of the foetus, which causes a 
larger proportion of the blood, under such circumstances, 
10 be ciistributed to the lungs than to the other parts of 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 25 

the body ; arid as the shape and size of the chesi depend 
upon that of the lungs, hence arises the remarkably largt 
chest, which is produced by crossing with females tha* 
are larger than the males. 

The practice according to this principle of improve- 
ment, however, ought to be limited ; for, it may be car- 
ried to such an extent, that the bulk of the body might 
be so disproportioned to the size of the limbs as to pre- 
vent the animal from moving with sufficient facility. 

In animals where activity is required, this practice 
should not be extended so far as in those which are 
required for the food of man. 

On the Character of Animals. 

By character in animals is here meant, those external 
appearances by which the varieties of the same species 
are distinguished. 

The characters of both parents are observed in their off- 
spring ; but that of the male more frequently predominates!* 

*[To the contrary of this, as to Horers, T. B. Johnson, author of the 
Shooter's Companion, and a writer ol high authority, says : « although 
it is a maxim universally admitted, that an equal degree of precaution 
should be used in respect to the Horse, it is doubly and trebly necessary 
with the mare — because strict observation has demonstrated that nearly 
or full two out of every three foals, display in their appearance more of 
the dam than the sire ,• and that there are more fillies than colts fallen 
every year will not admit of a doubt." 

This positively asserted predominance of females over males, may be 
accounted for on the principle established by very numerous experiments 
in France with sheep, if not with other animals — on the results of which 
the experimenter, whose name is not remembered, based and confidently 
asserted his theory, that the sex of the offspring, in all cases, depends 
much on the comparative vigour of the parents. By putting old ewes 
to young rams in the prime of life, he never failed to get a large pro- 
portion of ram lambs ; and, vice versa, when young ewes in their prime 
were put to a ram lamb, which had not yet attained his full growth and 
development, or to old ones far gone in the down-hill of life, then a very 
large proportion were females. A great number of experiments were 
given corroborative of the doctrine. Is it not reasonable to suppose thai 
*n influence sufficient to control the sex, would have an effect on extev 



26 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 

This may be illustrated in the breeding of horned ani- 
mals; among which there are many varieties of sheep, 
and some of cattle, that are hornless. 

If a hornless ram be put to a horned ewe, almost all 
the lambs will be hornless ; partaking of the character 
of the male rather than of the female parent. 

In some countries, as Norfolk, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, 
most of the sheep have horns. In Norfolk the horns 
may be got rid of by crossing with the Ryeland rams ; 
which would also improve the form of the chest and the 
quality of the wool. In Wiltshire and Dorsetshire, the 
same improvements might be made by crossing the sheep 
with South Down rams. 

An offspring without horns might be obtained from the 
Devonshire cattle, by crossing with hornless bulls of the 
Galloway breed ; which would also improve the form of 
the chest, in which, the Devonshire cattle are often de- 
ficient. 

Examples of the good effects of crossing the breeds. 

The great improvement of the breed of horses in Eng- 
land arose from crossing with those diminutive Stallions, 
Barbs, and Arabians ; and the introduction of Flanders 
mares into this country was the source of improvement 
in the breed of cart-horses. 

The form of the swine has also been greatly improved, 
by crossing with the small Chinese boar. 

Examples of the bad effects of crossing the breeds. 

When it became the fashion in London to drive large 
bay horses, the farmers in Yorkshire put their mares to 

nal lorm and colour? It may lie a reason why some of our very popu- 
lar stallions, being overtasked, have had so few of their get to rival them 
in power and fame. Every reader may cast about for himself, for in- 
stances, to see how far and to what other animals the principle applies. 
After all, in an economico-agricultural view, it is much more important 
that the stallion should be all right because it is his blcod that ; & to be 
liiilused far and wide. — J. S. iS.] 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 27 

much larger stallions than usual, and thus, did infinite 
mischief to their breed, by producing a race of smali 
chested, long legged, large boned worthless animals.* 

A similar project was adopted in Normandy, to en- 
large the breed of Horses there by the use of stallions 
from Holstein ; and, in consequence, the best breed of 
Horses in France would have been spoiled, had not the 
farmers discovered their mistake in time, by observing 
the offspring much inferior in form, to that of the native 
stallions. 

Some graziers in the Island of Sheppey, conceived 
that they could improve their sheep by large Lincoln- 
shire rams, the produce of which, however, was much 
inferior in the shape of the carcase, and the quality of 
the wool ; and their flocks were greatly injured by this 
attempt to improve them. 

Attempts to improve the native animals of a country, 
by any plan of crossing, should be made with the great- 
est caution ; for, by a mistaken practice extensively pur- 
sued, irreparable injury may be done. 

* [This was the effect experienced in Maryland, by the use of Exile, a 
Cleveland bay, of the highest breeding of his sort in England, imported 
by the late Robert Patterson about the year 1820. At three years old, 
he was advertised for sale, and stated to be then upward of 16 hands 
high. 

They may do very well, with their long legs, long backs and long 
tails, for the heavy, lumbering slow coaches of millionaires, to drive to 
church, and occasionally to make a swell in town, but they are not fitted 
for the country — and especially not for this country. True, for the 
coach-horse we want substance, but we want that substance well placed, 
deep, well-proportioned body, rising in the withers, and slanting shoul- 
ders, short back well ribbed home, and broad loins ; sound, flat, short 
legs, with plenty of bone under the knee ; and sound, open, tough feet, 
" In fact, coach-horses should be nothing more than large hackneys, 
varying in height from 15 hands 1 inch to 16 hands 1 inch." Such 
horses, of good colour, and well matched, will always ^omirard a hijh 
figure from the swelled heads in our large cities — men who have $to«\;j 
rich as the conduits of exchange, between the producer and tne coa 
rumer of Agriculture and Manufactures. — 7. S. S.] 



28 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 

In any country where a particular race of animals nas 
continued for centuries, it may be presumed that their 
constitution is adapted to the food and climate. 

The pliancy of the animal economy is such, as that an 
animal will gradually accommodate itself to great vicis- 
situdes in climate and alterations in food ; and by de- 
grees undergo great changes in constitution ; but these 
changes can be affected only by degrees, and may often 
require a greater number of successive generations for 
their accomplishment. 

It may be proper to improve the form of a native race, 
nut at the same time it may be very injudicious to attempt 
to enlarge their size. 

The size of animals is commonly adapted to the soil 
which they inhabit ; where produce is nutritive and abun- 
dant, the animals are large, having grown proportionally 
to the quantity of food which for generations they have 
been accustomed to obtain. Where the produce is 
scanty, the animals are small, being proportioned to the 
quantity of food which they were able to procure. Of 
these contrasts the sheep of Lincolnshire and of Wales 
are examples. The sheep of Lincolnshire w T ould starve 
on the mountains of Wales. 

Crossing the breed of animals may be attended with 
bad effects in various ways ; and that, even when adopted 
m the beginning on a good principle ; for instance, sup- 
pose some larger ewes than those of the native breed 
were taken to the mountains of Wales and put to the 
rams of that country ; if these foreign ewes were fed in 
proportion to their size, their lambs would be of an im- 
proved form and larger in size than the native animals; 
hut the males produced by this cross, though of a good 
form, would be disproportionate in size to the native 
ew r es; and therefore, if permitted to mix with then), 
would be productive of a standing ill-formed prugenv 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 29 

Thus a cross which, at first, was an improvement, would, 
by giving occasion to a contrary cross, ultimately pre- 
judice the breed. 

The general mistake in crossing has arisen from an 
attempt to increase the size of a native race of animals ; 
being a fruitless effort to counteract the laws of nature 

The Arabian Horses are, in general, the most perfect 
in the world ; which probably has arisen from great care 
in selection, and also from being unmixed with any va- 
riety of the same species, the males have therefore never 
been disproportioned in size to the females. 

The native Horses of India are small, but well propor- 
tioned, and good of their kind. With the intention of 
increasing their size, the India company have adopted a 
plan of sending large stallions to India. If these stal- 
lions should be extensively used, a disproportioned race 
must be the result, and a valuable breed of Horses be 
irretrievably spoiled. 

From theory, from practice, and from extensive ob- 
servation, whicn is more to be depended upon than either, 
it is reasonable to form this conclusion, that it is wrong to 
enlarge a native breed of animals ; for in proportion to 
their increase of size, they become worse in form, less 
hardy, and more liable to disease.* 

* [For this plain reason, our farmers should have recourse to well-formed 
bulls of a smaller or middling size, rather than to those of a larger breed 
than the average size of their own cattle, and also why it is far better 
to employ compact, short-backed, well-formed, thorough-bred stallions, 
than cold-blooded stallions of larger size. 

Essential difference has been found, by analysis in France, between 
the blood of the ordinary Horse and that of the aristocratic lace de- 
scended from the south-eastern courser. It is stated to be less serous 
than that of the common Horse. One cannot but admire the ardour 
with which, in France, they are now applying the sciences to enlighten 
all branches of agriculture, as it has been so much more and more suc- 
cessfully applied to other industries. A society of the first men 01 
that country is devoted to the melioration of the Horse, and they under 
take to predict the time not distant when " la science du chevil," tb* 



30 



THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 



science of the anatomy and physiology of the Horse— wih be as well 
understood and agreed upon as any principles in Geometry. 

The reason that, in our country, agriculture has benefited so much 
less by the application of the sciences, is that the policy of the ff0 vern- 
ment has a tendency to disperse them, while it concentrates other classes 
Instead of compelling the consumer — the shoemaker, the tailor, the 
wheelwright and all manufacturing consumers to come from abroad as 
well as at home, and settle down nearest to them, the agriculturist! 
foster a policy which compels them— over bad roads— to expend half 
to* produce in carrying it to the fashioner and consumer.— J. 8 8] 



THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. 31 



ON THE IMPORTANCE OF MORE ATTENTION TO THE 
PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING — THE STALLION AND 
THE BROOD MARE. 

To every lover of the Horse, possessed of a knowledge 
of his fine points and capabilities, it must be lamentable 
to perceive how miserably ignorant and careless the mass 
of breeders of that noble animal appear to be, as to all 
the precautions which are indispensable to maintain him 
at the point of excellence which is known to be attainable 
— much less by well-digested and rational systems of 
breeding and rearing throughout the country, to meliorate 
his form and invigorate his constitution ; and on no one 
^oint is there, seemingly, more pernicious indifference 
displayed than in regard to the condition of the stallions 
they employ, as set forth in the Essay which these re- 
marks are intended to introduce. 

Well has it been said, in the introduction to the " An- 
nates des Haras et de V Agriculture" that if the import- 
ance of a question is to be measured by the number of 
those who are occupied with it, that of the multiplicaU 
and of the amelioration of the Horse ought to hold th*; 
first rank in Political and Rural economy. The traditions 
of antiquity — those of nations, whether barbarous or 
enlightened — writings the most ancient as well as the 
Uost modern — prove to us Lie estimation which Man, 
m all times, has attached to this his most noble conquest, 
to use the expression of Buffon. The Horse, as there 
alleged, is in truth the most fruitful source of the riches 
of States, by his indispensable instrumentality in the 
cultivation of the soil. He is one of the most direct 
agents of their power by the use that is made of him in 
irmies, whether in peace or in war ; and has contributed 
much moie than Is generally considered, to the civiliza 

39 



32 THE IMPORTANCE OF ATTENTION 

tion of communities, by facilitating intercourse" between 
them and the individuals of whom they are composed. 

It is not, then, astonishing that in the abstract, so much 
importance should be attached to the multiplication and 
improvement of an animal so useful ; but is it not 
Amazing that this universal admission of his value, and 
the general interest of society in cultivating his finest 
qualities, should give rise to no association or system in 
our country, based on reason, and guided by scientific 
principles? On the contrary, everything is left to chance, 
to ignorance, and to narrow and sordid calculations of 
economy. True, we have societies that group the Horse 
with every other animal and thing, and offer petty pre 
miums for the mere exhibition of the best that may 
happen to be convenient to, or purchased for the show • 
but should not an object so important be made the sub 
ject of special associations, and of legislative encourage- 
ment, directed to a thorough investigation of the princi 
pies to be followed in all enlarged and judicious plans 
for the melioration of the whole race? Look at the 
amount of capital involved in the whole Union — 4,365,669 
horses. Value these at an average of $50, and we have 
a capital of $218,283,450, which, with anything like 
judgment or system, might be brought to an average 
improvement of at least twenty, per cent, in a few years. 
What is the number lost by exposure to sudden vicis- 
situdes of weather — to rad shoeing — in short, to ill 
treatment and ignorar~e of the management and the 
remedies prescribed in this work, no one can venture to 
estimate. Youatt sets down the loss of cattle by disease 
annually in England at $50,000,000 !— and the loss of 
sheep at one-tenth of the whole number; and though 
tfiere the veterinary art is taught as a science in the en- 
dowed colleges, and regular professors practise it 
throughout tre kingdom, he says it is difficult to say 



TO THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. 

wl /i ii is the greater source of this immense loss to tk 
agriculture of the country — " the ignorance and obstinacy 
of the servant and the cow-leech, or the ignorance and 
supineness of the owner." The Horse, in a state of 
nature, even the colt — until subjected to ignorant hand- 
ling and cruel management, is much healthier than after 
he comes under the hands of him who ought to be his 
kindest friend. 

If such be the immense mortality in England, what 

nust it be among Horses in this country, where not one 

farmer in a hundred knows how to tell the colic from 

the botts, or the thrush from the scratches — ignorant 

alike of symptoms and of treatment ? 

Properly appreciating the importance of a constant 
supply of Horses for their cavalry, as one of the most 
efficient arms of her military power — the French Govern- 
ment takes it upon itself to supply its thirty-six thousand 
communes with stallions, whose services are put at the 
lowest rate, the average being set down at 5 or 10 francs, 
(one or two dollars,) and these stallions are required to 
be not under a certain age — four at the least — nor under 
a certain standard of height, according as they are tho- 
rough-bred, half-bred, or slow draft : 1 m. 49 centimes, 
or a fraction over 14.2 for thorough-bred ; 1 m. 55 c. 
for half-bred ; and 1 m. 55 c. for heavy draft stallions — 
and undergo every year rigid inspection, to guard not 
only against palpable deformity of shape, but against 
any latent or transmissible diseases. Opposed as is the 
genius of our political institutions to regulations, too 
minute, of individual industry and concerns, yet it is 
hard to say why a planter's tobacco or his butter should 
be subjected to rigid inspection, and condemned and 
taken from him for bad quality or short weight, and yet 
that any fat, lazy, lounging rapscallion should be allowed 
to set up a public stallion without spirit or action, ann 



£4 1HE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 

*oo often tainted with some hereditary disorder or defect 
of body or temper — to deform and poison everything he 
.s allowed to touch. The Arabians, after having brought 
their breed of Horses to the highest degree of perfection 
of which they consider them capable, are said to have 
preserved their splendid qualities of great endurance 
with highly organized matter and natural soundness of 
limb, by prohibiting the use of stallions until approved 
by a public inspector. " Breeders of all kinds of Horses," 
says Nimrod, "but of the race-horse above all others, 
scarcely require to be cautioned against purchasing or 
breeding from mares, or putting them to stallions, con- 
stitutionally inferior. By constitutionally inferior is 
chiefly implied, having a tendency to fail in the legs and 
feet during their training, which too many of our present 
racing breed are given to — although the severity of train- 
ing is not equal to what it was some years back. It 
would be invidious to particularize individual sorts ; but, 
says he, we could name stallions and mares from which 
the greatest expectations were raised, whose progeny 
have sacrificed thousands of their owners' money, en- 
tirely from this cause." After instancing numerous cases 
to show the heritableness of diseases — glanders among 
others — of horses, sheep, and cattle, "these conside- 
lations," continues an eminent French writer, Professor 
Dupuy, on the Veterinary art, " are to us of the greatest 
moment, since we have it in our power by coupling and 
crossing well-known breeds, to lessen the number of ani- 
mals predisposed to these diseases. Acting up to these 
ideas, our line of conduct is marked out. We must 
banish from our establishments, designed to improve the 
breed, such animals as show any signs of tuberculous 
disease or any analogous affection." 

Thus much have we felt called upon to say, introduc- 
tory of the following able dissertation on the condition 



THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 3ft 

of the stallion — anonymously written by some gentle- 
man who has evidently observed the precaution too 
often neglected ; to understand his subject, before he 
oegan to speak upon it. It is taken from the " Farmers' 
Library," for which it was written, and where, it 
may be needless to say, such writers will always be truly 
♦.elcome. As against the assertion of Surgeon Cline, 
with whom the author of this Essay agrees as to the pre- 
dominant influence of the male in characterizing the 
progeny, we have, in another place, arrayed the opinion 
of Mr. Johnson, it is but fair here to adduce, in support 
of the affirmative side of the proposition, the all-power- 
ful testimony of Mr. Apperly, who says : " Virgil, in 
his excellent remarks on breeding Horses, tells those of 
his readers who wish to gain prizes to look at the dam ; 
and until of very late years, it was the prevailing opinion 
of Englishmen that in breeding a racer the mare is more 
essential than the Horse, in the production of him in his 
highest form ; and we know it to have been the notion 
entertained by the late Earl of Grosvenor — the most ex- 
tensive though not perhaps the most successful breeder 
of thorough-bred stock that England ever saw. The 
truth of this supposition, however, has not been confirmed 
by the experience of the last half century, and much 
more dependence is now placed on the stallion than on 
the mare. The racing calendar, indeed, clearly proves 
the fact. 

" Notwithstanding the prodigious number of very highly 
bred and equally good mares that are every year put to 
the horse, it is from such as are put to our very best 
stallions that the great winners are produced. This can 
in no other way be accounted for than by such horses 
having the faculty of imparting to their progeny th$ 
peculiar external and internal formation absolutely essen- 
Hal to the first-rate race-horse ; or, if the term < blooa' 

39* 



36 THE STA.LLION AND BROOD MARE. 

be insisted on, that certain innate but not preternatural 
virtue peculiarly belonging to some horses, but not t4 
others, which, when it meets with no opposition from the 
mare — or, in the language of the stable, where « the cross 
nicks' by the mare admit of a junction of good shapes — 
seldom fails in producing a race-horse in his very best 
form. 5 ' 

After all, when the reader shall have carefully perused 
the following disquisition, he will, we think, be apt to 
concur with us in the belief that incalculable loss and 
deterioration ensue from an almost universal w T ant of 
attention to the condition of the stallion, and from igno- 
rance in what true condition consists. The maxim of 
the feeder of the ox may be embraced in the words 
warmth, cleanliness and quiet. Not so with the grazier 
of stock-cattle — for they may be kept too warm ; nor 
with the owner of a Stallion ; yet too generally they 
manage him as if he had nothing to do but to eat, drink, 
and sleep — except when suddenly aroused to go through 
violent agitation to the opposite extreme. 

— On the subject of the comparative agency of the 
male and female parent in the modification of the progeny 
in form and character, as sir Roger expressed it " much 
may be said on.both sides." There needs no citation 
cf instances to show the influence of the male progenitor 
in modifying the exterior form and colour, of the off 
spring, aAd may we not infer it in regard to its intern^ 
structure, its temper and character? Neither can we 
deny the share of the female parent in the same influences 
—see how often the calf, in its marks, exhibits an exact 
copy of its dam. But there are cases of what is called 
super fcetation, which go to show some extraordinary 
power of the male in transmitting his influence even tc 
the second and third generation on the fruits of subse- 
quent concentions from sexual intercourse between th« 



THE STALLION AN) BROOD MARE. 3^ 

same dam and other males. No fact in Natural Hhstorj 
need to be better proved ; and circumstances lead us H 
believe, though we are not aware that the question has 
occurred to naturalists, that this always occurs with the 
first or virgin conception ; and if so, it admonishes the 
breeder to be especially particular in the selection of the 
male to which is granted the high privilege of the first 
access. Out of many cases that might be referred to, 
the reader's memory may be here refreshed as to two that 
are somewhat familiar. 

Twenty-six years ago, in the London Farmer's Journal 
was recorded the ease which had then lately appeared 
in the Philosophical Transactions, on the authority of 
Earl Moreton, stating that his lordship possessed a male 
animal called Quagga by the Hottentots — in whose 
mountains they abound. It closely resembles the Zebra, 
but of a smaller size. He determined on obtaining a 
foal by this animal, from a chestnut-coloured mare of 
seven-eighths blood, which had never been bred from. 
This gross prostitution — as we should call it — took place, 
and accordingly a female hybrid progeny was produced, 
which bore, in form and colour, decided indications of 
mixed blood, but proved incapable of breeding — as is al- 
most universally the case with mules ; but not quite, as the 
writer has proved in his edition of Youatt on the Horse, 
•Lea & Blanchard,) on the most unquestionable testimony. 

This mare of seven-eighth Arabian blood was soon 
after sold to Sir Gore Ousley, who afterward bred from 
her, by a very fine black Arabian stallion, two colts. 
These Lord Moreton went to see and examine, — + he one 
a two-year old filly ; the other a yearling colt — both of 
which were as strongly characterized by Arabian blooti 
as might be expected where there was fifteen-sixteenths 
of it present — but both in their colour and hair of their 
manes, they showed a striking resemblance Uf the cn^/gga 



38 THE STALLIG2J AND BROOD MARE. 

The whole statement was fully verifie to the Society 03 
Doctor Woolaston, a member of it, who examined both 
the filly and colt, and who was " distinguished for his 
very extensive knowledge." 

Following the communication of Lord Moreton in the 
Transactions, is one from Dr. Woolaston, relating the 
case of a black and white sow, of Mr. Western's cele- 
brated breed of hogs (she being the property of a Mr. 
Giles) which was put to a wild boar, of a deep chestnut 
colour, that was soon after by accident drowned. The 
pigs produced, which were the sow's Jirst litter — partook 
in appearance of both boar and sow, but in some the 
chestnut colour of the boar strongly prevailed. This 
sow was afterward put to a boar of Mr. Western's breed. 
The pigs produced were some of them stained and clearly 
marked with the chestnut colour which had prevailed in 
the former litter. Her next litter, by a boar of Mr. Wes- 
tern's spotted, black and white breed, were also stained 
with marks of the wild boar — although in no other In- 
stance, with any other sow, had the least tinge of the 
chestnut colour been observed. 

Another very striking instance of the transmissible in- 
fluence which survives the f st and impresses itself on 
subsequent conceptions, occ red under the observation 
of the writer of this, and wa.» it is believed, related in a 
small volume scribbled and i jblished under the title of 
" The Sportsman and his Dog." The case was that of 
a beautiful coach-dog bitch, Annette, presented to him 
by that earnest and efficient promoter of agricultural im- 
provement, Gorham Parsons of Massachusetts, along 
with her full brother, Lubin. Though closely watched 
for the first signs of sexual appetite, with a view to a 
Utter of the genuine breed for the great pleasure of giving 
them to friends to whom they were promised, a straj 
dog, of large size, of white colour, except his black ears 



THE S1ALLI0N AND BROOD MARE. 35* 

contrived (vi steal the first access to the bitch, and in all 
subsequent litters, bj Lubin, one pup always appeared 
to attest the indelible impression made in the enthusiasm 
of a first embrace. It may gratify curiosity to note such 
facts, and may serve, beyond all dispute, to show how 
cautious every breeder should be in the cho ; ce of the 
male — especially the one first employed. 

But how vain to endeavour to account for these 
things ! Nature invites us to study her ways, and science 
is most efficiently applied to every art and every industry, 
when it most closely conforms to her laws : but she has 
certain arcana of her own, which she keeps in reserve, 
and which defy the scrutiny of the most curious and im- 
portunate inquirer. We see enough to know that her laws 
are enacted by an All-Wise and Overruling Power; and 
can never be too grateful for the faculties that enable us, 
so much above other created beings, to study and under- 
stand them, and yet more for that hopeful thirst for know- 
ledge which is leading us on from one discovery to an- 
other, until, in view of what science is revealing from 
year to year, who shall say how near we may be per- 
mitted to approach the Supreme Intelligence ? Oh that 
our love of peace and of each other, may keep way vritfc 
our progress in knowledge! — for of thot£ to whom much 
is given, much shall be required — else, has it been we& 
iske d, 

-"why was Man thus eminently raised 



Amid the vast creation 1 Why empowered, 
Through life and death, to cast hia watchful eye 
With thought heyond the limits of his frame — 
But that the Omnipotent might send him forth 
In sight of angels and approving worlds: 
Might send him forth the sovereign good to learn i 
To chase each meaner passion from his breast, 
And through the storms of passion and of sense 
To hold straight on, with constant heart, and eye 
Still fixed upon Man's everlasting palm, 
The approving smilo of Heaven.'' 



40 TIi*. STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 

There is, as elsewhere intimated, if we consult Nature, 
always acting for the best,-— =reason to conclude it was 
intended, with domestic animals, that the male should 
exert the greater influence over the form and qualities 
of the progeny. Were it not so, how slow and inef- 
fectual would be all attempts at amelioration, for it is 
through one male that blood and form and qualities are 
imparted to great numbers — while, w r ith the female, but 
a solitary effect or result can be accomplished during a 
whole period of gestation. In herds of wild Horses, 
Nature allows troops of mares to be engrossed by the 
stallion of most courage and strength, thus guarding 
against the inevitable degeneracy of promiscuous inter- 
course — and he again, after a season or two, is supplanted 
by some rebellious young rival, stronger if not braver 
than he, before time enough has elapsed to stamp the 
whole race by that degeneracy which follows invest jous 
intercourse long continued. Here again we are invited 
to follow, and, as art may always do, improve upon, if 
we do follow, the laws of Nature. But, alas, of breeders 
of animals it may be said, "they have sought out many 
inventions" that violate her laws, and the consequence 
is, a miserable race of ill-formed, decrepit garrans, y fit 
neither for harness nor saddle, for the road or the chase, 
for peace nor for war, nor toi anything: but — dog's meat. 



THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 41 



AN ESSAY ON THE CONDITION OF A STALLION 

The word condition is used by horsemen in a different 
sense from that in which it is understood as applied to 
cattle by the mass of farmers. By condition the farmer 
often means a high state of fatness ; the horseman, on 
the contrary, makes use of the word to indicate the 
greatest health and strength produced by reducing all 
superfluous fat, bringing the mere flesh into clean, hard 
and powerful muscle, and invigorating the lungs and 
other internal organs, so that they may promptly discharge 
their respective functions, and suffer no damage from 
uncommon stress — the whole in order to the animal's 
performing labours and sustaining a continuance of action 
to which he would not be adequate without such especial 
preparation. 

By the Condition of a Stallion is meant the state of 
the system in which the male horse should be kept, in 
order to deriving from him the greatest excellence in the 
progeny. 

Too many persons are content to breed their mares to 
a horse whose figure suits them, without regard to his 
condition. The mention of one prominent instance alone 
will be sufficient to show that good condition is essential 
to the production of a valuable progeny. A remarkable 
case occurred in England some years since, in so high 
a quarter as to attract public attention, and consequently 
th2 fact of the account's obtaining currency without con- 
tradiction is a fair evidence of its correctness. The 
Prince of Wales, who afterwards became George the 
Fourth, owned, and was in the habit of riding as a hun- 
ter, an entire horse of unequalled excellence. In conse- 
quence of this horse's superior qualities, His Royal 
Highness caused a few of his own mares to be bred to 



42 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 

niin ill the spring, after he had been kept in the highesv 
condition as a hunter throughout the winter, and the 
produce, on growing up, proved every way worthy of 
their sire. When His Royal Highness, as Prince Regent, 
became seriously engaged in the cares of Government, 
and therefore relinquished the pleasures of the chase, 
being desirous to perpetuate the fine qualities of this 
stock, he ordered the horse to be kept at Windsor foi 
public covering, provided the mares should be of the 
first quality ; and in order to insure a sufficient number 
of these, directed the head groom to keep him exclu- 
sively for such, and to make no charge, with the ex- 
ception of the customary groom's-fee of half a guinea 
each. The groom, anxious to pocket as many half 
guineas as possible, published His Royal Highness's 
liberality, and vaunted the qualities of the horse, in order 
.o persuade all he could to avail themselves of the 
benefit. The result was, the horse being kept without 
his accustomed exercise and in a state of repletion, and 
serving upward of a hundred mares yearly, that the stock, 
although tolerably promising in their early age, shot up 
into lank, weakly, awkward, leggy, good-for-nothing 
creatures, to the entire ruin of the horse's character as a 
sire — until some gentleman, aware of the cause, took 
pains to explain it, proving the correctness of their state- 
ments by reference to the first of the horse's get, produced 
under a proper system of breeding, and which were then 
in their prime, and among the best horses in England. 

Almost every observing farmer in this country has 
icmarked that whenever, within his knowledge, an or- 
dinary work-horse has, by chance, covered a tolerably 
good mare, the foal thus produced has, at maturity, 
almost invariably become a better animal than it was 
expected to be, and in many cases proved quite superior 
to the get of the high-priced and highly pampered stal- 



THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 43 

lions of the neighbourhood. What was the cause of 
this ? Condition. The work-horse, by constant and 
severe exercise, was brought into health and strength, 
and his stock partook of the state of his system at the 
time or' copulation. Why is it that many experienced 
farmers, after having tried the best stallion within theit 
knowledge, frequently resort to the keeping of one of 
theii own colts or farm-horses entire, for the service of 
their mares, and actually obtain as large and -as good 
and saleable stock from such a one, as that from the 
public stallions of far superior size, form, blood, and all 
other qualities, except this indispensable condition ? 

It may be stated that, generally, whenever the get of 
a stallion has proved, at maturity, to be of remarkable 
excellence comparatively with the sire, such horse has 
been, at and previously to the time of getting such val- 
uable stock, kept without pampering, without excessive 
sexual service, and with a good share of exercise or 
labour. 

To show the effect of a peculiar state of the system in 
the parents at the time of copulation, instances may be 
cited from various sources. We will content ourselves 
with two — and first take a lamentable case in the human 
species as given in the valuable work on "The Consti- 
tution of Man," by George Combe: 

"In the summer of 1827, the practitioner alluded to 
was called upon to visit professionally a young woman 
in the immediate neighbourhood, who was safely deliv- 
ered of a male child. As the parties appeared to be 
respectable, he made some inquiries regarding the ab- 
sence of the child's father, when the old woman told him 
that her daughter was still unmarried; that the child's 
father belonged to a regiment in Ireland ; that last autumn 
ne had obtained leave of absence to visit his friends in 
this part of the country, and (hat, on the eve of his de 

40 



44 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 

pariure to join his regiment, an entertainment was given, 
at which her daughter attended. During the whole 
evening she and the soldier danced and sang together; 
when heated by the toddy and the dance, they left the 
cottage and after the lapse of an hour were found to- 
gether in a glen, in a state of utter insensibility, from 
the effects of their former festivity ; and the consequence 
of this interview was the birth of an idiot. He is now 
nearly six years of age, and his mother does not believe 
that he is able to recognise either herself or any other 
individual. He is quite incapable of making signs 
whereby his wants can be made know r n, with this ex- 
ception, that when hungry he gives a wild shriek. This 
is a case upon which it would be painful to dwell, and 
I shall only remark that the parents are both intelligent, 
and that the fatal result cannot otherwise be accounted 
for than by the almost total prostration or eclipse of the 
intellect of both parties from intoxication. " 

For another instance of a peculiar constitution derivec 
from a parent at the time of copulation, and owing to a 
temporary excitement of the animal, a respectable farmer 
related to the writer of this Essay that he witnessed the 
effect of pain and nervous agitation on a stallion just 
before the moment of covering, in the production of a 
wild, timid, violent and worthless colt. The sire was in 
repute as one of the best horses ever kept in the dis 
trict ; and his stock afterward justified the opinion. The 
groom became angry and beat him in his stall in a cruel 
manner, and then led him out and allowed him to cover 
the mare, which was one of a perfectly quiet and orderly 
temper. The consequence was the production of an 
animal totally valueless, as above mentioned. 

That the doctrine here held is no " new thing under 
the sun" is evident from many venerated authors. Plui- 
taxch says " The advice which I .am now about tc» ^ive ? 






THE CONDITION OF A STALLION- 45 

is indeed no other than what hath been given by those 
who have undertaken this argument before me. You 
will ask me what is that ? 'Tis this, that no man keep 
company with his wife for issue sake, but when he is 
sober — as not having before either drunk any wine, or, 
at least, not tc such a quantity as to distemper him ; for 
they usually prove wine-bibbers and drunkards whose 
parents begot them when they were drunk ; wherefore, 
Diogenes said to a stripling somewhat crack-brained and 
half-witted, < Surely, young man, thy father begot thee 
when he was drunk ?' " 

Shakspeare intimates the same belief in making a hero 
insult his enemies with the taunt 

" For ye were got in fear." 

On no other known principle than this condition, or a 
peculiar state of the system at and before the time of 
copulation, can be explained the important fact which 
forms at once a criterion of skill in the scientific breeder, 
and a stumbling-block to the ignorant and unreasonable 
one, who would expect success without giving himself 
the trouble of investigating the natural laws which govern 
the subject of his operation : such a person is too apt to 
argue within himself that because the same parents at 
different times produce offspring of opposite character- 
istics, there can be no certain rules by which to create 
determinate qualities in the progeny : such a one would 
maintain that, because all the children of one married 
couple are usually somewhat different in characteristics 
from each other, there can be no means of predicting, 
with an approach to certainty, the qualities to be pro- 
duced in the offspring by a particular sexual intercourse. 
Now this law of condition accounts for the difference 
between individuals produced at several births from the 
same parents. The case of twins, in the human "species, 
serves to strengthen this argument, inasmuch as the two 



46 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 

persons produced at one birth usually beai a close resem 
blance to each other, in all respects. 

It is known that ideal impressions on the femal 
parent, subsequent to conception, frequently take per- 
manent effect on the offspring. That such causes do not 
usually give the leading characteristics to the progeny, 
is evident from these considerations: 

1st. The consequences of such impressions on the 
female, are usually somewhat of an unnatural or mon- 
strous order, being different from the traits of either 
parent, and from the common nature of the variety to 
which the animals belong. 

2d. It is a settled point with breeders that the pro 
geny is more strongly characterized by the traits of the 
male, than by those of the female parent. This fact is 
well known ; and indeed it can hardly be expected other- 
wise than that the sex which bears so much the stronge. 
impress of character, should impart the more visible re- 
semblance to the offspring. 

3d. It is an ascertained law of Nature, that peculiar- 
ities of climate, food, occupation and most other circum 
stances affecting the well-being of an animal, produce in 
its constitution a change such as is necessary for the wel- 
fare of the species; and that this proceeds throughout 
many generations, until the animal becomes completely 
adapted to the circumstances of its existence. [The 
same thing occurs in the vegetable kingdom.] 

This last consideration, of the gradually altered state 
of an animal through successive generations, is a strong 
instance of the effect of condition ; and it is by a regard 
to this invariable law of Nature, of self-adaptation to cir- 
cumstances, that the cultivation or improvement of any 
oreea is to be effected. " Hence the most acid and 
worthless grape is by skilful culture rendered sweet and 
uscious, flowery without attraction are gradually nurtured 



TH10 CONDITION OF A STALLION. 47 

into beauty and fragrance ; the cat may be made to pre- 
sent all the rich colours of the tortoise-shell, and the 
pigeon may be <■ bred to ;i feather.' " 

Let us now endeavour to deduce a useful, practical 
conclusion from the foregoing arguments. If our doc- 
trine be correct, the horse-breeder will depend upon the 
condition of the stallion, in order to the producing of 
valuable stock from him, as well as upon his other qual- 
ities of pedigree, speed, action, bottom, wind, temper, 
spirit, form, style, size, colour, &c. 

The next practical question is, how this condition is 
to be attained, and how the animal is to be kept at the 
required standard in this respect. The requisite condition 
is only to be attained by training for health and strength 
in a great measure according to the system of training 
for races : supplying an abundant nourishment of the 
best quality, allowing sufficient periods of repose for di- 
gestion, and giving regular and strong exercise, the 
whole with such variations as only experience and close 
observation, under constant practice, can dictate. 

The aptitude of an animal to benefit by training is 
often inherited, like other qualities, from its parentage; 
and judicious breeding alone can insure a continuance 
of the desirable quality, or create a propensity for it by 
proper crossing, when it does not exist in the parents. 

The age at which the horse is best adapted to under- 
go a course of training, is just at the close of his most 
rapid period of growth, while the system is in its great- 
est freshness and vigour. This period is at abo'^. five 
years old. The powers of a horse will augment by suit- 
able treatment in this respect until about the age of nine 
years : and, in order to obtaining the most valuable 
stock, a stallion should not be put to service before at- 
taining a full de\ elopment of his powers, nor kept at it 
after his form or energies appear to be affected for the 

40 # 



48 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 

worse. He should be, then, between five and fifteen 
years of age, if of an ordinary constitution ; but if of re- 
markable energy and endurance, and exhibiting no symp- 
tom of debility, may be continued until past twenty. 

Trainers find their endeavours to produce the highest 
state of strength, in an animal, greatly impeded by any 
excitement of the sexual appetite. It is then the more 
necessary to keep the horse in a state of training through- 
out the year, impressing most forcibly a tone of health 
and strength upon his system at the time when his nerves 
are liable to the least distraction; and continuing the 
course carefully thoroughout the season of copulation ; 
never allowing such excess of service, or of the excite- 
ment of sexual appetite, as to induce a disturbance of 
spirit or temper, or a relapse from the most thoroughly 
strong, healthy and regular tone of the system. 

G. B. 



TABLES. 



Tire following Tables may be so often useful to the classes of 
persons for whom this work is intended, that it has been thought 
expedient to give them a place. 

The list of medicines embraces such as ought to be kept con- 
stantly on hand, not only in every training and livery stable, but 
by every farmer and breeder who aspires to good management, and 
to deserve the praise of all men who happen to visit his establish- 
ment, and who know, as the French say, what is comrne il faut. 
Some other medicines might well be added, but it is thought best 
not to leave any excuse to the indolent and improvident to say tnat 
too much ia required — but we will begin with 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Apothecaries' or Troy weight is most usually employed in medi 
rine. In this, a pound contains twelve ounces: 

1 lb. is 5760 Troy grain*. 

9 oz. or three-quarters of a lb 4320 " ** 

" " a half lb 2880 " « 

3 " " one-fourth of a lb 1440 « « 

1 « " 8 drachms 480 " « 

7 drachms 420 " ■ 

6 " 360 " ■ 

5 M 300 « « 

4 M or a half oz 240 « ■ 

3 " 180 « ■ 

2 " 120 " « 

1 « 60 " « 

1 scruple 20 •* « 

apothecaries' weight. 

Twenty grains one scruple 

Three scruples one drachrr 

Eight drachms one ounce. 

Twelve ounces one pound. 

measure or FLUIDS. 

Sixty drops one fluid drachm. 

Eight fluid drachms one fluid ounce. 

Four fluid ounces a measure or nagg ; ,i, 

Sixteen fluid ounces one fluid pint. 

Eight fluic' pints one gallon. 

'49) 



50 



TABLES, 



LIST OF MEDICINES, 

dnd other articles which ought to be at hand about every training and 
livery stable, and every Farmer's and Breeder's estaolishment : 



MEDICINES. 



A. toes, Barbadoes, 
A.'uni, 

Arrow Root, 
Bas;.l£con, yellow, 
Camphor, 
Castile Soap, 
Goulard's Extract, 
Honey, ^ 

Hog's Lard, 
Linseed Meal, 
Nitre, 

Oil of Caraway, 
Oil, Castor, 
Oil of Cloves, 
Oil of Olives, 
Hartshorn, 



Resin, 

Spanish Flies, 

Sweet Spirit of Nitre 

Spirit of Turpentine, 

Salt, common, 

Soft Soap, 

Tar, 

Tartar Emetic, 

Tincture of Myrrh, 

Venus Turpentine, 

Vinegar, 

Vitriol, Blue, 

Verdigris, 

Wax, 

White Lead. 



Apparatus for Compounding Medicines. 

A box of small weights and scales, for the weighing of medicines 
in small portions, as from a grain to two drachms — the weights 
marked with English characters. 

One pair of two-ounce scales ; one pair of pound scales , one 
pound of brass box-weights. 

A graduated glass for the measure of fluids, marked with English 
'.iharacters. 

One large and one small pestle and mortar. 

One marble slab, a foot and a half square, for mixing ointments. 

One large and one small ladle. 

One large and one small pallet knife — to mix and spread plasters 

Articles necessary to be kept for administering and applying Medicines. 

Improved Ball Iron. 

Drenching horn. 

Flannel — for the applying of fomentations and poultices. 

Woollen and linen bandages. 

Tow, and broad coarse tape. 



Instruments. 



Stomach-pump, 

Elastic tube, 

Fleam and blood stick, 

Abscess lancet, 

Tooth rasp, with a guard, 



Seton, and curved needles, 
Improved casting hobbles, 
Brushes, currycrmbs, &c. } ol 
course. 



TABLES. 



51 







CALVING TABLE. 






Day Bulled. 


Will Calve. 


Day Bulled. 


Will Calve. 


Day Bulled. 

July 1 


Will Calve. 

April 7 


Day Bulled. 


Will Calve. 


Jan'y 1 


Oct'r 8 


April 1 


Jan'y 6 


Oct'r 1 


July 9 


" 7 


u !4 


" 7 


" 12 


" 7 


" 13 


u 7 

" 14 


" 15 


" 14 


« 21 


" 14 


« 19 


u 14 


" 20 


« 22 


« 21 


« 28 


« 21 


« 26 


« 21 


■ 28 


» 21 


" 29 


« 28 


Nov. 4 


" 28 


Feb'y 2 


" 28 


May 4 


« 28 


Aug. 5 


« L'l 


« 7 


« 30 


u 4 


« 31 


" 8 


" 31 


" 8 


Feb'y 1 


« 8 


May 1 


« 5 


Aug. 1 


" 9 


Nov. 1 


u 9 


u 7 


M H 


« 7 


" 11 


H 7 


« 15 


h 7 


" 15 


" 14 


u 21 


k 14 


« 18 


u 14 


" 22 


u 14 


" 21 


« 21 


" 28 


" 21 


" 25 


« 21 


» 29 


M 21 


■ 29 


« 28 


Dec'r 5 


« 28 


Mar. 4 


« 28 


June 5 


" 28 


Sept. 5 


Mar. 1 


» 6 


« 31 


" 7 


« 31 


" 8 


" 30 


« 7 


« 7 


« 12 


June 1 


« 8 


Sept. 1 


« 9 


Dec'r 1 


« 8 


" 14 


" 19 


" 7 


H 14 


« 7 


" 15 


■ 7 


■ 21 


B 21 


■ 26 


m 14 


» 21 


k 14 


« 22 


■ 14 


" 21 


" 28 


Jan'y 2 


« 21 


" 28 


" 21 


« 29 


" 21 


« 28 


« 31 


" 5 


" 28 


April 4 


« 28 


July 6 


■ 28 


Oct'r 5 






« 50 


" 6 


" 30 


» 8 


■ 31 


" 8 











LAMBING TABLE. 






When to 
Ram. 


WiU Lamb. 


When lo 
Bam. 


Will Lamb. 


When to 
Ram. 


Will Lamb. 


When to 
Ram. 


Will Lamb. 


Jan'y 1 


May 27 


April 1 


Aug. 26 


July 1 


Nov. 25 


Oct'r 1 


Feb. 25 


h 14 


June 10 


u 14 


Sept. 8 


" 14 


Dec'r 9 


« 14 


Mir. 10 


Feb'y 1 


» 28 


May 1 


« 22 


Aug. 1 


« 26 


Nov. 1 


fa 26 


u 14 


July 12 


« 14 


Oct'r 8 


u 14 


Jan'y 8 


« 14 


April 9 


Mar. 1 


" 26 


June 1 


" 25 


Sept. 1 


« 26 


Dec'r 1 


" 25 


« 14 


Aug. 8 


h 14 


Nov. 8 


h 14 


Feb'y 9 


H 14 


May 9 



TO THE PUBLISHERS. 
Should you have anywhere a spare corner, please enter a protest 
in my name, againSt the cruel practice recommended, of firing for 
the lampas ; which takes its name from the brutal custom among 
old farriers, but now abandoned in England, of burning the swell- 
ing down with a red-hot lamp-iron. In most cases, it will sooa 
subside of itself, especially if a few mashes be given, aided by a 
gentle alterative. If need be, a few moderate cuts may be made 
across the bars with a pen-knife. 

Founder may be cured, and the traveller pursue his journey the 
next day, by giving a table-spoonful of alum I This I got from Dr. 
P. Thornton, of Montpeliei, Rappahannoc county, Virginia, as 
founded en his own observation in seveial cases. 

. 5.S 



T EOT TING. 



This :'s a gait held in high estimation in the northern parts of the 
Onited States, and in Canada ; especially when a horse can go his 
mile within three minutes. Then, as he falls by seconds, his value 
rises by guineas. In the south, gentlemen don't "cotton" to such 
action; though a passion for this sort of equestrian display is travel- 
ling towards the land of the magnolia grandiflora, with some other 
changes less compatible with their ancient high-born chivalry. 

On the good old track at Charleston, among gentlemen who have 
never let the old Huguenot fires go down, you rarely see a snaffle- 
bridle, or what is called a "goer!" They have an eye and a hear* 
for a good horse; but choose to retain the power of throwing him 
on his haunches when occasion may demand it. 

It is, we believe, a rule on all courses in the United States, that 
the jockey's weight, in a trotting race, whether in harness or saddle, 
must be not under 145 pounds. 

In harness, simply signifies a sulky, as light as the owner may 
choose. They generally weigh from 75 to 125 lbs. The weight of 
a trotting wagon is from 125 to 200 lbs. Hiram Woodruff's weight 
was about 160 lbs. 

An interesting investigation is now going on in England to ascer- 
tain whether Tom Thumb, the celebrated American trotter, ever 
performed 20 miles within the hour. Large bets are pending on 
the result. If he has ever accomplished such a feat, it has not been, 
within our knowledge, officially recorded. Many of the parties 
betting on Tom Thumb having performed the above feat, failing 
to procure satisfactory proof thereof, have paid their bets. 

Fanny Jenks trotted 101 miles in harness, over the Bull's Head 
course. Albany, in 9 hours, 42 minutes, 57 seconds, on the 5th of 
May, 1845. 

Fanny Murray trotted 100 miles, in harness, in 9 hours, 41 mi- 
nutes, 26 seconds, on the 15th of May, 1846, over the Bull's Head 
course, Albany. 

(52) 



TROTTING. 



53 



BEST TROTTING TIME, AT MILE HEATS. 



Name. 


Saddle or 
Haruesi. 


Time. 


Course. Date. 




saddle 

harness 

saddle 

<• 

ta 


( 2 27, 2 29$, 2 30, / 
I 2 30, 2 31, 

2 32i2 31i,2 33, ) 
i 2 38, 

2 35, 2 37, 2 36 .. . 

2 35, 2 32, 2 35 . . . 
( 2 30, 2 35, 2 33, * 
| 2 33, 2 40, 

2 31±, 2 33 

( 2 28|, 2 28, 2 28, ) 
1 2 29, 2 32, 

2 26£, 2 27, 2 27 . • 
( 2 38, 2 36i, 2 38, i 
I 2 39, 2 38, 


Beacon Course, N. J. 

Beacon Course, N. J. 

Beacon Course, N. J. 
Beacon Course, N. J. 

Trenton, N. J 

Centreville, L. I. . .. 

Beacon Course, N. J. 

Beacon Course, N. J 

Trenton, N.J 


Sep. 25, 1845 

Ju;»e26, 1843 

June — 1841 
July — 1839 

Sep. — 1836 

May — 1834 

July 4, 1843 

July 12, 1843 

June — 1836J 

i 


Edwin Foirest . . 

Lady Suffolk 

Lady Suffolk 

Norman Leslie. . 



TWO MILE HEATS. 



Americus 

Americus 

Black Maria . . . 

Confidence 

D. D. Tompkins 

Dutchman 

Dutchman 

Edwin Forrest . 
Edwin Forrest . 

Hector 

James K. Polk . 
Lady Suffolk... 
Lady Suffolk... 
Lady Suffolk. .. 

Ripton 

Ripton 

Ripton 



harness 

saddle 
harness 
saddle 

harness 
saddle 
harness 



saddle 
harness 



5 13,5 11 

5 17£, 5 17, 5 22 . 

5 19£, 5 12£ 

5 16±,5 10£,5 16, 
5 18, 5 25, 

5 16i, 5 11 

5 16, 5 09 

5 11,5 16 

5 05, 5 06 

5 17, 5 13, 5 17 . . 
5 24, 5 19, 5 17^ . 
5 16, 5 16J 

4 59, 5 03£ 

5 10, 5 15 

5 17, 5 19, 5 18 . . 

5 10i, 5 12£ 

5 07, 5 15 

5 07,5 15,5 17... 



Union Course, L. I 
Hunting Park, Pa. . 
Cambridge Park .. . 

Centreville, L. I. . . . 

Centreville, L. 
Beacon Course, 
Beacon Course, 
Hunting Park, 
Hunting Park, 
Hunting Park, 
Union Course, 
Centreville, L. 
Centreville, L. 
Beacon Course, 
Beacon Course, 
Hunting Park, 
Hunting Park, 



1. ... 

N.J. 
N.J. 
Pa. . 
Pa. . 
Pa. . 
L.I 

I 

I.... 
N.J. 
N.J. 
Pa. . 
Pa. . 



Oct. 8, 1846 
Oct. 17, 1846 
June 18, 1845 

May — 1841 

Oct. — 1837 
April— 1839 
Oct. — 1839 
May — 1840 
Oct. — 1838 
June 2, 1846 
Nov. 18, 1846 
Sep. — 1840 
Mav - - 1842 
Ma'v 21, 1844 
May — 1842 
May — 1842 
May >■ 1842 



THREE MILE HEATS. 



Columbus... • 

Dutchman 

Dutchman 

Dutchman — 

Dutchman 
Lady Suffolk. 
Ripton 



saddle 

harness 
saddle 

harness 



7 58, 8 07 ..... . 

7 32£ 

7 41 

7 54^. 7 50, 8 02, 

8 24i 
7 51,7 51 

7 40A. 7 56 

8 00, 7 56i 



Hunting Park, Pa. . 
Beacon Course, N. J. 
Beacon Course, N. J. 

Beacon Course, N. J. 

Hunting Park, Pa. . 
Hunting Park, Pa. . 
Beacon Course, N. J. 




FOUR MILE HEATS. 



— - — ■ 


saddle 


11 19, 10 51 


Centreville, L. I. . . 


May 


— 1836 


Ladv Suffolk 


u 


11 15, 1158 


Centreville, L. I. . . . 


June 


— l>-'40 


Lady Suffolk... 


" 


11 22, 11 34 


Cambridge Park . . . 


Nov. 


— 1839 


Sir Peter 


harness 


1123, 1127 


Hunting Park, Pa. 


Oct. 


— 1829 


Ellen Thompson, 


saddle 


1155, 1133 


Beacon Course, N. J. 


Miy 


— A 8« 



RACING. 



BEST TIME ON RECORD AT MILE HEATS. 



Name. 



Aduella 

Aduella 

Bendigo 

Bendigo 

Beta 

Big Alick 

Capt. McHeath. . 

Cassandra 

Colt by Levi a- ) 
than, D. P. V 
Rentier's, ) 



Creath 

Croton 

Croton 

Dan. Mclntyre. . 

Fred. Raye 

Fred. Raye 



Gildersleeve . 
Harden'd Sinner. 
Ilouri, (Imp.) 
Jane Adams . 

Jim Bell 

John Hampden. • 
Ritty Harris . 

Leda 

Little Trick . 
Lucy c. (Bu ford's) 
Mary Brennan 

Minstrel 

Miss Footo . . . 

Music 

Music 

Nathan Rice. . 

Prospect 

Sailor Boy .... 

Serenade 

St. Pierre 

Bunbcam 

Susan Hill.... 
The Duke .... 

Uncas 

Victor 



1 48, 1 50, 1 4'J 

1 50, 1 47, 1 52J 

1 50, 1 48, 1 49 

1 48, 1 50, 1 48, 1 49 • 
1 45, 1 45, 1 57, 2 01 . 
1 57, 1 47i, 1 50, 1 51 

1 49, 1 48, 1 50 

1 48, 1 49£ 



1 48, 1 47L 1 50 



1 48, 148, 146 

151, 154*. 149 

1 49 

150, 148, 151 

1 50, 1 48L 1 50, 1 53£, 1 52$, 

j 1 52, 1 47£, 1 52, 1 48, J ' 
1 57J, 1 56J, i " ' 

1 51, 1 49, 1 53, 1 56 

1 50, 1 48, 1 49| 

1 47, 153 

147L 152 

151, 146 

148, 149, 153 

1 48, 151,2 02 

1 48, 1 48 

1 48 

149, 1 48,151 

1 48, 1 49 

1 48, 148 

1 47, 1 49, 1 48, 1 50, 1 50 . . . 

1 50, 1 48 

1 48J, 1 46J, 148 

1 45, 1 52 

1 50, 1 48, 1 53 

1 51,1 19, 148 

148, 155,200 

1 47, 1 56, 1 55 

1 47, 1 48, 1 46J, 1 47, 1 47 . • 

155, 150, 148 ..._ 

148, 155L. 153£ 

145L l 48, 1 47i 

150, 155, 148 



New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
Lexington, Ry. . .. 
New Orleans, La. . 
Nashville, Tenn... 
Louisville, Ry. . .. 

Columbus, Ga 

Washington, D. C. 

New Orleans, La. . 

New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
Georgetown, Ry. . 
Louisville, Ry. . •< 

New Orleans, La. 

Versailles, Ry.... 
Jackson, Miss. 
New Orleans, La. 
New Orleans, La. 
Lexington, Ry. . . 
Orange C. H., Va. 
Baltimore, Md. .. 
Lexington, Ry. . . 
E. Feliciana, La. 
Bardstown, Ry. . . 
Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Louisville, Ry. . . 
New Orleans, La. 
New Orleans, La. 
New Orleans, La. 
Louisville, Ry. . . 

Trenton, N.J 

Cynthiana, Ry. . . 
Cynthiana, Ry. .. 
Orange C. H., Va. 
New Orleans, La. 

Havana 

Trenton, N. J. . . . 
E. Feliciana, La. 
Kanawha, Va. .. . 



1 



Dec. 25, 
Mar. 19, 
Sep. 24, 
Mar. 21, 
May 22, 
June 4, 
May 4, 
June 1, 



1842 
1843 
1840 
1841 
1841 
1842 
1839 
1841 



April 1, 1846 

Mar. 27, 1842 
Dec. 20, 1*46 
Mar. 15, 1846 
Apr. 28, 1842 
Oct. 9, 1846 

Dec. 6, 1846 



Sep. 18, 
Feb. 17, 
Mar. 18, 
Oct. 29, 
May 21, 
Sep. 18, 
May 17, 
May 19, 
Apr. 24, 
Oct. 12, 
Oct. 19, 
June 4, 
Dec. 12, 
Mar. 17, 
Dec. 29, 
Oct. 7, 
May 25, 
Oct. 25, 
Oct. 25, 
Sep. 15, 
Mar. 24, 
Apr, 30, 
May 31, 
Apr. 27, 
June 7, 



1846 
1844 
1840 
1845 
1841 
1839 
1842 
1841 
1844 
1839 
1839 
1839 
1841 
1842 
1844 
1844 
1841 
1839 
1*39 
1841 
1844 
1843 
1839 
1844 
1839 



BEST TIME ON RECORD AT TWO MILE HEATS. 



Name. 



Alarick 

Ann Hayes . .. 

Ann Stuart 

Arralinc 

Attnknpas 

Balie Peyton . . 

BeeSn-Wing 

Betsey Archy, ) 

fillv, j 

I P»8'k-Nose 

Brown R : tty 

Buck-Eve 

[Butterfly filly .. 



3 54, 3 39 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 



43k 3 42J 

50, 3 44,3 45 

44J, 3 49, 3 49, 3 50. 
46, 3 52 

51, 3 45 

44, 3 47 



Lexington, Ry. . . 

New Orleans, La. 
Memphis, Tenn. . 
Louisville, Ry. . . 
Columbus, Ga. .. . 
Broad Rock, Va. . 
New Orleans, La. 



53, 3 44 Washington, D. C. 

3 I9i, 3 45, Georgetown, Rv. • 

3 49£, 3 44, 3 45 'New Orleans, La. 

3 56, 3 40. 3 47 New Orleans, La. 

3 48L 3 50, 3 40 |Lexington, Ry 



Sep. 26, 1845 
Nov. 21, 1844 
Nov. 14, 1843 
June 7, 1843 
May 2, 1839 
Apr. 26, 1839 
Mar. 26, 1839 

May 31, 1841 

Sep. 18, 1841 
Dec. 1, 1846 
Mar. 18, 1841 
Sep. 27, 1845 



Continued on />«£■« T>5. 



f54) 



RACING. 



56 



BEST TIME ON RECORD AT TWO MILE HEATS. 



"1 



Name. 



Churchill 

Consul lunior . .. 

Creath 

Creath 

Creath 

Croton 

Croton 

Croton 

Cub 

Earl of Margrave 

Oazan 

lieorge W. Kendall . 
Governor Butler . 

Grey Medoc 

Grey Medoc 

Hero 

Horuhlower 

La Bacchante. . .. 

Laneville 

Maid of Northampt'n 

Midas 

Miss Clash 

Motto 

Motto 

Music 

Music 

Music 

Nancy Clark 

Nannv Rogers 

Of ! *)ee 

Passenger, {Imp.) . . . 

Purity 

Ralph 

Richard of York 
Richard of York 

Robert Bruce 

Rocker 

Ruffin 

Rurnn 

Sally Shannon 

Sally Wan! 

Sarah Bladen 

Sarah Washington. . 

Senator 

Snag 

Sorrow, (Jmp.) 

Stanley Eclipse 

Sthreahley 

Susan Hill 

Taglioni 

Tarantula 

The Colonel 

Treasurer 

Trenton 

Vertner 

Viola 

Warfield'sToo ) 
Soon colt, | "•■ 

Wellington 

West Florida 

Will-Go 

Wilton Brown* 

Young Whig 



Time. 



:( 49, 3 46, 3 47 

3 4(5, 3 53, 3 47 

3 41, 3 41 

3 4(5, 3 42 

3 40, 3 45 

3 50, 3 44*. 3 50 ... . 
3 444, 3 43*. 3 43* . . 

3 47*, 3 46 

3 45*. 3 44 

3 4li, 3 40*. 

3 45, 3 45 

3 50, 3 47, 3 45, 4 07 

3 57, 3 46 

3 46, 3 49, 3 55 

3 45, 3 55 

3 45, 3 55 

3 40,3 51 

3 41,4 03 

3 50, 3 45, 3 51* ... . 

3 45 

346,346 

3 46, 3 43 

3 48*, 3 43 

3 4(5, 3 48* 

3 40, 3 46, 3 51 

3 51,3 46,3 55 

3 49, 3 45 

3 46, 3 4(5 

3 48, 3 46, 3 51 

3 40, 3 4(5 

4 10,3 53, 3 44 

3 50, 3 44 

3 51,345 

3 49, 3 46 

3 46, 3 44 

3 43,3 43,3 47 

3 48, 3 46 

3 49, 3 45*, 4 42* . . . 

3 49,3 46 

3 50, 3 43 

3 50,3 41* 

3 46 

3 45 

3 4(5, 3 46 

3 48, 3 43 

3 55, 3 43 



3 44, 3 45* . . 
3 43, 3 45 • . . 
3 45, 3 51 ... 
3 49, 3 46 . . . 
3 48, 3 46 . . . 
3 45, 3 50 . . . 
3 47, 3 45* .., 
3 46, 3 45 .... 
3 4(5, 3 48 ... , 
3 47, 3 45 ... , 

3 49, 3 45 . . . . 



3 56, 3 52, 3 43, 3 50 
3 51*, 3 46,3 53 .... 

3 46 

3 52, 3 45 

} 53, 3 44 



Lexington, Ky. . .. 

Louisville, Ky. . . . 
New Orleans, La. . 
Louisville, Ky. . .. 

Havana 

New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 

Louisville, Ky. 

New Orleans, La. . 
Lexington, Ky. 
New Orleans, La. . 

Camden, S. C 

New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . 

Pineville, S.C 

Union Course, L. I 
New Orleans, La. . 

Fairfield, Va 

Washington, D. C. . 
Baltimore, Md. 
Louisville, Ky. 

Lexington, Ky 

Bardstown, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . , 

Augusta, Ga , 

Lexington, Ky. 

Richmond, Va 

Trenton, N. J 

Jackson, Miss 

Louisville, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . . 
Cincinnati, Ohio. .. 

Trenton, N. J 

Lexington, Ky 

Natchez, Miss 

Frankfort, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . . 
Orange C. H. Va. .. 

Baltimore, Md 

Terre Haute, Ind. . , 

Springfield, III 

Trenton, N. J 

New Orleans, La. . , 

Havana 

Pineville, S.C 

Nashville, Term. . .. 

Baltimore, Md 

Trenton, N.J 

Union Course, L. I. 

Lexington, Ky 

B. Feliciana, La. . 

Lexington, Ky. . ... 

Caindrn, N. J. 
Georgetown, Ky.. . 
Broad Rock, Va. . .. 
Alexandria, D. C. . . 

Oakley, Miss 



Sep. 20, 
June 8, 
Mar. 24, 
June 1, 
Apr. 2(5. 
Apr. 13, 
Apr. 2, 
Apr. 16, 
Oct. 1, 
Mar. 23, 
May 23, 
Dec. 10, 
Nov. 21, 
Dec. 27, 
Mar. 18, 
Feb. — 
May 8, 
Apr. 3, 
May 20, 
Oct. 2, 
May 9, 
June 15, 
Sep. 26, 
Sep. — 
Dec. 22, 
Jan. 4, 
Dec. 25, 
Dec. 9, 
May 22, 
Apr. 16, 
Oct. 25, 
Jan. 28, 
June 5, 
Mar. 13, 
Mar. 24, 
Oct. 14, 
May 29, 
Sep. 21, 
Nov. 19, 
Sep. 7, 
Dec. 3, 
Mar. 17, 
Sep. 16, 
May 8, 
Sep. - 
Apr. 24, 
Oct. 30, 
Mar. 19, 
Apr. 28, 
Jan. 30, 
Oct. 4, 
May 4, 
May 28, 
Oct. 8, 
Sep. 21, 
Apr. 25, 



1843 

1H-I3I 

1842 

.842 

1843 

1845 

1846 

1846 

1839 

1842 

1840 

1841 

18401 

1840 

1839 

1843 

1839 

1845 

1841 

1845 

1844 

1844 

1844 

1842 

1842 

1844 

1844 

1840 

1846 

1845 

1839 

1H46 

1839 

1839 

1839 

1839 

1839 

1843 

1845 

1H42 

184(5 

1842 

1841 

1K44 

1844 

1839 

1845 

1840 

1H.J3 

1844 

1844 

1844 

1840 

1839 

1839 

1844 



May 23, 1846 

Oct. 26, 1841 
Apr. 12, 1839 
Oct. 2, 183!) 
June 5, 1842 
Dec. 7, 1844 



41 



56 



RACING 



BEST TIME ON RECORD AT THREE MILE HEATS. 



Name. 



Kilsey Scroggins 

Undrewetta 

Argentile 

Astor 

Black-Nose 

Black-Nose 

Blue Dick 

Blue Dick 

Blue Dick 

Bob Letcher 

Boston 

Clarion 

Creath , 

Creath 

Creath 

Eliza Calvert 

Fashion 

George Martin 

George Martin 

Glorvina 

Hard Cider 

Isola 

James F. Robinson 

Jeannetton 

Joe Chalmers 

Kate Aubray 

Liz Hewitt 

Louisa Jordan 

Maria 

Mariner 

Master Henry 

Midas 

Miss Foote 

Polly Green 

tiueen Mary 

Red Bill 

Register 

Ripple 

Rover 

Ruffin 

Sally Shannon 

Santa Anna 

Sarah Washington. 
Sarah Washington. 

Tazewell 

Ten Broeck 

The Colonel 

Treasurer 

Treasuier 

'■ Wilton Brown 



57, 5 40, 5 54* 

48,542* 

42, 5 51 

45, 5 44 

48, 5 40 

45,546 

44, 5 38* 

42, 5 39* 

50, 5 46 

52, 5 46, 6 12, 5 51 . . 

46 

45*, 5 57 

57, 5 43 

45, 5 44* 

44, 5 53 

00*, 5 59, 5 46 

43 

40, 5 46 

45i, 5 49, 5 52 

45, 5 51 

41, 6 14. 5 55, 5 50 . . 

044, 5 45, 6 02*, 6 44 

46, 5 55 

45, 5 38* 

48, 5 45 

40,5 41 

44* 

39, 5 40 

57, 5 44 

46. 5 56 

47*, 5 40, 5 56, 6 01 . 

45, 5 58 

59, 5 46 

46, 5 48 

37, 5 40, 5 40 

40, 5 48, 5 49 

45, 5 49 

51, 5 47, 5 44, 5 52 . . 

47, 5 48, 5 46, 5 52 . . 

40i. 5 3fi 

41*. 5 50, 5 57, 6 01 . 

43*, 5 48 

51,545 

40, 5 45 

46 

01,5 41, 5 49 

42, 5 54, 5 56 

42 

55*. 5 46 

45,' 6 05 



Bardstown,Ky 

Trenton, N.J 

Louisville, Ky 

Washington, D. C. . 

Frankfort, Ky 

Lexington, Ky 

Trenton, N.J 

Alexandria, D. C. . • 

Baltimore, Md 

Lexington, Ky 

Broad Rock, Va. . .. 
Union Course, L. I. 

Louisville, Ky 

New Orleans. La. . 

Havana 

Camden, N. J 

Baltimore, Md 

New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . 

Natchez, Miss 

Fredericksburg, Va 

Lexington, Ky 

Lexington, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . 
Memphis, Tenn. . . . 
New Orleans, La. . 

Peoria, III 

Now Orleans, La. . 

E. Feliciana, La 

Camden, N. J 

Baltimore, Md 

Washington, D. C. 

Mobile, Ala 

Columbus, Ga 

Cincinnati, Ohio. .. 
Lexington, Ky. ...'., 
Baltimore, Md. 
Louisville, Ky. . .. 
Lexington, Ky. . .. 
New ( >i leans. La. . 
Lexington, Ky. . . . 

Pineville, S. C 

Broad Rock, Va. . 
Baltimore, Md. . . . 

Rome, C2a 

Louisville, Ky. 

Camden, N. J 

Union Course, L. 1 
Union Course, L. I 
Alexandria, D. C. . 



Sep. — 
May 29, 
June 6, 
June 3, 
Sep. 24, 
Sep. 28, 
May 19, 
June 3, 
May 6, 
May 26, 
Apr. 27, 
Oct. 9, 
Oct. 15, 
Mar. 28, 
Apr. 29, 
Oct. 29, 
Oct. 16, 
Mar. 25, 
Mar. 17, 
Apr. 25, 
May 28, 
Sep. 19, 
May 20, 
Dec. 27, 
Nov. 15, 
Dec. 23, 
Oct. 28, 
Dec. 4, 
Apr. 26, 
May 21, 
Mav 16, 
May 16, 
Mar. 10, 
M?v 2, 
O. 17, 
May 28, 
Oct. 20, 
Oct. 8, 
Sep. 24, 
Mar. 22, 
Sep. 21, 

Feb. 8, 

Apr. 21, 
May 19, 
Sep. lg, 

June 2, 
Nov. 27, 
June 5, 
Oct. 5, 
June 1, 



1842 
1340 
1844 
1841 
1840 
1840 
1842 
1842 
1844 
1843 
1839 
1839 
1841 
1843 
1843 
1841 
1846 
1842 
1843 1 
1839 
1840 
1843 
1841 
1844 
1843 
1842 
1843 
1846 
1844 
1841 
1839 
1844 
1842 
1839 
1839 
1840 
1842 
1840 
1844 
1844 
1842 
1843 
1842 
184-?: 
1840 
1842 
1845 
1840 
1842 
1842 



RACING. 



5? 



BEST TIME ON RECORD AT FOUR MILE HEATS. 



Name. 



Andrewetta . . . 
Aim Hayes. ■ • . 

Bandit 

Boston 

Entaw 

Eclipse 

Fashion 

Fashion 

Fashion 

Fashion 

Fashion 

Fashion 

Fashion 

George Martin. 

Grey head 

Grey Medoc . . . 

Iago 

Jerry Lancaster 
Jerry Lancaster 
Jerry Lancaster 
Jerry Lancaster 

Jim Bell 

Miss Foote ... 

Miss Foote 

Miss Foote 

Omega 

Peytona 

Peytona 

Reel 

Reel 

Rover 

Sarah Bladen . . 
Vashti , 



Time. 



7 46 

7 36$, 7 42 

8 02, 7 44 , 

8 13, 7 40, 7 58| 

8 01, 7 43 , 

7 374, 7 49, 8 24 

7 42, 7 48 

7 324, 7 45 

7 38,7 524 

7 36, 7 49 

7 354 

7 434 

7 36,7 51 

7 33, 743 

7 454, 7 50 , 

7 35, 8 19, 7 42, 8 17 . 

7 45,758 

7 43,7 40 

738,8 14 

7 55,7 45 

7 51,7 43,8 08 

7 37, 7 40 

8 02,735 

7 42, 7 40 

7 364,7 39,7 514 .... 

7 57, 7 45 

7 45,748 , 

7 39$, 7 45i , 

7 40, 743 

7 434,7 41 

7 39, 7 394, 7 51, 8 29 

7 45, 7 40 , 

7 53, 7 46, 8 19 



Raleigh, N. C 

New Orleans, La. . 

Baltimore, Md 

Union Course, L. I 
Washington, D. C. . 
Union Course, L. I 

Camden, N. J 

Union Course, L. I 

Camden, N. J 

Trenton, N. J 

Baltimore, Md 

Union Course, L. I 

Baltimore, Md 

New Orleans, La. . . 

Lexington, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . . 

St. Louis, Mo 

New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . . 

St. Louis, Mo 

New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . , 
New Orleans, La. . 

Lexington, Ky 

New Orleans, La. . 

Augusta, Ga 

New Orleans, La. . , 
Union Course, L. I 
New Orleans, La. . . 
New Orleans, La. . 
New Orleans, La. . , 
New Orleans, La. . , 
Baltimore, Md 



Dale. 



Nov. 7, 
Mar. 23, 
May 15, 
May 13, 
May 6, 
May 27, 
Oct. 28, 
May 10, 
Oct. 29, 
Nov. 4, 
Oct. 20, 
Oct. 23, 
May 14, 
Mar. 29, 
Sep. 23, 
Mar. 20. 
June 24, 
Apr, 5, 
Apr. 12, 
Oct. 21, 
Dec. 5, 
Mar. 19, 
Mar. 26, 
Bep. 2.5, 
Dec. 24, 
Dec. 11, 
Jan. *3, 
May 13, 
Dec. 11, 
Mar. 18, 
Dec. 28, 
Mar. 17, 
Mai 15, 



1839 
1844 
1840 
1842 
1842 
1843 
1841 
1842 
1842 
1842 
1843 
1845 
1846 
18431 
1843 
1841 
x844( 
1845 
1845 
1846 
1840 
1842 
1842 
1842 
1842 
1840 
1844 
1845 
1841 
1843 
1844 
1841 
1839 



58 RACING. 



THE ST. LEGER. 

The Doncaster St. Leger (in England pronounce Sellenger,) 
is the most important stake in Great Britain, amour ring to frou 
eighteen to twenty-four thousand dollars, and is run for, annually, 
by three year old colts and fillies: the former carry ' 19 pounds, the 
latter 114. 

With these tables in view, a comparison of the jpeed of English 
and American horses can easily be made, having due regard to 
weight, age, and the distance run. The St. I eger is a race of one 
Btraight heat, and the horse has only to do his ' est for that single run. 

J. S. R. 

The following table will show the rea/ ,t tb^ distance pet sec^ad 
■vcraged by horses running at any dista ce : 

Time of running Distance per second 

one mile. Yds. Ft. In. 

140 „ 17 1 9| 

141 .~ - 17 1 3i 

142 - 17 9* 

143 ^ 17 2\ 

1 44 16 2 4 

145 16 2 33 

146 16 1 9| 

147 16 1 A\ 

1 48 16 lOf 

149 16 5| 

150 16 

151 15 2 6-£- 

152 15 2 If 

153 15 1 8^ 

1 54 15 1 3| 

155 15 Oil 

156 15 6,-% 

1 57 15 1|| 

158 14 2 8ff 

159 14 2 4,-^ 

200 _ 14 2 



RACING. 59 



AYERASE SPEED FOR THE DONCASTER ST. LEGER. 

Distance 1 mile 6 furlongs 132 yards. 



Fear. Name of Horse. Time - Yda.nn 

m. a. minute. 

1818 .Reveller 315 988 

1846 Sir Tatton Sykes 3 16 ^ 983 

>838 Dfrt John 3 17 978 

.819 Ar»orrio 3 18 973 

1842 Blu* Bonnet 3 19 968 

1835 Qubwi of Trumps 3 20 963 

1836 Elis 3 20 963 

1840 Lau«ceIot 3 20 963 

1843 Nutwith 3 20 963 

1847 Van f romp 3 20 963 

1834 Touchstone 3 22 954 

.841 Satirist 3 22 954 

1837 Mango 3 23 ...... 949 

1844 Faugh-a-ballagh 3 23 949 

1823 Barefoot 3 23| 948 

1825 Memnon 3 231 947 

1827 Matilda 3 24 945 

1826 Tarrare 3 25 940 

1839 Charles XII 3 25 940 

1845 The Baron 3 25 940 

1820 St. Patrick 3 26 935 

1822 Theodore 3 26 935 

1824 Jerry 3 29 922 

1810 Octavian 3 30 918 

1812 Otterington 3 31 913 

1833 Rockingham 3 38 884 



Mean speed 3 24 945 

41 * 



PEDIGREES 



07 



WINNING HORSES, 

SINCE 1839. 
Being an Appendix to Mason's Farrier 



A. 

AARON, b. h. by Tennessee Citizen, dam by Timoleon. 

ABBEVILLE, b. h. by Nullifier, dam by Gallatin. 

ABNER HUNTER, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 

ACALIA, b. m. by Luckless. 

ACHILLES, gr. h. by Boxer. 

ADELA, b. m. by The Colonel, dam [Imp.] Variella by Blacklock. 

ADELAIDE, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Napoleon. 

ADELIA, b. m. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Sir Archy. 

ADRIAN, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Phenomena, by Sir 
Archy. 

ADUELLA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam Giantess by [Imp.] Le- 
viathan. 

^SOP, ch. h. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Trumpetta by Mons. Touson, 

^TNA, b. m. by Volcano, dam Rebecca by Palafox. 

AHIRA, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 

AILSEY SCROGGINS, ch. m. by Giles Scroggins, dam by Pirate. 

AJARRAH HARRISON, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Gallatin. 

AJAX, gr. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 

A. J. LAWSON, b. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Kitty Fisher bf 
Gallatin. 

ALAMODE, ch. h. by [Imp.] Margrave, dam by Timoleon. 

ALARIC, b. h. by Mirabeau, dam by [Imp.] Tranby. 

ALATOONA, b. m. by Argyle, dam Viola by Gallatin. 

ALBION, [Imp.] bl. h. by Cain or Actseon, dam by Comus or Black 
lock. 

A LBORAC, b. h. by Telegraph, dam by Monday. 

ALDERMAN, ch. g. by [Imp.] Langford, dam by Sir Cbarles. 

ALLEGRA, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by Pacolet. 

ALLEN BROWN, ch. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp ] Eagle. 

(60) 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 61 

ALEXANDER CAMPBELL, b. h. by Collier, dam by Koaciusko. 
ALEXANDER CHURCHILL, b. h. by [Imp.] Zinganee, dam by 

Bertrand. 
ALICE, b. m. by Conqueror, dam by Wild Medley. 
■ b. m. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Rowena by Sumpter. 

ALICE ANN, gr. m. by Director, dam by Gallatin. 
ALMIRA, gr. m. by Eclipse dam by Stockholder. 
ALTORF, b. h. by [Imp] Fylde, dam by Virginian. 
ALWILDA, gr. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by John Richards. 
AMBASSADOR, ch. h. by Plenipotentiary, dam [Imp.] Jenny Mil If 

by Whisker. 
AMELIA, br. m. by Bluster, dam by Messenger. 
AMERICA, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by Democrat. 

. b. m. by [Imp.] Trustee, dam Di Vernon by Florizel. 

AMERICAN CITIZEN, b. h. by Marion, dam by Harwood. 

EAGLE, gr. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Waxy. 

. STAR, ch. h. by Cramp, dam by Pulaski. 

AMY THE ORPHAN, ch. m. by [Imp.] Nonplus, dam by Comet 
ANDREWANNA, b. m. by Andrew, dam by Gallatin. 
ANDREWETTA, gr. m. by Andrew, dam by Oscar. 
ANDREW HAMET, b. h. by Sidi Hamet, dam by Trumpator. 
ANN BARROW, b. m. by Cock of the Rock, dam by Virginian. 
ANN BELL, ch. m. by Frank, dam Jonquil by Little 3ohn. 
ANN BLAKE, b. m. by Lance, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 
ANN CALENDAR, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam Grand Duchess by 

[Imp.] Gracchus. 
ANN GILLESPIE, br. m. by McCarty's Henry Clay, dam Susan by 

Sir William. 
ANN HARROD, ch. m. by Hickory John, dam by King William. 
ANN HAYES, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Pacific. 
AlfN INNIS, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam (the dam of Mary Morris) by 

Sumpter. 
ANN KING, b. m. by [Imp.] Sorrow, dam Lady of the Lake by 

Henry Tonson. 
ANN STEVENS, ch. m. by [Imp.] Trustee, dam (an imported mare) 

by Muley. 
ANN STEWART, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam Kitty Hunter by Paragon 
ANNE ROYALE, br. m. by Stockholder, dam Alice Lee by Sii 

Henry Tonson. 
ANTOINETTE, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Multiflora bv 

Director. 
ANTIPATOR, ch. h. by Tychicus, dam Club Foot by Napoleon. 
ANVIL, b. h. by [Imp.] Contract, dam by Eclipse. 
ARAB, b. h. by Arab, dam by Sir Archy. 
ARABELLA, b. m. by Collier, dam by Gallatin. 
ARABIAN MARK, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Sir Charles. 
ARGENTILE, b.m. by Bertrand, dam Allegrante by [Imp.] Truffle 
ARGYLE, br. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Thistle by Ogle's Oscar. 
ARILLA, gr. m. by O'Kelly, dam by Medley. 
A.RKAXUKA. ch. h. by [Imp] Leviathan, dam Sally McGehee 



52 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

AROOSTOOK, b. h. by Wheeling Rodolph, darn by Moses. 
ARRALINE, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
ARRAH NEAL, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam M; liiia Wash 

ington by Sir Charles. 
ARSENIC, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Mary Farmer by Con 

queror. 
ASHLAND, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lady Jackson by Sumpter. 
ASTOR, b. h. by Ivanhoe, dam Tripit by Mars. 
ATT AK A PAS, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Arab. 
ATTILA LECOMTE, b. m. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam Extant by 

[Imp.] Leviathan. 
ATLANTIC, b. m. by Blood and Turf, dam Old Fly. 
AUNT PONTYPOOL, ch. m. by Bertrand Junior, dam Gold Finder 

by Virginius. 
AUSTER, br. h. by Westwind, dam by [Imp.] Leviathan. 
AUTHENTIC, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Timoura by Timo- 

leon, 

B. 
BALD HORNET, ch. g. by Bald Hornet, dam by Bertrand. 
BALIE PEYTON, b. h. by Andrew, dam (Master Henry's dam) by 

Eclipse. 
BALTIMORE, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Gohanna. 
BAND BOX, gr. m. by O'Kelly, dam Lucy Brooks by Bertrand. 
BANDIT, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Virginian. 
BANJO BILL, b. h. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam byDarnaby's Diomed. 
BAND OF MUSIC, ch. m. by O'Kelly, dam by Oscar. 
BARBARA ALLEN, ch. m. by Collier, dam Lady Jackson by 

Sumpter. 
BASSINGER, bl. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Randolph's Roanoke. 
BAYWOOD, b. h. by Editor, dam by Pacolet. 
BEACON LIGHT, ch. m. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam Giantess by [Imp.] 

Leviathan. 
BEATRICE OF FERRARA, m. by Stockholder, dam byDuroc. 
EEAU-CATCHER, ch. m. by Leopold, dam Cranberry. 
BEE'S-WING, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Black Sophia by 

Topgallant. 
BELFIELD, b. h. by [Imp.] Priam, dam [Imp.] Bustle by Whale- 
bone. 
BELLISSIMA, b. m. by [Imp.] Belshazzar, dam Wingfoot by Rat 

tier. 
BELLE OF WINCHESTER, ch. m. by Stockholder, dam by Sir 

Archy. 
■■■ , ch. m. by [Imp.] Shakspeare, dam 

Cado by Sir Archy. 
BELLE TAYLOR, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
BEN BARKLEY, b. h. by Push Pin, dam Miss Wakefield by Sir 

Hal. 
BEN BUSTER, b. h. by Cherokee, dam by Whip. 
BEN FRANKLIN, ch. h. by Flagellator, dam Medova by Ecl'pse. 
— — — — — — — — — ch. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Franklio Beauty 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 63 

BEN FRANKLIN, ch. h. by [Imp ] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder 
BENDIGO gr. h. by Timoleon, dam by Sir Charles. 

b. h. by Medoc, dam by Sir Arcby. 

BENGAL, ch. h. by Gohanna, dam Sportsmistress (or Gulhare) by 

Duroc. 
BERENICE, ch. m. by Skylark, dam Kathleen by [Imp.] Leviathan. 
BETA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Kosciusko. 
BETHESDA, b. m. by Pacific, dam by Sir Henry Tonson. 
BETHUNE, br. h. by Sidi Hamet, dam Susette by Aratus. 
BETSEY COLEMAN, ch. m. by Goliah, dam Melinda. 
BETSEY COODEY, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 
BETSEY HUNTER, ch. m. by Sir Clinton, . am by Hamiltonian. 
BETSEY LAUDERDALE, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir 

Richard. 
BETSEY MILLER, gr. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Jane Shore 

by Oscar. 
BETSEY RED, ch. m. by Red Rover, dam Betsey West by [Imp.] 

Buzzard. 
BETSEY SHELTON, b. m. by Jackson, dam Harriet Haxall by Sii 

Hal. 
BETSEY WATSON, br. m. by Jefferson, dam bv Sir Henry Tonson. 
BETSEY WHITE, ch. m. by Goliah, dam by Sir Charles. 
BIG ALECK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 
BIG ELLEN, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Old Whip. 
BIG JOHN, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Hamiltonian. 
BIG NANCY, ch. m. by Jackson, dam by Gallatin. 
BILLY AYNESWORTH, ch. h. by Traveller, dam Helen by Timo- 
leon. 
BILLY BLACK, b. h. by Volcano. 

BILLY BOWIE, b. h. by Drone, dam Agility by Sir James. 
BILLY GAY, b. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Mary Francis by Di 

rector. 
BILLY TONSON, gr. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Cherokee. 
BILLY TOWNES. b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Virginian. 
BILLY WALKER, ch. h. by [Imp.] Valparaiso, dam by Sir Richa**L 
BILLET, ch. h. by Mingo, dam by Mambrino. 
BILOXE, ch. h. by Dick Chinn, dam Extio by [Imp.] Leviathan. 
BLACK BOY, bl. h. by [Imp.] Chateau Margaux, dam by [Imp] 

Chance. 
bl. h. by [Imp.] Chateau Margaux, dam Lady Mayo 

by Van Tromp. 
BLACK DICK, bl. h. by [Imp.] Margrave, dam by Pamunky. 
BLACK FOOT, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 
BLACK HAWK, bl. h. by Industry. 
. i bl. h. by Mucklejohn. 

BLACK JACK, bl. h. by Tom Fletcher, dam by Baronet. 
BLACK LOCUST, bl. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Sir Archy. 
BLACK NOSE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lucy by Orpnan. 
E1ACK PRINCE, bl. h. by limp.] Fylde, dam Fantail by Sir Arohy 



64. WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

BLACK RABBIT, bl.h. by [Imp. J Nonplus, dam (Fair Ellen's dam) 

by Virginius. 
BLACK ROSE, bl. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Arab. 
BLAZING STAR, b. h. by Henry, dam by Eclipse. 
BLOODY NATHAN, gr. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Paeolet. 
BLOOMFIELD RIDLEY, b. h. by Bell-Air, dam Cedar Snags. 
BLOOMSBURY, ch. m. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Giles Scroggins. 
BLUE BONNET, gr. m. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Grey Fanny by 

Bertrand. 
BLUE DICK, gr. h. by [Imp.] Margrave, dam by Lance. 
BLUE JIM, ch. h. by Mucklejohn. 
BLUE SKIN, h. by Ms -mion, dam by Tecumseh. 
BOB BUSH, ch. h. by I ledoc, dam by Bertrand. 
BOB LETCHER, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Rattler. 
BOB LOGIC, br. h. by [Imp] Langford, dam by Mambrino. 
BOB RUCKER, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Charles. 
BOIS D'ARC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Hortensia by Contention. 
BONNY BLACK, bl. m. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam Helen Mar by 

Rattler. 
BORAC, ch. h. by Pacific, dam by Bagdad. 
BOSTON, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam (Robin Brown's dam) by Ball's 

Florizel. 
BOSTON FILLY, m. by Boston, dam by [Imp.] Priam. 
BO WD ARK, b. h. by Anvil, dam by Bagdad. 
BOXER, b. h. by Mingo, dam by Eclipse. 
BOYD M'NAIRY, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Morgiana by 

Paeolet. 
BRACELET, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam [Imp.] Trinket. 
BREAN, ch. h. by Goliah. 

BRILLIANT, b. h. by Sidi Hamet, dam Miss Lancess by Lance. 
BRITANNIA, [Imp.] b. m. by Actseon, dam by Scandal. 
BROCKLESBY, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Roanoke. 
BROKER, b. h. by [Imp.] Rowton, dam Jane Bertrand by Bertrand. 
BROTHER TO HORNBLOWER, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipso, dam 

Music by John Richards. 
BROTHER TO PEYTON A, ch. h. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam Giantess 

by [Imp.] Levfathan. 
BROTHER TO VICTOR, b. h. by [Imp.] Cetus, dam [Imp.] My 

Lady by Comus. 
BROWN ELK, b. h. by Buck Elk, dam by Whip. 
BROWN GAL, br. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Virginian. 
BROWN KITTY, br. rri. by Birmingham, dam by Tiger. 
BROWN LOCK, "br. h. by Pacific, dam by Sir Hal. 
BROWN STOUT, bi ... by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Feathers by Mons. 

Tonson. 
BROWNLOW, br. h. by [Imp.] Merman, dam (Glenare's Ham) by 

[Imp.] Leviathan. 
BRUCE, ch. h. by [Imp.] Nonplus, dam La.nbal'e by Kosciusko 
BUBB, b m. by Bertrand, dam by Whig. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 65 

1*UCK-EYE, b. h. by Critic, dam Ann Page by Ogle's Oscar. 
. b. h. by Lafayette Stockholder, dam Old Squaw by In> 

dian. 

. BELLE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 

LAD, oh. h. by Bertrand, dam by a Son of Spread Ea 



gle. 
BUCK RABBIT, b. h. by [Imp.] Nonplus, dam (Fair Ellen's dam) 

by Virginius. 
BULGER BROWN, b. h. by Lance, dam by Jenkins' Sir William; 
BUNKUM, ch. g. by Hyazim, dam by Gallatin. 
BURLEIGH, b. h. by Sir Archie Montorio, dam Mary Lee by Con 

tention. 
BUSTAMENTE, ch. h. by Whalebone, dam Sarah Dancy by Timo 

leon. 
BUZ FUZ, gr. h. by Medley, dam by [Imp.] Luzborough. 

C. 

CADMUS, h h. by Cadmus. 

CALANTHE, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Jackson. 

CALANTHE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 

CAMANCHE, ch. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Rattler. 

CAMDEN, br. h. by Shark, dam [Imp.] Invalid by Whisker. 

CAMEO, b. m. by [Imp.] Tranby, dam by Buzzard. 

CAMEL, ch. h. by Birmingham, dam by Whip or Sumpter. 

CAMILLA, br. m. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam (Picayune's dam) by Sn 
William of Transport. 

CAPTAIN BURTON, br. h. by Cherokee, dam by Green Oak. 

CAPTAIN M'HEATH, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Miss Bailey 
by [Imp.] Boaster. 

CAPTAIN THOMAS HOSKINS, b. h. by [Imp.] Autocrat, dam by 
Tom Tough. 

CAPTAIN (The) b. h. by Sir Archy Montorio, dam Ophelia by Wild 
Medley. 

CAPTAIN WHITE-EYE, bl. h. by Chifney, dam by Sumpter. 

CAROLINE MALONE, (Col. Thomas Watson's), ch. m. by [Imp.] 
Leviathan, dam Proserpine by Oscar. 

(Col. J. C. Guild's), b. m. by [Imp.] Levia- 
than, dam by Sir Richard. 

(Col. Thomas Watson's), b. m. by [Imp.] Le- 



viathan, dam by Jerry. 
CASHIER, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Sir Charles. 
CASKET, b. m. by [Imp.] Priam, dam hy Constitution. 
CASETTA CHIEF, ch. h. by Andrew, dam by Wildair. 
CASSANDRA, b. m. by [Imp ] Priam, dam Flirtilla Jr. by Sir Archy. 
CASTIANIRA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
CATALPA, b. m. by Frank, dam by John Richards. 
CATARACT, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by John Richards. 
CATHERINE, b. m. by Bertrand, dam Black-eyed Susan by Tiger. 
CATHERINE FEN WICK, gr. m. by Mucklejohn, dam by Sax*. 

Weimar 



6G WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

CATHERINE RECTOR, ch. m. by Pacific, dam Mary Tonson. 

CAVALIER SERVANTE, gr. h. by Bertrand, dam by Andrew. 

CEDRIC, b. h. by [Imp.! Priam, dam Countess Plater by Virginian. 

CELERITY, eh. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Patty Putf by Pacolet. 

CHAMPAGNE, b. h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy. 

CHARLES, b. h. by [Imp] Rowton, dam Leocadia. 

CHARLES ARCHY, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Eclipse. 

CHARLES MALCOLM, ch. h. by Malcolm, dam by Albert Gallatin. 

CHARLEY ANDERSON, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Mercury. 

CHARLEY FOX, b. h. by Waxy, dam by Buckner's Leviathan. 

CHARLEY NAYLOR, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 

CHARLOTTE BARNES, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Sir Archy. 

CHARLOTTE CLAIBORNE, b. m. by Havoc, dam by Conquerot 

CHARLOTTE HILL, b. m. by H^phestion, dam by Cook's Whip. 

CHARITY GIBSON, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 

CHATEAU, [Imp.] b. m. by Chateau Margaux. dam Cuirass by 
Oiseau. 

CHEMISETTE, b. m. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam by Arab. 

CHEROKEE MAID, gr. m. by Marmion, dam by Tecumseh. 

CHESAPEAKE, b. or br. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Thaddeus. 

CHICOMAH, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam White Feather by 
Conqueror. 

CHICOPA, ch. m. by Tuscahoma, dam Fortuna by Pacolet. 

CHIEFTAIN, b. h. by Godolphin, dam Young Lottery by Sir Archy. 

CHOTAUK, br. h. by Pamunky, dam by Arab. 

CHURCHILL, b. h. by [Imp.] Zinganee, dam by Buzzard. 

CINDERELLA, b. m. by Pacific, dam Mary Vaughan by Pacolet. 

C1ARA BOARDMAN, b. m. by [Imp.] Consol,~dam Sally Bell by 
Sir Archy. 

CLARION, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Ogle's Oscar. 

CLARISSA, ch. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam (Clarion's dam) by 
Ogle's Oscar. 

CLEAR THE TRACK, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Stock- 
holder. 

CLEUPATRA, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 

CLEVELAND, gr. h. by [Imp.] Emancipation, dam by [Imp.] Levia- 
than. 

COAL BLACK ROSE, bl. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Arab. 

COLUMBUS, Junior, b. b. by Columbus, dam by Bertrand. 

COMPROMISE, b. m. by Nullifier, dam by Anti-Tariff. 

CONCHITA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Miss Bailey by [Imp. 
Boaster. 

CONSOL, Junior, br. h. by [Imp.] Consol, dam [Imp.] The Nun'* 
Daughter by Filho da Puta. 

CORA, [Imp-~] ch. m. by Muley Moloch, dam by Champion. 

CORA MUNRO, ch. m. by Hugh L. White, dam by Crusher. 

CORDELIA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 

CORK, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Caledonia by Jerry. 

CORNELIA, b. rn. by Skylark, dam by Arab. 

CORONATION, ch. h. by Laplander, dam by Oscar. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 67 

COTTON PLAINT, gr. m. by Bertram!, dam by Pacolet. 

COWBOY, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Virginian. 

CRACKAWAY, ch. h. by Marmaduke. 

CUACOVIENNE, gr. m. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam [Imp.] Gallopade 
by Catton. 

CREATH, b. h. by [Imp.'] Tranby, dam by Sir Archy Montorio. 

CRICHTON, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Phenomenon. 

CRIPPLE, gr. m. by [Imp.] Philip, dam (Gamma's dam) by Sir Ri- 
chard. 

CROCKETT, b. h. by Crockett, dam by Sir Archy. 

CROTON, gr. h. by Chorister, dam by Mucklejohn. 

CRUCIFIX, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Virginia by Sir Archy. 

CUB, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 

CUMBERLAND, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir William. 

CURCULIA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 

CZARINA, gr. m. by [Imp.] Autocrat, dam Aurora by Arab. 

D. 

I/ANDRIDGE, b. h. by Garrison's Zinganee, dam by Walnut or La- 
fayette. 

DAN MARBLE, ch. h. by Woodpecker, dam (a sister to West Flo- 
rida's dam) by Potomac. 

DAN MTNTYRE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 

DAN TUCKER, ch. h. by [Imp.] Belshazzar, dam by Pulaski. 

DANIEL BUCK, ch. h. by Collier, dam by Pacolet. 

DARIUS, b. h. by Orphan Boy, dam bv Cumberland. 

DARKNESS, bl. m. by Wagner, daoi Sally Shannon's dam^ bv Sir 
Richard. 

DARNLEY, ch. h. by John Richards, dam Lady Gray by Sir Richard. 

DART, b. h. by [Imp.] Doncaster, dam Jane Gray by Orphan Boy. 

DAVE PATTON, ch. h. by Sumpter, dam by Hamiltonian. 

DAVID FYLDE, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Clay's Sir William. 

DAY DREAM, br. m. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Sir Archy. 

DAYTON, ch. h. by Tormentor, dam by Tuckahoe. 

DECATUR, ch. h. by Henry, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 

DECEPTION, b. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp.] Leviathan. 

DE LATTRE, br. h. by [Imp.] Consol, dam [Imp.] Design by Tramp, 

DELAWARE, b. h. by Mingo, dam by John Richards. 

DELPHINE, ch. m. by Sumpter. 

DEMOCRAT, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Eagle. 

DENMARK, br. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Betsey Harrison by 
Aratus. 

DENIZEN, [Imp.] b. h. by Actaon, dam Design by Tramp. 

DEVIL JACK, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Lady Burton by 
Timoleon. 

DIANA CROW, bl. m. by Mark Antony, dam by Botts' Lafayette. 

DIAN^A SYNTAX, br. m. by Doctor Syntax, dam [Imp.] Diana b? 
Catton. 

DICK COLLIER, ch. h. by Collier, dam by Whip. 

DICK MENIFEE, br. h. by Lance, dam by Sir William of Transpoi 

42 



68 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

DOCTOR DUDLEY, b. h. by Bertram], dam by Robin Grav. 

DOCTOR DUNCAN, ch. h. by Cadmus, dam by Old Court. 

DOCTOR FRANKLIN, ch. h. by Frank, dam Althea by Big Archy, 

DOCTOR WILSON, ch. h. by John Bascombe, dam Bolivia by Bo 
livar. 

DOLLY DIXON, b. m. by [Imp.] Tranby, dam Sally House by Vir- 
ginian. 

DOLLY MILAM, b. m. by [Imp."] Sarpedon, dam by Eclipse. 

DONCASTER, [Imp.] bl. h. by Longwaist, dam by Muley. 

DONNA VIOLA, b. m. by [Imp.'] Luzborough, uam (Jack Downing'8 
dam) by Mons. Tonson. 

DUANNA, gr. m. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Goodloe Washington by 
Washington. 

DUBLIN, gr. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Jerry. 

DUCKIE, b. m. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Mary Jones by Kosciusko. 

DUKE SUMNER, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy. 

DUNGANNON, b. h. by Mingo, dam by John Stanley. 

DUN VEGAN, b. h. by [Imp.] Trustee, dam Jemima by Rattler. 

E. 

EARL OF MARGRAVE, b. h. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Duchess 
of Marlborough by Sir Archy. 

ECLIPTIC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam (Rodolph's dam) by Moses. 

EDISTA, b. h. by [Imp.] Rowton, dam Empress. 

EDWARD EAGLE, ch. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Director. 

EFFIE, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 

EL BOLERO, br. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp.] Leviathan. 

EL FURIOSO, b. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Rattlesnake by Ber- 
trand. 

ELIAS RECTOR, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Kate Blair. 

ELI ODOM, br. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Chuckfahila by Ber- 
trand. 

ELIZA CULVERT (or Calvert), ch. m. by Cymon, dam Lady Sum 
ner by Shawnee. 

ELIZA HUGHES, b. m. by Marmion, dam by Whip. 

ELIZA JANE, b. m. by [Imp.] Monarch, dam Big Jinny by Rattler. 

ELIZA ROSS, b. m. by Marmion, dam by Tiger or Whip (or Tigui 
Whip). 

ELIZABETH GREATHOUSE, b. m. by Masaniello, dam by Waxy. 

ELIZABETH JONES, m. by Pacific, dam by Mons. Tonson. 

ELLA, ch. m. by Young Virginian, dam by Harwood. 

ELLEN HUTCHINSON, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Ber 
trand. 

ELLEN CARNELL, ch. m. by [Imp.] Behhazzar, dam by [Imp., 
Leviathan. 

ELLEN JORDAN, b. m. by {Imp.) Jordan, dam Ellen Tiee by 
Henry. 

ELLEN PERCY, ch. m. by Godolphin, dam by {Imp.) Bedford. 

ch. m. by Godolphin, dam by Financier. 

ELLEN WALKER, b. m. by {Imp.) Consol, dam {Imp.) Plenty w 
Emihus. 

BLLISIF, b. m. by PlatofF, dam by Mucklejohn. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 69 

ELLIPTIC, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Amanda by Revenge 

ELOISE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Luzborough. dam Mary Wasp by Don 
Quixotte. 

ELVIRA, ch. m. by Red Gauntlet, dam by Rob Roy. 

EMERALD, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam (Imp.) Eliza by Ru 
bens. 

EMIGRANT, gr. h. by Cadet, dam by (Imp.) Contract. 

E.MILY, ch. m. by Medoc, dam Spider by Almanzar. 

br. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam by Tom Tough. 

(Imp.) b. m. by Emilius, dam Elizabeth by Rainbow. 

FM1LY SPEED, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 

EMMET, b. h. by Bertrand. dam by Gallatin. 

ESMERALDA, b. m. by Pressure, dam by Murat. 

ESPER SYKES, (Imp.) br. h. by Belshazzar, dam Capsicum by 
Emilius. 

ESTA, gr. m. by Bolivar, dam by (Imp.) Barefoot. 

ESTHER WAKE, gr. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Stock- 
holder. 

ETHIOPIA, bl. m. by Dashall, dam by (Imp.) Expedition. 

EUDORA, br. m. by Jefferson, dam by Oscar. 

EUCLID, br. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sir Archy. 

EUTAW, b. h. by (Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam by Sir Charles. 

EVERGREEN, ch. m. by Wild Bill, dam by Sir Charles. 

EXTIO, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam (Imp.) Refugee by Wan- 
derer. 

F. 

FANCY, br. m. bv (Imp.) Fylde, dam by Sir Archy. 

FANDANGO, gr. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam (Imp.) Gallopade 
by Catton. 

FANNY, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam Maria West by Marion. 

(J. Guildersleeve's), bl. m. by Sidi Hamet, dam by Sump- 

ter. 

(Joseph Alston's), b. m. by Woodpecker, dam Fan by 

Trumpator. 

FANNY BAILEY, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Bertrand. 

FANNY FORESTER, b. m. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam by In- 
dustry. 

FANNY GREEN, b. m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Betsey Archy by 
Sir Archy. 

FANNY KING, b. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam Mary Smith by Sir 
Richard. 

FANNY LIGHTFOOT, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by Sumpter. 

FANNY ROBERTSON, b. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Arietta by Vir 
ginian. 

FANNY STRONG, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Sally Bell ly 
Sir Archy. 

FANNY WYATT, ch. m. by Sir Charles, dam by Sir Hal. 

FAN TAIL, ch. m. by Waxy, dam by Sumpter. 

FAIRLY FAIR, ch. in. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Peter Teazle 

FAITH, b. ra. by (Imp.) Tranby, dam Lady Painter by Lane* 

FASHION, ch. m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Bonnets O'Blue by flir 
Charles. 



7C WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

FEATHERS, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam (George Kendall's 

ihun) by Stockholder. 
FESTIVITY, b. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, darn Magnolia by Mons 

Ton son. 
FIAT, b. m. by (Imp.) Heilgford, dam Lady Tompkins by Eclipse. 
FIFKR, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John Richards. 
FILE- LEADER, ch. h. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam Saluda by Timo 

leon. 
FINANCE, b. m. by Davy Crocket, dam by Sir Henry Tonson. 
FLASH, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Conqueror. 
FLAXINELLA, gr. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Virginian. 
FLEETFOOT, gr. m. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam Dove by Duroc. 
FLETA (James L. French's) br. m. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by 

Rasselas. 
(G. B. Williams's), ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Clay's 

Sir William. 
FLIGHT, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 
FLORA HUNTER, gr. m. by Sir Charles, dam by Duroc. 
FORDHAM, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Jane»te by Sir Archy. 
FORTUNATUS, ch. h. by Carolinian, dam by Sir Charles. 
FORTUNE, b. m. by (Imp.) Tranby, dam by Maryland Eclipse. 
FRANCES AMANDA, ch. m. by Pennoyer, dam Sally McGrath. 
FRANCES TYRREL, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Rockingham. 
b'RED KAYE, b. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Moses. 
FRESHET, ch. m. by Tom Fletcher, dam Caroline (or Catherine) 

by Pacific. 
FREE JACK, br. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam (Imp.) Tinsel by 

Napoleon. 
FROSTY, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Martha Holloway by Rattler. 
FURY, bl. m. by Terror, dam by Smith's Bedford. 
• (Col. Wade Hampton's), ch. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam (Imp.) 

sister to Ainderby by Velocipede. 

G. 

GABRIEL, ch. h. by Napoleon, dam Harpalyce by Collier. 
GALANTHA, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Jackson. 
GAMMA, gr. m. by Pacific, dam (Melzare's dam) by Sir Richard. 
GANO, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Betsey Richards by Sir Archy. 
GARRICK, gr. h. by (Imp.) Shakspeare, dam by Eaton's Columbus 
GARTER, b. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam by Trumpator. 
GAS-LIGHT, br. h. by (Imp.) Merman, dam by Mercury. 
GAZAN, b. h. by Sir Leslie, dam Directress by Director. 
GENERAL DEBUYS, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam (Im^. 

Nanny Kilham by Voltaire. 
GENERAL RESULT, b. h. by (Imp.) Consol, dam byTimoleon. 
GENEVA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Arab. 
GEORGE BURBRIDGE, b. h. by (Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam b> 

Mons. Tonson. 
GEORGE ELLIOTT, br. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Lawrence 
GEORGE LIGHTFOOT, b. h. by Eclipse Lightfoot, dam M>uj 

Logan by Arab. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 7l 

GEORGE MARTIN, b. h. by Garrison's Zinganee, dam Gabriella 

by Sir Arcliy. 
GEORGE W. KENDALL, cb. h. by Medoc, dam Jenny Devers by 

Stockholder. 
GEROW, ch. b. by Henry, dam Vixen by Eclipse. 
GERTRUDE, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Parasol by Napoleon 
GIFT, cb. m. by Dick Chinn, dam Milch Cow. 
OIPSEY, b. m. by Nullifier, dam by Anti-Tariff. 
GLENARA, b. b. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam Nell Gwynne by Tramp. 
-•«— (Davis & Ragland's,) ch. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam 

Kitty Clover by Sir Charles. 

(Dr. Thos. Payne's,) b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam 



Jane Sbore by Sir Arcliy. 
GLIDER, ch. b. by (Imp.) Valparaiso, dam by Clifton. 
GLIMPSE, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 
G LOR VINA, ch. m. by Industry, dam by Bay Richmond. 
GLOVER ANN, gr. m. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Bolivar. 
COLD EAGLE, ch. h. by Grey Eagle, dam Eliza Jenkins by Sir 

William. 
GOLD FRINGE, ch. h. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam (Imp.) Gold Wire. 
GONE AWAY, b. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Virginian. 
GOSPORT, br. h. by (Imp.) Margrave, dam Miss Valentine by (Imp.) 

Valentine. 
GOVERNOR BARBOUR, b. h. by (Imp.) Truffle, dam by Holmes' 

Vampire. 
GOVERNOR BUTLER, ch. h. by Argyle, dam Mary Frances by 

Director. 
GOVERNOR CLARK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Old Court. 
GOVERNOR POINDEXTER, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Eliza 

Clay (the dam of Giantess,) by Mons. Tonson. 
GRACE DARLING, ch. m. by (Imp.) Trustee, da^ Celeste by 

Henry. 
GRAMPUS, b. h. by (Imp.) Whale, dam by Timoleon. 

■ br. h. by Shark, dam by Mons. Tonson. 

GRATTAN, b. h. by (Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam Flora by Mary- 
land Eclipse. 
GREY ELLA, (A. G. Reed,) gr. m. by Big Archy, dam by Bertrand. 

. (A. G. Reed,) gr. m. by Collier, dam by Gallatin 

GREY FRANK, gr. h. by Frank, dam by Buzzard. 
GREY-HEAD, (J. L. Bradley's,) b. h. by Chorister, dam by Sumpter 
(J L. Bradley's,) b. h. by Chorister, dam by Muckle 

John. 
GREY MARY, gr. m. by Ben. Sutton, dam by Hamiltonian. 
GREY MEDOC, gr. h. by Medoc, dam Grey Fanny by Bertrand. 
GREY MOM US, gr. h. by Hard Luck, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
GTTNEA-COCK, br. h. by Merlin, dam by Grey-tail Florizel. 
GULNARR, b. m. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by Sir William of 

Transport. 
GUSTAVUS, b. h. by Sussex, dam by Thornton's Rattler 
GUY OF WAP WICK, ch. h. by Frank, dam hy Hamiltonian. 

43* 



72 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

H. 

HANNAH HARRIS, b. m. by Bertrand, dam Grey Goose oy Pacolet 

HANNIBAL, b. h. by O'Kelly, dam Roxana by Sir Charles. 

HA'-PENNY, b. m. by Birmingham, dam Picayune by Medoc. 

HARDENED SINNER, b. h. by (Imp.) Philip, dam by (Imp.) 
Bluster. 

HARD CIDER, b. h. by (Imp.) Tranby, dam by Sir Charles. 

HARK-AWAY, ch. h. by Emilius, dam (Imp.) Trapes. 

HARPALYCE, ch. m. by Collier, dam by Sea-Serpent. 

HARRIET, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Shylock. 

HARRY BLUFF, bl. h. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Pakenham. 

HARRY CARGILL, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam (Imp.) Flo- 
rentine by Whisker. 

HARRY HILL, b. h. by (Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam (Imp.) Anna 
Maria by Truffle. 

HARRY WHITEMAN, ch. h. by Orphan Boy, dam by Sir Archy. 

HAWK-EYE, ch. h. by Sir Lovell, dam Eliza Jenkins by Sir Wil- 
liam. 

HEAD 'EM, b. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Itasca by Eclipse. 

HEALER, ch. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy of 
Transport. 

HEBE, ch. m. by Collier, dam by Bertrand. 

HECTOR BELL, gr. h. by Drone, dam Mary Randolph by Gohanna. 

HEIRESS, (THE) ch. m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam by Henry. 

HELEN, (Imp.) b. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Malibran by Rubens. 

HENRY A. WISE, br. h. by Dashall, dam by Hickory. 

HENRY CLAY, br. h. by Cock of the Rock, dam by Virginian. 

HENRY CROWELL, b. h. by Bertrand Junior, dam sister to Muckle- 
john Junior. 

HERALD, ch. h. by Plenipotentiary, dam (Imp.) Delphine by 
Whisker. 

HERMIONE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Non Plus, dam Leocadia by Virginian. 

HERO, ch. h. by Bertrand Junior, dam (Imp.) Mania by Figaro. 

HIT-OR-MISS, b. m. by (Imp.) Somonocodrom, dam (Imp.) Baya- 
dere. [These horses are owned in Canada.] 

HOOSIER-GIRL, ch. m. by (Imp.) Langford. 

HOPE, ch. h. by the Ace of Diamonds, dam (The Captain's dam,) 
by Oscar. 

HORNBLOWER, br. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John 
Richards. 

HOURI, (Imp.) ch. m. by Langar, dam Annot Lyle by Ash ton. 

HUGUENOT, ch. h. by Convention, dam (Imp.) Marigold. 

HUMMING-BIRD, br. m. by Industry, dam Virginia by Thornton's 
Rattle . 

HUNTSMAN, gr. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 

HYDE PARK, ch. h. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam Saluda by Timolecn 

I. 

IAGO, bl. h. by Othello, dam (Sartin's dam,) by Timoleon. 
»CELAND, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lady Jackson by Sump.er 
ILLINOIS, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Bertrand. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 73 

/OWA, ch. h. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam (Imp.) Woodbine. 

IRENE, ro. m. by Printer, dam McKinney's Roan. 

ISEE TURNER, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder 

ISIDORA, b. m. by (Imp.) Blacklock. 

ISOLA, ch. m. by Bertrand, dam Susette. 

J. 

JACK DOWNING, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
JACK PENDLETON, ch. h. by Goliah, dam (Philip's dam,) by Tw 

falgar. 
JACK WALKER, ch. h. by Cymon, dam by (Imp.) Luzborough. 
JAMES ALLEN, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Donna Maria by 

Sir Hal. 
JAMES CROWELL, br. h. by Bertrand, dam by Sir Charles. 
JAMES JACKSON, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Parasol by 

Tiger. 
JAMES F. ROBINSON, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Potomac. 
JAMES K. POLK, b. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Oleana by Tele- 
graph. 

b. h. by Telegraph, dam by Buzzard. 

ch. h. by Buck-eye, dam by Medoc. 

JANE ADAMS, b. m. by (Imp.) Tranby. 

JANE FRANCIS, b. m. by Granby, dam by Tecumseh. 

JANE MITCHELL, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Conqueror. 

JANE ROGERS, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 

JANE SMITH, b. m. by John Dawson, dam by Pacolet. 

JANE SPLANE, gr. m. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam Helen McGregor 

by Mercury. 
JEANETTE BERKELEY, ch. m. by Bertrand jr., dam Carolina by 

Young Buzzard. 
JEANNETTON, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
JENNY-ARE- YOU-THERE, ro. m. by Sir Archy Montorio, dam by 

Potomac. 
JENNY RICHMOND, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Hamiltonian. 
JENNY ROBERTSON, b. m. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Marcus. 
JEROME, b. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sir Charles. 
JERRY, gr. h. by Jerry, dam by Blackburn's Sir William. 
JERRY LANCASTER, ch. g. by Mark Moore, dam Maid of Warsaw 

by Gohanna. 
JIM BELL, b. h. by Frank, dam Jonquil by Little John. 
JIM ROCK, ch. h. by Young Eclipse, dam by Potomac. 
JOB, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Jemima by Rattler. 
JOE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sir Archy Montorio. 
JOE ALLEN, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Sir Charles. 
JOE CHALMERS, ch. h. by (Imp.) Consol, dam (Imp.) Rachel by 

Partisan (or Whalebone). 
JOE DAVIS, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Virginia Washington by Saxa 

Weimar. 
JOE GATES, ch. h. by Marlborough, dam by Eclipse. 
JOE MURRAY, br. h. by Waxy, dam by Hamiltonian. 
/OE STURGES, ch. h. by John Bascombe, dam by Thomas s ?V 

Andrew. 
JOE WINFIELD, b. h. by John Dawson, dam Sally Dillard. 



?4 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

TOHN ANDERSON, b. h. by (Imp,) Luzborough, dam by Bagdad. 
ch. 1). by Cadmus, dam (Kate Anderson's dam,) 

by (Imp.) Eagle. 
JOHN AROIIY, cli. h. by Jobn Richards, dam by Old Whip. 
JOHN BELL, b. h. by Shark, dam Kate Kearney. 
TOHN BENTON, gr. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan. 
JOHN BLEVINS, ch. h. by The Colonel, dam (Imp.) Trinket 
JOHN B. JONES, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Director. 
JOHN BLUNT, b. h. by Marion, dam (Mary Blunt's dam,) by Alfred. 
JOHN CAUSIN, b. h. by (Imp.) Zinganec, dam Attaway by Sir 

James. 
JOHN C. STEVENS, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
JOHN DUNKIN, b. h. by Muckiejohn, dam Coquette. 
JOHN FRANCIS, ch. h. by Francis Marion, dam Mary Doubleday by 

Sir Henry. 
JOHN HAMPDEN, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Director. 
JOHN H [INTER, b. h. by Shark, dam Coquette by Sir Archy. 
'OHN KIR KM AN, ch. h. by Birmingham, dam by Sir Henry Tonson. 
JOHN LEMON, ch. h. by Uncas, dam by Oscar. 
JOHN M ALONE, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Proserpine by 

Tennessee Oscar. 
JOHN MARSHALL, b. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Lady Bass 

by Conqueror. 
JOHN R. GRYMES, gr. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Alice Grey by 

Pacolet. 
(Col. A. L. Bingaman's,) gr. h. by (Imp.) Levia- 

than, dam Fanny Jarman by Mercury. 
JOHN ROSS, bl. h. by Waxy, dam by Topgallant. 

ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Oscar. 

JOHN VALIANT, bl. h. by Valiant, dam by Kind's Archer. 
JOHN YOUNG, b. h. by John Richards, dam by Trumpator. 
JOHNSON, br. h. by Star, dam Vanity by Grigsby's Potomac. 
JOSHUA BELL, ch. h. by Frank, dam Jonquil by Little John. 
JOYCE ALLEN, b. m. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam Leannah by 

Seagull. 
JULIA, b. m. hv (Imp.) Rowton, dam by Roscius. 
JULIA BURTON, eh. m. by Gohanna, dam by Tom Tough. 
JULIA DAVIE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam by Kosciusko. 
JULIA FISHER, ro. ni. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Polly Bellew by 

Timoleon. 
JULIUS, ch. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Jackson. 
JUMPER, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam Diana Vernon by Herod. 

K. 

KANAWA, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Rattler. 

KATE, b. f. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Shepherdess by Apollo. 

KATE ANDERSON, b. m. by Columbus, dam Eaglet by {Imp.) 

Eagle. 
KATE AUBREY, gr. m. by Eclipse, dam Grey Funny by Bertrand, 
KATE CONVERSE, b. m. by (Imp.) Non Plus, dam Daisj bv 

Kosciusko. 
KATE COY, b. m. by Critic, dam Nancy Bone by Susses. 
KATE HAUN, br. m. by Stockholder, dam by Timoleoo . 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 75 

KATE LUCKETT, b. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Shepherdess by 

Apollo. 
KATE NICKLEBY, br. m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam by Teniers. 
b. in. by (Imp.) Glencoe, darn by (Imp.) Lcvia 

than. 
KATE SEYTON, br. m. by Argyle, dam Pocahontas by Sir Archy. 
KATE SHELBY, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Maria Shelby by 

Stockholder. 
KAVANAGH, b. or ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Director. 
KEWANNA, b. m. by (Imp.) Cetus, dam (Imp.) My Lady by Comua 
KITTY HARRIS, gr. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Ninon de l'Enclos by 

Rattler. 
KITTY THOMPSON, gr. m. by (Imp.) Margrave, darn Ninon de 

l'Enclos by Rattler. 

L. 
LA BACCHANTE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam by Bertrand. 
LA BELLA COMBS, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Director. 
LADY CANTON, gr. m. by (Imp.) Tranby, dam Mary Randolph b 

Gohanna. 
LADY CAVA, ch. m. by Bertrand, dam Betsey Echols by Archy 

Montorio. 
LADY FRANCIS, b. m. by Trumpator, dam (Pressure's grandam.) 
LADY FRANKLIN, b. m. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Sting by Con 

queror. 
LADY HARRISON, b. m. by Sir Henry, dam by Mucklejohn. 
LADY JACKSON, -. m. by Sumptcr. 
LADY JANE, gr. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Lady Grey by Orphan 

Boy. 
LADY PLAQUEMINE, ch. m. by Little Red, dam by (Imp.) Eagle. 
LADY PLYMOUTH, b. m. by Flagellator, dam Black Sophia by 

Eclipse. 
LADY SKIPETH, m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Truxton. 
LADY SLIPPER, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan. 
LADY STOCK, ch. m. by Stockholder, dam by Potomac. 
LADY SUSAN, b. m. by Cramp, dam by Pantaloon. 
LAFITTE, gr. h. by O'Kclly, dam Caroline Wilson by Timoleon. 
LANDSCAPE, b. h. by (Imp.) Margrave, dam by Sir Archy. 
LANGHAM, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Cumberland. 
LANEVILLE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Arab. 
LASSO, b. m. by Mucklejohn, dam by Gallatin. 
LAURA, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Moses. 
LAURA LECOMTE, b. m. by Tarquin, dam Sarah by (Imp.) S»»- 

pedon. 
LAURETTE, ch. m. by Jerseyman, dam Maria Harrison. 
LAVINIA PIPER, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Murphy a 

Pacolet. 
LAVOLTA, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Blackburne's Buzzard. 
LAWYER McCAMPBELL, b. h. by Lord Byron, dam Warpin t 

Bars by Rattle the Cash. 
LEDA, ch. m. by Tiger, dam by Sumpter. 
LEESBURG, el), h. by Red Rover, dam by Tuckahoe. 
LEG-BAIL, eh. Ii. by Jackson, dam by Marshal Ney. 
LEG-TREASURER", ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Cumberland. 



7 6 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

LEHIGH, ch. K. by (Imp.) Skylark, dam Nelly Webb by Industry. 
LENNOX, b. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam (Imp.) Rosalind by Pawlowita 
LESLIE, cb. b. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockbolder. 
LETTY FLOYD, cb. m. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam Palmetto by Rob Roy 
LEVI, -. h. by Star, dam by Walnut. 
LEVITHA, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviatban. 
LEXPIHILI, cb. m. by Hugh L. White, dam by Pacolet. 
LIATUNAH, ch. m. by (Imp.) Ainderby, dam (Imp.) Jenny Mills jy 

Whisker. 
LIBERALITY, ch. h. by Maryland Eclipse, dam by Sir Alfred. 
LIBERTAS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Director. 
LIEUTENANT BASSiMGER, br. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam by 

Roanoke. 
LIKENESS, (Imp.) ch. m. by Sir Peter Lely, dam Worthless by 

Walnut. 
LILY, gr. m. by Tychicus, dam Laura by Rob Roy. 
LIMBER JOHN, ch. h. by Kosciusko, dam by Moses. 
LIN WOOD, ch. h. by Wild Bill, dam by Pacolet. 
LITTLE BARTON, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Hamiltonian. 
LITTLE BLUE, gr. h. by Marmion, dam by Tecumseh. 
LITTLE MISERY, b. m. by Anvil, dam {Imp.) Anna Maria by 

Truffle. 
LITTLE PRINCE, gr. b. by John Bascombe, dam Bolivia by Bolivar. 
LITTLE RED, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
LITTLE TRICK, b. h. by (Imp.) Tranby, dam (Occident's dam,) by 

Florizel. 
LIVE OAK, b. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Pacific. 
LIVINGSTON, gr. h. by Medley, dam by Van Tromp. 

> b. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam by Henry. 

LIZ LONG, br. m. by (Imp.) Merman, dam by Alpheus. 

LIZ TILLETT, ch. m. by Frank, dam by Medoc. 

LIZZY HEWITT, b. m. by Ivanhoe, dam Princess Ann by Mona 

Tonson. 
LOG-CABIN, ch. h. by Frank, dam by Hamiltonian. 
LONG TOM, ch. h. by Pacific, dam by Jerry. 
LORD OF LORN, br. h. by Argyle, dam Maria by Virginian. 

br. h. by Argyle, dam Duck Filly by Virginiua. 

LORD OF THE ISLES, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Jerry. 

LORENZO, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Whip. 

LORINDA, ch. m. by Havoc, dam by Conqueror. 

LOUISA JORDAN, ch. m. by (Imp.) Jordan, dam Betsey Marshal 

by John Richards. 
LOUISA WINSTON, b. m. by Waxy. 
LUCRETIA NOLAND, br. m. by (Imp.) Hedgford, dam Frances 

Ann by Frank. 
LUCY A. MEYER, b. m. by Pacific, dam by Sir Richard. 
LUCY BENTON, br. m. by Hugh L. White, dam by Moloch. 
LUCY DASHWOOD, gr. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Miss Bailej 

by (Imp.) Boaster. 
LUCY FULLER, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Pakenham. 
LUCY LONG, m. by John' Richards, dam by Diomed. 

b. m. by Latitude, dam by Whip. 

LUCY WEBB, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. "1 

LUDA, h. m. by Medoc, dam Duchess of Marlborough by Sir Archy 
LUNA DOE, eh. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Telie Doe by Pacific 
LtfNDIIURST, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Wonder. 
LYNEDOCH, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Wonder. 

M. 

MABEL WYNNE, b. m. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam by Sir Archy. 
MADAME ARRALINE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Cadmus. 
MAFFIT, b. h. by Frank, dam by Aratus. 
MAGNATE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Cherry Elliott by Sumpter 
MAID OF ATHENS, b. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam by Arab. 
MAID OF NORTHAMPTON, gr. m. by (Imp.) Autocrat, ddm bj 

Rattler. 
MAJOR BOOTS, br. h. by (Imp.) Merlin, dam by Alborak. 
MANALOPAN, gr. h. by Medley, darn by John Richards. 
MANGO, (I?np.) ch. m. by Taurus, dam Pickle by Emilius. 
MARCHIONESS, ch. m. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam (Fancy's da.m) bj 

Sir Archy. 
MARCO, b. h. by Sir Leslie, dam by Lance. 
MARGARET CARTER, b. m. by Medoc, dam Lady Whip by Sii 

Archy. 
MARGARET BLUNT, b. m. by Eclipse, dam by Contention. 
MARGARET WOOD, b. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Maria West by 

Marion. 
MARIA, ch. m. by (Imp.) Jordan, dam Polly Powell by Virginian. 
MARIA BLACK, (Imp.) br. m. by Filho da Puta, dam by Smolensko. 
MARIA BROWN, br. m. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Brunette by Sir 

Hal. 
MARIA COLLIER, br. m. by Collier, dam by Gallatin. 
MARIA MILLER, br. m. by Stockholder, dam by Madison. 
MARIA PEYTON, ch. m. by Balie Peyton, dam by Tariff. 
MARIA SHELTON, ch. m. by Andrew, dam (Ajarrah Harrison's 

dam) by Gallatin. 
MARIA SPEED, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacific. 
MARIA WILLIAMS, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Napoleon 
MARINER, bl. h. by Shark, dam Bonnet's o' Blue by Sir Charles. 
MARION, b. m. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Rob Roy. 
MARTHA BICKER ION, b. m. by Pamunky, dam by Tariff. 
MARTHA CARTER, ch. ra. by Beitrand, dam Sally Nay lor by Gal- 

latin. 

ch. m. by Bertrand, dam by Oscar. 

MARTHA CALVIN, b. m. by Agrippa, dam by Walnut. 
MARTHA MALONE, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Tatchecana 

by Bertrand. 
MARTHA RANEY, b. m. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sumptei. 
MARTHA ROWTON, ch. m. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam Martha Griffin 

by Phenomenon. 
MARTHAVILLE, b. m. by Dick Singleton, dam Black-Eyed Susan 
MATCHEM, ch. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by P ,: nd Jackson. 
MARTIN'S JUDY, br. m. by Young's Mercury, dam by Eclipse. 
MARTIN VAN BUREN, b. h. by Lafayette Stockholder, dam by In 

uiar 
MARY, gr. a! by Old Saul, dam by Free Mulatto. 



78 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

MARY, gr. m. by (.Imp.) Consol, dam Sally Bell by Sir Archy. 
MARY ANN FURMAN, br. m. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by For. 

trand. 
MARY BEECHLAND, b. m. by Sir Leslie, dam by Potomac. 
MARY BELL, b. m. by Seagull, dam (Vidocq's dam) by Stockholder 
MARY BRENNAN, b. m. by Richard Singleton, dam by Hamiltonian. 
MARY BURNHAM, b. m. by Archy Montorio, dam by Stockholder. 
MARY CHASE, b. m. by (Imp.-) Felt, dam by Sir Archy. 
MARY CHURCHILL, b. m. by (Imp.) Barefoot. 
MARY DOUGLAS, gr. m. by Jerry, dam by Stockholder. 
MARY ELIZABETH, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Gallatin. 
MARY ELLEN, b. m. by Woodpecker, dam by Sumpter. 
MARY HEDGFORD, br. m. by (Imp.) Hedgford, dam Mary Franci* 

by Director. 
MARY JONES, ch. m. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam by Eclipse. 
MARY LEWIS, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Proserpine by Os 

car. 
MARY LONG, b. m. by (Imp.) Tranby, dam Lady Pest by Carolinian. 
MARY LUCKETT, ch. m. by Marion, dam (Charles Archy's dam) 

by Eclipse. 
MARY MASON, br. m. by Pirate, dam by (Imp.) Consol. 
MARY MEADOWS, ch. in. by Stockholder, dam by Timoleon. 
MARY MILLER, ch. m. by Arab, dam by Peacemaker. 
MARY MORRIS, b. m. by Medoc, dam Miss Obstinate by Sumpter. 
MARY OUSLEY, br. m. by King's Bertrand, dam by Pacolet. 
MARY PORTER, ch. m. by Mucklejohn, dam by Printer. 
MARY REED, br. m. by Industry, dam by Rattler. 
MARY RODGERS, b. m. by (Imp.) Hibiscus, dam Ten Broeck'a 

dam. 
MARY SCOTT, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 
MARY SHERWOOD, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by (Imp.) Levia- 

than. 
MARY STEWART, b. m. by (Imp.) Valentine, dam by Henry. 
MARY THOMAS, b. m. by (Imp.) Consol, dam Parrot by Roanoke. 
MARY TRIFLE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Hamiltonian. 
MARY VAUGHAN, b. m. by Waxy, dam by (Imp.) Bluster. 
MARY WALTON, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Miss Bailey by 

(Imp.) Boaster. 
MARY WATSON, gr. m. by Robin Hood, dam Bolivia by Bolivar. 
MARY WELLER, ch. m. by Sterling, dam Discord by (Imp.) Luzbo- 

rough. 
MARY WICKLIFFE, b. m. bv Medoc. 

MARY WYNNE, b. m. by Eclipse, dam Flirtilla Jr. by Sir Archy. 
MASTER HENRY, b. h. by Henry, dam (Balie Peyton's dam) by 

Eclipse. 
MAT. MURPHY, ch. h. by Pete Whetstone, dam by Rattler. 
MEDINA, b. m. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam by Director. 
ME DOC A, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Doublehead. 
ME DORA WINSTON, b. m. by Telegraph, dam by Pacolet. 
MELISSE BYRON, b. rn. by Cherokee, dam by Barnett's Diomed. 
MELODY, ch. m. by Medoc, dam (Randolph's dam) by HaxufPi 

Mosea 
MERCER en. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Hamiltonian 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 79 

MERIDIAN, ch. h. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam by Eclipse. 
METARIE, ch. m. by Frank, dam (Musedora's dam) by Kosciusko. 
METEOR, ch. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam (Baltimore's dam) by Go- 

hanna. 
McINTYRE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
MIDNIGHT, bl. m. by Shark, dam Meg Dods, by Sir Archy. 
MIDAS, b. h. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam by Roanoke. 
MILTON HARRISON, b. h. by Orange Boy, dam by Quicksilver. 
MINERVA ANDERSON, ch. m. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Six 

Charles. 
MINERVA PROFFIT, ch. m. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Sophia 

Bess. 
MINISTER, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Alexander. 
MINSTREL, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Bedford's Alexander. 
MINT JULEP, br. h. by Godolphin, dam Isora by Dockon. 
MIRABEAU, b. h. by Medoc, dam Ann Merry by Sumpter. 
MIRIAM, b. m. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam Laura by Rob Roy. 
MIRTH, b. m. by Medoc, dam (Minstrel's dam) by Bedford's Alexan- 

der. 
MISKWA, ch. m. by Dick Chinn, dam Linnet by (Imp.) Leviathan. 
MISSISSIPPI, b. h. by John Dawson, dam by Partnership. 
MISSOURI, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Director. 
MISTAKE, b. m. by Eclipse, dam by Timoleon. 
MISS ACCIDENT, (Imp.) b. m. by Tramp, dam Florestine by Whis- 

ker. 
MISS ANDREW, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Gallatin. 
MISS BELL, b. m. by (Imp.) Ccnsol, dam (Imp.) Amanda by Moriseo. 
MISS CHESTER, b. m. by {Imp.) Sarpedon, dam Delilah by Tiger. 
MISS CLARK, ch. m. by Birmingham, dam by Cumberland. 
MISS CLASH, ch. m. by Birmingham, dam by Stockholder. 
MISS CLINKER, (Imp.) b. m. by Humphrey Clinker, dam Mani;i by 

Maniac. 
MISS FOOTE, b. m. by (Imp.) Consol, dam (Imp.) Gabriella by Oscar 

(or Oiseau). 
YtISS JACKSON, ch. m. by Oakland, dam by Diomed. 
MISS LETTY, b. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Patty Burton by Marion. 
MISS MACARTY, b. m. by Waxy. 
MISS RIDDLE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Riddlesworth, dam Lady Jackson 

by Sumpter. 
MISS WILLS, gr. m. by (Imp.) Zinganee, dam Sorrow by Rob Roy. 
MOBILE, b. h. by (Imp.) Consol, darn (Imp.) Sessions by Whalebone. 
MOLLY LONG, ch. m. by Tom Fletcher, dam by (Imp.) Janus. 
MOLLY WARD, b. m. by (Imp.) Hedgford, dam by Bertrand. 
MOLOCH, (Imp.) b. h. by Muley Moloch, dam Sister to Puss by Te- 

niers. 
MONARCH, (Imp.) b- h. by Priam, dam Delphine by Whisker. 
MONGRELIA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam Brownlock by Tiger. 
MONKEY DICK, b. h. by Dick Singleton, dam by Sumpter 
MORDAC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Whip. 
MORGAN, ch. h. by John Bascombc, dam Amy Hamilton. 
MORGIANA, ch. in. by Red Gauntlet, dam by Joe Kent. 
MORTIMER, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Ogle's Oscar 



80 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

MOSELLE (Colonel Gavan's), b. m. by Telegraph, dam (Imp.) Jan* 

Shore. 
MOSELLE (E. P. Dave's), b. m. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam (Imp.) 

Jane Shore. 
MOTH, ch. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam (Imp.) Jessica by Velocipede. 
MOTTO, ch. m. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam Lady Tompkins by Eclipse. 
MOUNTAINEER, ch. h. by Yorkshire, dam by Kattler. 
MOUNTJOY, b. h. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam by Sir Charles. 
MUD, gr. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 
MUSEDORA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Kosciusko. 
MUSE SANDFORD, b. h. by Hickory, dam by (Imp.) Contract. 
MUSIC, gr. h. by (Imp.) Philip, dam Piano by Bertrand. 

N. 
NANCY BUFORD, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Thornton's Rattler. 
NANCY CLARK, b. m. by Bertrand, dam Morocco Slipper by Timo 

leon. 
NANCY DAWSON, ch. m. by Frank, dam by Voltaire. 
NANCY O., ch. m. by Flagg, dam Milly Tonson by Mons. Tonson. 
NANCY ROWLAND, b. m. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam by Rob Roy. 
NANNY, b. m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Miss Mattie by Sir Archy. 
NARCISSA PARISH, ch. m. by Stockholder, dam by (Imp.) Eagle. 
NARINE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Jordan, dam Louisianaise. 
NAT BRADFORD, gr. h. by Bertrand, dam Morocco Slipper by Ti 

moleon. 
NATHAN RICE, br. h. by Birmingham, dam by Whipster. 
NED WELLS, b. h. by O'Connell, dam by Stockholder. 
NEPTUNE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Jordan, dan Louisianaise. 
NIAGARA, ch. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Gipsey by Eclipse. 
NICK BIDDLE, b. h. by Score Double, dam Highland Mary. 
NICK DAVIS, ch.h. by (Imp.) Glencoe. 
NICON, ch. h. by Pacific, dam by Jackson. 

NOBLEMAN, ch. h. by (Imp.) Cetus, dam (Imp.) My Lady by Comus. 
NORFOLK, br. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam Polly Peachem by John 

Richards. 
NORMA, ch. m. by Longwaist, dam (Imp.) Novelty by Blacklock. 
NORTH STAR, ch. h. by Emilius, dam Polly Hopkins by Virginian. 

O. 

OCTAVE, b. m. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam Polly Kennedy. 
OGLENAH, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Maria by Hamiltonian. 
OH SEE, ch. h. by (Imp.) Foreigner, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
OLD DOMINION, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Isabella by Sir Archy. 
OLD MISTRESS, ch. m. by Count Badger, dam Timoura by Tiino 

leon. 
OLEAN, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Truxton. 
OLEANDER, ch. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam Aranetta by Bertrand 
OLTVIA WAKEFIELD, gr. m. by Patrick Henry. 
OLYMPUS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Flirtilla Junior, by Sir Archy. 
OMEGA, gr. m. by Timoleon, dam Daisy Cropper by Ogle's Oscar. 
OMOHONDRO, ch. h. by Robin Brown, dam by Mason's Rattler. 
OREGON b. h by (Imp.) Philip, dam by (Imp.) Luzborough. 
ORIANA, br m. by (Imp.) Longwaist, dam (Imp.) Orlcana by Bu« 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 81 

ORIFLAMME, ch. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Sir Hal. 
ORIOLE, b. m. by (Imp ) Leviathan, dam Object by Marshal Ney. 
ORLEANS, ch. h. by Cock of the Rock, dam by Timoleon. 
ORSON, ch. h. by (Imp.) Valentine, dam Ethelinda by Marshal Ber 

trand. 
OSTRICH, ch. h. by Collier, dam by Shakspeare. 
OSCAR, (Josiah Chambers's), ch. h. by Ulysses, dam by Bertrand. 
OSCEOLA, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Oliver H. Perry. 

ch. h. by Wild Bill, darn by Timoleon. 

ch. h. by Collier, dam by Sumpter. 

OTHELLO, ch. h. by Waxy, dam by Hickory. 

OUR MARY, br. m. by (Imp.) Langford, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 

P. 

PAIXHAN, b. h. by (Imp ) Felt, dam Mary Hutton. 

PALMERSTON, b. h. by {Imp.) Merman, dam (Imp.) by Cadmus. 

PANIC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Aggy-up by Timoleon. 

PARIS, bl. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Water-Witch. 

PARTNER, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Doublehead. 

PASSENGER, (Imp.) b. h. by Langar, dam My Lady by Comus. 

b. h. by Balie Peyton, dam by Pamunky. 

PASSAIC, (Imp.) ch. h. by Reveller, dam Rachel by Moses. 

PATRICK H. GALWEY, ch. h. by (Imp.) Jordan, dam Duchess cl 
Ashland by Shakspeare. 

PATSEY ANTHONY, b. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam (Josephus's dam) 
by Virginian. 

PATSEY BUFORD, b. m. by Mazeppa, dam by Rattler. 

PATSEY CROWDER, gr. m. by Patrick Henry, dam Hillon by 
Antelope. 

PATSEY DAVIS, ch. m. by Count Eadg-jr, dam Timoura by Timo- 
leon. 

PATSEY STUART, b. m. by Bertrand, daao by Redgauntlet. 

PEDLAR, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pizarro. 

PEGGY HALE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Skylark, dam by Sir Charles. 

PENELOPE, (Imp.) ch. m. by Plenipo, dam Brazil by Ivanhoe. 

PENSEE, gr. m. by Lauderdale^ dam by Lightning. 

PEORIA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Whip. 

PETER PINDAR, ch. h. by (Imp.) Daghee, dam by (Imp.) Barefoot. 

PETER SPYKE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by (Imp.) Jack Andrews. 

PETWAY, b. h. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam Kitty Clover by Sir Charles. 

br. h. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam by Sir Archy. 

PET WORTH, b. h. by (Imp.) Philip, dam (Kinlock's dam) by Shaw- 
nee. 

PEYTONA, ch. m. by (Itr.p.) Glencoe, dam Giantess by (Imp.) Levia- 
than. 

PHANTOM, b. h. by (Imp.) Contract, dam by Potomac. 

PHIL. BROWN, (Iran.) ch.h. by Glaucus, dam Bustle by Whalebone. 

PICKWICK, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Pacolet. 

PICOLO, br. h. by Lord Byron, dam Highland Mary .'Nick Biddlc's 
dam). 

PILOT, b. h. by Wild Bill, dam by Oscar. 

PLENIPO, (Imp.) b. h. by Plenipo, dam Polly HopKins by Virgin?»n 

POKEROOT, gr. h. by William Tell, dam by Citizen 



82 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

POLLARD BROWN, b. h. by Wild Bill, dam Hippy by Pacolet. 
POLLY ELLIS, m. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Rosalind by Ogle's Oscai 
POLLY GREEN, br. m. by Sir Charles, dam Polly Peachem by John 

Richards. 
POLLY HUNTER, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Crusader. 
POLLY MILAM, b. m. by {Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by Escape. 
POLLY PILLOW, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 
POLLY PIPER, ch. m. by Count Piper, dam by Consul or Sumptei 
PONEY, ch. h. by (hup.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
PONOLA, ch. h. by Hannibal, dam by Sir Archy. 
PORTSMOUTH, br. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Polly Peachem 

by John Richards. 
POSTMASTER, (The) b. h. by (Imp.) Consol, dam Country Maid by 

Pacific. 
POWELL, ch. h. by Medoc, dum by Alexander or Virginian. 
PRENTISS, (S. S.) b. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam by Washington. 
PRESTON, br. h. by Telegraph, dam (Olivia's dam). 
• — b. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Parrot by Roanoke. 

PRIMA DONNA, b. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Lady Rowland by Ti 

riff. 
PRINCE ALBERT, ch. h. by (Imp.) Margrave, dam (Eutaw's dam, 

by Sir Charles. 
PRINCESS, ch. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Sally Hope by Sir Archy. 
PRINCESS ANN, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
PRISCILLA MARTIN, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Arab. 
PROMISE, ch. m. by Wagner, dam by Lance. 

PROSPECT, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by (Imp ) Expedition. 
ch. m. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Anvilina Smith by 

Stockholder. 
PRYOR, b. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Queen of Clubs by Virginian. 
PURITY, b. m. by (Imp.) Ainderby, dam Betty Martin by Gile« 

Scroggins. 
PUSS, b. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam by Virginian. 

Q. 

QUEEN ANNE, (Imp.) bl. m. by CanH, dam by Langar. 
QUEEN ELIZABETH, br. m. by (hn y .) Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy 
QUEEN MARY, ch. m. by Bertrand, dam by Brimmer. 
QUININE, ch. m. by Red Tom, d-',m by Eertrand. 

R. 

RAGLAND, ch. h. by (Imp ) leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 

RALPH, b. h. by Woodpe^Ker, dam Brown Mary by Sumpter. 

RANCOPUS, ch. m. by Flagellator, dam Molly Longlegs. 

RAN PEYTON, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 

RAPIDES, ch. h. by (Imp.) Skylark, dam Margaret May by Pacific. 

RASP, gr. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam by Director. 

REBECCA KENNER, b. m. by (Imp.) Skylark, dam Lady HalstoD 

by Bertrand. 
REBEL, ch. h. by Gohanna, dam (Ohio's dam). 
PED BILL, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Brown Mary by Sumpter. 
RED BREAST, ch. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Fanny Wyatt by Sii 

Charles. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 83 

RED BUCK, ch. h. by \Imp.) Rowton, dam Lady Deerpond. 

RED EAGLE, br. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Moses. 

RED FOX, ch. h. by {Imp.) Luzborou<rh. 

RED GAUNTLET, ch. Ii. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam {Imp.) Vaga, 

RED HAWK, ch. h. by iYfcdoc, dam by Sumpter. 

RED HEAD, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Whipster. 

RED MOROCCO, ch. m. by Medoc, dam Brownlock by Tiger. 

RED ROSE, br. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by {Imp.) Bagdad. 

RED TOM, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam Duchess of Marlborough by Sif 
Archy. 

REEL, ffr. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam {Imp.) Gallopade by Catton. 

REGENT, b. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Fantail by Sir Archy. 

REGISTER, gr. h. by (imp.) Priam, dam Maria Louisa by Mons. 
Tonson. 

RELIANCE, b. h. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam Lady Culpeper by Caroli- 
nian. 

RESCUE, br. h. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam Louisa Lee by Medley. 

REVEILLE, b. ni. by Bertrand, dam Sally Melville by Virginian. 

■ b. or br. h. by Young Virginian, dam by Harwood. 

REVERIE, b. or br. m. by {Imp.) Ainderby, dam by Giles Scroggins. 

RHYNODINO, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Hamiltonian. 

RICHARD OF YORK, b. h. by Star, dam by Shylock. 

RICHARD ROWTON, b. h. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam by Falstaff. 

RIENZI, b. h. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Sir Charles. 

b. h. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam Peggy White by {Imp.) Sy 

phax (or Diomed). 

RINGDOVE, b. m. by {Imp.) Merman. 

RIPPLE, b. m. by Medoc, dam Belle Anderson by Sir William. 

ROANNA, ro. m. by Archy Montorio, dam by Potomac. 

ROBERT BRUCE, b. h. by Clinton, dam by Sir Archy. 

ROBIN COBB, ch. h. by {Imp.) Felt, dam Polly Cobb. 

ROCKER, b. h. by Eclipse, dam by Virginian. 

ROCKETT, b. h. by Sir Leslie, dam Miss Lancess by Lance. 

RODERICK DHU, gr. h. by Merlin, dam by {Imp.) Bagdad. 

RODNEY, br. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Medora. 

ROSABELLA, b. m. by {Imp.) Shakspeare, dam by Timoleon. 

ROSA VERTNER, b. m. by Sir Leslie, dam Directress by Director. 

ROSCOE, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy. 

ROTHSCHILD, b. h. by {Imp.) Zinganee, dam by Tiger. 

ROVER, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam Sally Miller by Cherokee. 

ROW TONELLA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Sally Hopkins by 
Kosciusko. 

RUBY, b. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Bay Maria by Eclipse. 

ch. m. by Duke of Wellington, dam Lively by Eclipse 

RUFFIN, b. h. by {Imp.) Hedgford, dam Duchess of Marlborough by 
Sir Archy. 

S. 

SAILOR BOY, b. h. by Jim Cropper, dam by Marshal. 
SAL A DIN, b. h. by John Richards, dam by Henry. 
SALKAHATCHIE, b. m. by Vertumnuti, dam Sally Richardson bj 

Kosciusko. 
SAi STRICKLAND, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam bv Pacolet 



84 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

SALLY BARTON, ch. m. by Jackson, dam by Gallatin. 
SALLY BROWN, b. m. by Jackson, dam by Gallatin. 

SALLY CARR, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by ■ 

SALLY CRESSOP, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Arab. 

SALLY DILLIARD (or HILLIARD), gr. m. by O'Kelly, dam bj 

Shawnee. 
SALLY HARDIN, b. m. by Bert rand, dam Peggy Stewart by Whip 
SALLY HART, m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Clear-the-Kitchen 

by Shakspeare. 
•ALLY McGHEE, ch. m. by Gascoigns, dam Thisbe. 
SALLY MORGAN, b. m. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam Lady Mor 

gan by John Richards. 
SALLY SHANNON, b. m. by Woodpecker, dam (Darnley's dam,) 

by Sir Richard. 

SALLY WARD, m. by John R. Grymes, dam by 

SAMBO, ch. h. by Equinox, dam by Aratus. 

SAM HOUSTON, b. h. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam by (Imp.) Major. 
SANDY YOUNG, b. h. by Medoc, dam Natchez Bell by Seagull. 
SANTA ANNA, ch. h. by Bertrand Junior, dam Daisy by Kosciusko. 
SANTEE, ch. h. by Wild Bill, dam Sally McGhee by Timoleon. 
SARAH BLADEN, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Morgiana by 

Pacolet. 
SARAH BURTON, m. by Pacific, dam by Timoleon. 
SARAH CHANCE, ch. m. by Lafayette, dam by Sir Archy. 
SARAH JACKSON, JUNIOR, b. m. by Piaminoo, dam by Arab. 
SARAH MORTON, b. m. by Sidi Hamet, dam Rowena by Sumpter. 
SARAH WASHINGTON, b. m. by Garrison's Zinganee, dam bj 

Contention. 
SARTIN, br. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Julia Fisher by Timo- 
leon. 
SCARLET, ch. h. by Uncas, dam by Pacolet. 
SENATOR, ch. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Ariadne by Gohanna. 
SERENADE, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Cook's Whip. 
SEVEN-UP, b. m. by (Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam by Arab. 
SHAMROCK, {Imp.) ch. h. by St. Patrick, dam Delight by R* 

veller. 
SHARATOCK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Trumpator. 
SHEPHERDESS, ch. m. by Lance, dam Amanda by Revenge. 
SIGNAL, bl. h. by (Imp.) Margrave, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
SIMON BENTON, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Rattler. 
SIMON GURTY, ch. h. by Mark Moore, dam by Tiger. 
SIMON KENTON, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Rattler. 
SIR ARISS, gv h. by Trumpator, dam Ophelia by Wild Medley. 
SIR ELLIOTT, b. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Lady Frolic by Sir 

Charles. 
SIR JOSEPH BANKS, b. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sir 

Archy. 
SIR WILLIAM, b. h. by Sir William, dam by Rattler. 
SISSY, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam (bnp.) Gutty by Whalebone. 
SISTER TO THORNHILL, ch. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam (Imp.) 

Pickle b) Emilius. 
SLEEPER, gr. h. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam Flora by Grand Seignor. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 85 

SLEEPER (THE), gr. h. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by G. /'s Mea. 

sengpr. 
SLEEPY JOHN, b. h. by John Dawson, dam Sally Dillitrd by Vir- 
ginian, (or Phenomena). 
SMOKE, ch. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Bianca by Medley. 
SNAG, ch. h. by Medoc, dam bv Rattler. 
SNOWBIRD, gr. h. by (Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam Forsaken Filly 

by Jerry. 
SOPHIA LOVELL, b. m. by Sir Lovell, dam Eliza Jenkins by Sil 

William. 
SORROW, (Imp.) ch. h. by Defence, dam Tears by Woful. 
SPLINT, ch. in. by Hualpa, dam by Phenomenon. 
STACKPOLE, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
STAGE-DRIVER, b. h. by Lance, dam by Bertrand. 
STANHOPE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Helen Mar by Rattler. 
STANLEY, cli. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Aronetta by Bertrand. 

■ ch. hi by Eclipse, dam by Busiris. 

ECLIPSE, ch. h. by Busiris, dam by John Stanley. 

STAR, b. h. by (Imp.) Skylark, dam Betsey Epps by Timoleon. 
STAR OF THE WEST, b. in. by Bertrand, dam by Whip. 
ch. m. by (Imp.) Luzburough, dam by Ber 

trand. 
STEEL, b. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam Dimont by Constitution. 
STHRESKLEY, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Paragon. 
STRANGER, b. h. by Lance, dam by Whip. 
STOCKBOROUGH, ch. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Stock- 

holder. 
ST. CHARLES, ch. h by (Imp.) Jordan, dam by Mercury. 
ST. CLOUD, ch. h. by (Imp.) Belshazzar, dam by Old Partner. 
ST. LOUIS, gr. h. by Altorf, dam Fleta by Jackson's (or Johnson's) 

Medley. 
ST. PIERRE, bl. h. by Pamunky, dam by Lafayette. 
SUFFERER, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Meg Dods by Sir Archy. 
SUFFOLK, b. h. by Andrew, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 
SUNBEAM, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Alice Grey by Mercury. 

ch. h. by (Imp.) Langford, dam Gipsey, (sister to Medoc). 

SUSAN HILL, ch. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam Susan Hill by Time 

leon. 
SUSAN TYLER, b. m. by (Imp.) Sarpedon. 
SUSAN VANCE, ch. m. by Suladin, dam by Sir William. 
SWALLOW, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Object by Marshal Ney 
SWEET HOME, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Hamiltonian. 
SWISS BOY, br. h. by (Imp.) Swiss, dam by Stockholder. 
SYLPHIDE, (Imp.) b. m. by Emilius, dam Polly Hopkins by Virgi 

nian. 
SYxMMETRY, b. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Phenomena by Sir Archj 

T. 

TABITHA, ch. m. bv Hualpa, dam by Phenomenon. 
TAGLIONI, ch. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam by Sir Charles. 
TALLEY, ch. h. by Talleyrand, dam by Bertrand. 
TALLULAH, ch. m. by Hyazim, dam by Gallatin. 
TAMERLANE, ch. h. by Cowper, dam by Director. 



86 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

TAMMANY, b. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Camilla by Henry. 
TARANTULA, ch. m. by (Imp.) Belshazzar, dam Mary Jane Davis 

by Stockholder. 
TARLTON, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Robin Grey. 
TARQUIN, b. h. by (Imp.) Consol, dam Jeannie Deans by Powhattao. 
TATTERSALL, ch. h. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam (Volney's dam,) 

by Sir Archy. 
TAYLOE, b. h. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam Peggy White. 
TAZEWELL, b. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam by Gallatin. 
TEA RA WAY, b. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Jemima by Thornton 1 * 

Rattler. 
TELAMON, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Cherry Elliott by Sumpter. 
TELIE DOE, b. m. by Pacific, dam Matilda by Grey tail. 
TELLULA, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Whip. 
TEMPEST, ch. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Jeanette by Sir Archy. 
TEMPLAR, b. h. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by Timoleon. 
TEN BROECK, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Bertrand. 
TENNESSEE, b. m. by (Imp.) Felt, darn Berenice by Archy Junior. 
TEXANA, b. m. by (Imp.) Hedgford, dam Goodlee Washington by 

Washington. 
TEXAS, b. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam by Potomac. 
THE COLONEL, ch. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam (Imp.) My Lady by 

Com us. 
THE COLONEL'S DAUGHTER, b. m. by The Colonel, dam (Imp.) 

Variella by Blacklock. 
THE DUKE, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by (Imp.) Expedition. 
THE MAJOR, b. h. by Othello, dam by Citizen. 
THE MERCER COLT, br. h. by (Imp.) Mercer, dam Miss Mattie 

by Sir Archy. 
THE PONEY, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
THE POSTMASTER, b. h. by (Imp.) Consol, dam Country Maid by 

Pacific. 
THE QUEEN, (Imp.) ch. m. by Priam, dam Delphine by Whisker. 
THOMAS HOSKINS, b. h. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam Minerva by Tom 

Tough. 
THOMAS R. ROOTS, b. h. by (Imp.) Tranby, dam Eliza Jenkins by 

Sir William of Transport. 
THORNHILL, ch. h. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam (Imp.) Pickle by Emilius. 
TIBERIAS, b. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Fanny Wright by Silverheels. 
TIPPECANOE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Rattler. 
TISHANNA, b. m. by Benbow, dam Fidget by Eclipse. 
TISHIMINGO, b. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Maria Shepherd bv 

Sir Archy. 
TOBY, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Eagle. 

TOM AND JERRY, ch. h. by Heart of Oak, dam by Lafayette, 
TOM BENTON, b. h. by Wild Bill, dam by Pacolet. 
TOM BUCK, ro. h. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam Lady Sykes by Timoleoh. 
TOM CHILTON, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Childers. 
TOM CORWIN, b. h. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam by Lottery. 
TOM CRINGLE, ch. h. by Carolinian. 

TOM DAY, b. h. by Bertrand, dam Sally Melville by Virginian. 
TOM MARSHAL, (Col. Bingaman's.) gr. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dara 

Fanny Jarman by Mercury. 



WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 87 

TOM MARSHAL, (Col. Bufords,) b. h. by Medoc, dam by Suitiptafc, 
TOM PAINE, bl. h. by (Imp.) Margrave, dam (Emily Thomas's 

dam) by Tom Tough. 
TOM THJRMAN, b. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam by Citizen. 
TOM WALKER, ch. h, by Marylander, dam by Rattler. 
TOMMY WAKEFIELD, ch. h. by Drone, dam by Eclipse. 
TORCH-LIGHT, ch. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam Wax-light by (Imp. 

Leviathan. 
TORNADO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Polly Hopkins by Virginian. 
TRANBYANNA, m. by (Imp.) Tranby dam Lady Tompkins by 

Eclipse. 
TRANSIT, b. h. by (Imp.) Hedgford, dam (Molly Ward's dam) by 

Bertrand. 
TREASURER, b. h. by (Imp.) Roman, dam Dove by Duroc. 
TRENTON, b. h. by Eclipse Lightfoot. dam by Tuckahoe. 
TROUBADOUR, bl. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Stockholder. 
TRUXTON, b. h. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam Princess by Defiance. 
TUSKENA, b. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Creeping Kate. 
TYLER, b. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Kate Kearney by Sir Archy. 

U. 

UNCAS, ch. h. by Diomed. 

b. h. by (Imp.) Jordan, dam by Pacific. 

UNITY, ch. f. by Genito, dam Lady Pest by Carolinian. 

V. 

VAGABOND, ch. h. by (Imp.) Ainderby, dam (Imp.) Vaga. 

VAGRANT, ch. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam (Imp.) Vaga. 

VANITY, b. m. by Traveller. 

VAN TROMP, h. by Van Tromp, dam by Mucklejohn. 

VASHTI, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan — Slazy by Bullock's Mucklejohn. 

VELASCO, b. h. by Shark, dam by Virginian. 

VELOCITY, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Patty Puff by Pacotet 

VERTNER, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lady Adams by Whipster. 

VETO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Diomed. 

h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Lady Washington by Wash- 
ington. 

VICTOR, br. h. by (Imp.) Cetus, dam (Imp.) My Lady by Comus. 

VICTORIA, gr. m. by Sir Kirkland, dam by Tippoo Saib. 

b. m. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Timoleon. 

ROWTON, ch. m. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam by Phenu 

menon. 

VICTRESS, b. m. by Grey Eagle, dam by Royal Charley. 

VIDOCQ, br. h. by Medoc, dam by Stockholder. 

VIOLA, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Mary Longfit by Pacific, 

VIRGINIA, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Rich'd Tonson. 

V IRGIN1A ROBINSON, b. m. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Becky 
by Marquis (or Marcus). 

VOLTAIRE, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Bertrand. 

W. 

WACOUSTA, ch. h. by Jerseyman, dam Lady Vixen. 
WADDY THOMPSON, ch. h.by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam by Tr» 
felgar. 



88 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 

WAGNER, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam Maria West by Marion. 
WALK IN-THE- WATER, b. h. by Collier, dam by Bertrand. 
WALTER L., b. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam by Sir Charles. 
WANTON WILL, b. h. by Brunswick, dam by Prince Edward. 
WARSAW, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Arab. 
WARWICK, ch. h. by Stockholder, dam by (Imp.) Leviathan.' 
WASHENANGO, ch. h. by (Imp.) Sorrow, dam by (Imp.) Leviathan 
W ATKINS, ro. h. by John Richards, dam by Whip. 
WAXETTA, br. m. by Waxy, dam by Kennedy's Diomed. 
WEBSTER, b. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Fairy. 
WELLINGTON, b. h. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam (Volney's dam) b> 

Sir Archy. 
WESLEY MALONE, b. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Richard 
WEST FLORIDA, b. m. by Bertram, dam by Potomac. 
WEST- WIND, br. h. by (Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam Mambrina 

by Bertrand. 
WHALEBONE, b. h. by (Imp.) Cetus, dam by Gohanna. 
WHISKER, b. h. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam by Walnut. 
WILL-GO, b. or br. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Eclipse. 
WILLIAM R., b. h. by Goliah, dam by Sir Alfred. 
WILD BURK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by (Imp.) Bluster. 
WILLIS, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by (Imp.) Merryfield. 
WILLIS P. MANGUM, b. h. by Shark, dam Aggy Down. 
WILTON BROWN, gr. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Ninon de l'Encloi 

by Rattler. 
WINCHESTER, ch. h. by Clifton, dam by Contention. 
WINFIELD (or WINFIELD SCOTT), ch. h. by Andrew, dam by 

Eclipse. 
WONDER, b. h. by Tychicus, dam Nancy Marlborough by Rob Roy. 
WOODCOCK, b. h. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam by Shylock. 
WORKMAN, ch. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Timoleon. 

Y. 

YAZOO TRAPPER, ch. h. by Sir William. 
FELLOW ROSE. ch. m. by Andrew, dam Tuberose by Arab. 
YORKSHIRE, b.'h. by St. Nicholas, dam Moss Rose by Tramp. 
YOUNG DOVE, gr. m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Dove by Duroc. 
YOUNG FRAXINELLA, gr. m. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Virgi- 
nian. 
YOUNG MEDOC, ch. h. by Medoc. 

Z. 

ZAMPA, ch. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Celeste by Henry. 
ZEBA, ro. m. by Eclipse, dam Miss Walton by Mendoza. 
ZEMMA (or Z AMOUR), ch. h. by Ulysses, dam by Stockholder 
ZENITH, b. h. by Ecliuse, dam Belle Anderson by Sir William of 

Transport 
ZENOBIA, c m. by (Imp.) Roman, dam Dove by Duroc. 
*OE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam (Little Venus's dam,) by Si« 

William. 
&ORAIDA, b m. by Virginius, dam by Comet. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD 
MARES. 



V* VWWV\AAA<VAAAAAAA/.V\AAA/JW 



A. 

ABD ALLAH, b. h. by Mr.mbrino, dam Amazonia. 

ABJER, [Imp.] got by OKI Truffle, dam Criseis by Beningbrough, 
gr. dam Lady Jane by Sir Peter Teazle — Paulina by FlorizeL, 
&c. — foaled 1617, died 1838. — Alabama. James Jackson. 

ADMIRAL, [Imp.] !>. b. u r ot by Florizel, dam the Spectator mare, 
(who was also ike uain of Old imp. Diomed) — foaled 1779. — 
New York. J. Delancy. 

AFRICAN, bl. h. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam by Marshal Bertrand. 

ALLEN BROWN, eh. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp.] Eagle. 

ALL FOURS, [Imp.] got by All Fours, son of Regulus — Blank — 
Bolton Starling — Miss Meynell by Partner — Greyhound — Cur- 
win's Bay Barb, &c. imp. into Massachusetts or Connecticut. 

ALONZO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy. 

AINDERBY, [Imp.] ch. h. by Velocipede, dam Kate by Catton. 

ALTORF, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam Countess Plater by Virginian. 

AMBASSADOR, [Imp.] b. h. by Emilius, dam [Imp.] Trapes by 
Tramp. 

AMERICUS, [Imp.] b. h. got by Babraham — Creeping Molly by Se 
cond — General Evans' Arabian Cartouch — foaled 1775. 

William Macklin. 

ANDREW, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Herod. 

ANDREW JACKSON, b. h. by Timoleon, dam by [Imp.] Whip. 

ANN PAGE, m. by Maryland Eclipse, dam by Tuckahoe. 

ARAMINTA, b. m. by May-Day, dam Tripit by Mars. 

ARGYLE, br. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Thistle by Ogle's Oscar. 

AUTOCRAT, [Imp.] gr. c. got by Grand Duke, dam Olivetta by Sil 
Oliver — Scotina by Delphi — Scota by Eclipse — foaled 1822.— 
New York. William Jackson. 

B. 

BABRAHAM, [Imp.] b. h. got by Old Fearnought (son of Godolphin 
Ar.) — Silver — imported into Virginia by William Evans of 
Surrey county, and got by the Belsize Arabian in England, and 
foaled 1759.— Va. 1765. William and George Evans. 

[Imp.] b. h. got by Wildair — Babraham — Sloe — Barf 

lett's Childers — Counsellor — Snake, &c. — foaled 1775. — Va 
1783. Augustine Willis 

89* 



90 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

BALIE PEYTON, b. h. by Andrew, dam Pocahontas by Eclipse 
BAY MIDDLETON, b. h. by [Imp] Fylde, dam by Potomac. 
BELLE ANDERSON, in. by William of Transport, dam Butterfly 
BELSHAZZAR, limp.] ch. by Blacklock, dam Manuella by Die* 

Andrews. 
BERNER'S COMUS, [Imp.\ b. h. by Comus, dam Rotterdam b) 

Juriiper. 
BERTRAND Junior, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam Transport by Virgi 

nius. 
BETSEY MALONE, m. by Stockholder, dam by Potomac. 
BIANCA, m. by Medley, dam Powancey by Sir Alfred. 
BIG JOHN, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Hamiltonian. 
BILL AUSTIN, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Timoleon. 
BIRMINGHAM, br. h. by Stockholder, dam Black Sophia by Top 

gallant. 
BLACK ARABIAN, [Imp.] — Presented by the Emperor of Morocco 

to the United States' Government. 
BLACK PRINCE, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam Fantail by Sir Archy. 
■ [Imp.] bl. h. got by Babraham — Riot by Regulus 

— Blaze — Fox, &c. — foaled 1760. — New York. A. Ramsay. 
BLOODY NATHAN, ch. h. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam Daphne by 

Duroc. 
BOHEMOTH, Junior, b. h. by Old Bohemoth. 
BONNYFACE, [Imp.] (also called Master Stephen) dk. b. h. got by 

a son of Regulbi out of the Fen mare, got by Hutton's Royal 

colt — Blunderbuss, &c. — foaled 17G8. — Va. French. 

BOSTON, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam (Robin Brown's dam) by Ball's 

Florizel. 
BRITANNIA, [Imp.] m. by Muley, dam Nancy by Dick Andrews. 
BUFF COAT, [Imp.] dun h. got by Godolphin Arabian —Silver 

Locks by the Bald Galloway — Ancaster Turk — Leeds Arabian, 

&c.— foaled 1742.— Va. 1761. Joseph Wells. 

BULLE ROCK, [Imp.] got by the Darley Arabian — Byerly Turk, 

out of a natural Arabian mare, &c. — foaled 1718. — Virginia, 

1735-6. Samuel Patton. 

BUSIRIS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Grand Duchess by [Imp.] Grac- 
chus. 
BUSSORAH ARABIAN — Imported by Abraham Ogden, Esq., of 

New York. 
BUTTERFLY, m. by Surrpter, dam by [Imp.] Buzzard. 

O. 

CADMUS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Di Vernon by Ball's Florizel 
CAMDEN, b. h. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam by Old Cherokee. 
CAMILLA, m. by [imp.] Philip, darn Roxana by Timoleon. 
CANNON, [Imp.] br. h. got by Dungannon — Miss Spindleshanks by 

Omar — Starhng. &c. — foaled 1789. — Boston. Gen. Lyman. 
CAROLET, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Peg Caruthers by 

Arab. 
CAROLINE, m. by Eclipse, dam Miss Mattie. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 91 

CARVER, [Imp.] b. h. got by Young Snap — Blank' — Babrabam — 
Ai»casler Starling — Grasshopper, &c. — foaled 1770. — Norfolk 
county, Va. Dr. Charles Mayle. 

CETA, m. by [Imp.] Cetus, dam Harriet Heth by Mons. Tonson. 

CETUS, [Imp.] b. h. by Whalebone, dam Lamea by Gohanna. 

CHARLEY NAILOR, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 

CHARLOTTE PAGE, m. by Sir Archy, dam by [Imp.] Restless. 

CHATEAU MARGAUX, [Imp.] dk. br. h. got by Whalebone, (best 
son of Waxy,) dam Wasp by Gohanna — Highflyer — Eclipse, 
&c— foaled 1822. — Va. 1835. J. J. Avery & Co. 

CHEROKEE, h. by Sir Archy, dam Roxana by Hephestion. 

CHESTERFIELD, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Wilkes' Madison. 

CHIFNEY, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Sir Archy. 

CHILTON, b. h. by Seagull, dam by Hazard. 

CINDERELLA, b. m. by Saladin, dam by Aratus. 

CIPPUS, bl. h. by Industry, dam by Randolph's Mark Antony. 

CIVIL JOHN, gr. h. by Tariff, dam by Pakenham. 

CLARET, [Imp.] got by Chateau Margaux, dam by Partisan — Silver 
Tail by Gohanna — Orville, &c. — foaled 1830. — N. Carolina. 

Wyatt Cardwell. 

CLARINET, ch. m. by Kentucky Sir Charles, dam Mary Grindle by 
Eclipse. 

CLARION, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Ogle's Oscar. 

COCK OF THE ROCK, b. h. by Duroc, dam by Romp. 

COLORADO, h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy. 

COMMENCEMENT, m. by Arab, dam by Francisco. 

COMMODORE, b. h. by Mambrino, dam by True American. 

CORONET, [Imp.] b. h. by Catton, dam by Paynator. 

CORTES, h. by Old Rattler, dam by Jack Andrews. 

COUNT BADGER, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Arabella by Hickory. 

COUNT ZALDIVAR, ch. h. by Andrew, dam by Timoleon. 

COUNTESS BERTRAND, m. by Bertrand, dam Nancy Dawson by 
Piatt's Alexander. 

CRIPPLE, b. h. by Medoc, dam Grecian Princess by Whip. 

CRITIC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Eclipse Herod. 

CUSSETA CHIEF, ch. h. by Andrew, dam Virago by Wildair oi 
Wonder. 

CYMON, ch. h. by Marion, dam Fair Forester by [7/np.] Chance. 

D. 

DAGHEE, [Imp.] b. h. by Muley, dam by Arabian Sheik. 
DAMASCUS, h. by [Imp.] Zilcadi, dam Dido by [Imp.] Expedition 
DANCING MASTER, [Imp] b. h. got by Woodpecker— Madcap by 

Snap — Miss Meredith by Cade, &c. — foaled 1788. — S. Carolina. 
DANIEL O'CONNELL, gr. h. by Sir Henry Tonson, dam by [hnp] 

Sir Harry. 
DAVY CROCKETT, h. by Constitution, dam by Sutton's Whip 
DEBASH, [Imp.] b. h. got by King Fergus— Highflyer —Madcap by 

Snap — Miss Meredith by Cade, &c. — foaled 17 ; )2. Imported 

into Massachusetts. Jones. 

44 



92 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

DECATUR, efa h. by Henry, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 

DERBY, [2m/>.] dr. b. h. got by Peter Lely out of Urganda. former!? 
Lady Eleanor, she by M«lo, dam by Sorcerer Jut of Twins, &c 
—foaled 1831. R. D. Shepherd. 

DIANA, m. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Conqueror. 

DIANA, [iw/>.] m. by Catton, dam Trulla by Sorcerer. 

DIANA, m. by Mercury, dam Rarity. 

DONCASTER, [Imp.] b. h. by Longwaist, dam by Muley, grandara 
Lady Em by Stamford. 

DON QUIXOTE, [Imp.] ch. h. by O'Kelly's Eclipse— Grecian Prin- 
cess by Forester — Coalition colt — Bustard, &c. — foaled 1784. 
Imported into Va. 

DORMOUSE, [Imp.] dk. b. h. got by Old Dormouse, dam by White- 
foot — Silverlocks by Bald Galloway, &c. — foaled 1753. — Va. 
1759. 

DOSORIS, ch. h. by Henry, dam (Goliah's dam) by Mendoza. 

DRONE, [Imp.] b. h. got by King Herod — Lily by Blank — Peggy by 
Cade — Croft's Partner — Bloody Buttocks, &c. — foaled 1777. — 
Duchess county, New York. 

ch. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Isabella by Sir Archy. 

DUANE, br. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Goodloe Washington b) 
Washington. 

DUCHESS, b. m. by [Imp.] Coronet, dam by Tariff. 

DUCHESS OF YORK, [Imp.] ch. m. got by Catton, dam by Sancno 
— Coriander — Highflyer, &c. — foaled 1821. — Va. 

R. D. Shepherd. 

DUKE SUMNER, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy. 

DUNGANNON, ch. h. by Sumpter, dam by Duke of Bedford. 

E. 

ECLIPSE, (American,) ch. h. by Duroc, dam Miller's Damsel by 

[Imp.] Messenger. 
ECLIPSE THE SECOND, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Lady Nimble by 

Sir William. 
ELIZA ARMSTRONG, m. by Flying Childers, dam Gipsey by Flo- 

rizel. 
ELIZA MILLER, m. by Miller's Bertrand, dam Lucy Forester by 

Marshal Ney. 
ELLEN GRANVILLE, b. m. by [Imp.] Tranby, dam by Contention. 
EMANCIPATION, [Imp.] br. h. by Whisker, dam by Ardrossan. 
ENGLISHMAN, (Imp. by Mr. Walter Bell of Va., in his dam,) by 

Eagle (also imported) — Pot8os — Pegasus — Small Bones by Jus- 
tice, &c. — foaled 1812. 
ENTERPRISE, h. by John Richards, dam by Don Quixote. 
EUGENIUS, [Imp.] ch. h. by Chrysolite, dam Mixbury by Regului 

— Little Bowes by a brother to Mixbury — Hutton's Barb, &o. — 

foaled 1770. 
fcX*LE, h. by [Imp] Leviathan, dam [Imp.] Refugee by W'anderei 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 93 

F. 

FAIRFAX ROANE, [Imp.] (alias Strawberry Roan) ro. h. got by 

Adolphus, dam by Smith's Tartar (a son of Croft's Partner) g. 

dam by Midge (son of Snake) — Hip, &c. — foaled 1764 — Va. 

— Fairfax. 
FANNY WRIGHT, m. by Silverheels, dam Aurora by Governoi 

Wright's Vingtun. 
FELT, [Imp.] b. h. by Langar, dam Steam by Waxy Pope. 
FESTIVAL, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Timoleon. 
FIFER, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John Richards. 
FLATTERER, [Imp.] b. h. by Muley, dam Clari by Marmion. 
FLORANTHE, m. by John Richards, dam Fanny Wright. 
FOP, [Imp.] gr. h. by Stumps, dam by Fitz James. 
FRANCIS MARION, ch. h. by Marion, dam Malvina by &*i Archy 
FRANK, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam Betsey Archy by Sir Archy. 

G. 

GANDER, gr. h. by Wild Bill, dam Grey Goose by Pacolet. 

GANO, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Betsey Richards by Sir Archy. 

GENERAL MABRY, h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Galen by Pacific. 

GEROW, ch. h. by Henry, dam Vixen by Eclipse. 

GIFT, [Imp.] b. h. got by Cadormus, dam by Old Crab — Second 
Starling, &c. — foaled 17G8. — New Kent county, Va. 

Colonel Dangerfield. 

GILES SCROGGINS, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Lady Bedford by 
[Imp.] Bedford. 

GLENCOE, [Imp.] ch. h. by Sultan, dam Trampoline by Tramp. 

GLOSTER, b. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Alfred. 

GOHANNA, h. by Sir Archy, dam Merino Ewe by [Imp.] Bedford. 

GOLD BOY, b. h. by Industry, dam (Buck Eye's dam) by Medoc. 

GOLDWIRE, [Imp.] br. m. by Whalebone, dam Young Amazon by 
Gohanna. 

GOVERNOR HAMILTON, gr. h. by Sir Andrew, dam by Bonaparte. 

GRANBY, [Imp.] b. h. got by Blank— Old Crab— Cyprus Ar.— Com- 
moner — Makeless — Brimmer, &c. — foaled 1759. — Powhatan 
county, Va. Samuel Watkins. 

GRECIAN PRINCESS, m. by Virginian, dam Calypso by Bell-Aii 
— Dare Devil — Old Wilda^r — Piccadilla by Fearnought — Go- 
dolphin — Hob or Nob, &c. 

GREY EAGLE, gr. h. by Woodpecker, dam Ophelia by Wild Med 
ley. 

GREY MEDOC, gr. h. by Medoc, dam Grey Fanny by Bertrand. 

GROUSE, br. h. by Eclipse, dam by Erie. 

GUM ELASTIC, b. h. by Waxy, dam by Read's Spread Eagle 

H. 

HALO, h. by Sir Archy Montorio, dam Semiramis. 
HARD LUCK, gr. h. by Randolph's Roanoke, dam Lady Washing 
ton. 



94 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

HAT WOOD, h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Black Sophia by Topgal 

lant. 
HECTOR, [Imp.] bl. h. got by Lath — Childers— Basto — Cur win's 

Bay Barb, &c — foaled 1745. Colonel Marshall. 

HEDGFORD, [Imp.] br. h. by Filho da Puta, dam Miss Craigie by 

Orville. 
(Young) h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam by [Imp.] Ea 

gle. 
HERCULES — a grey draft horse, imported into Louisville, Ky. 
HERO, [Imp.] b. h. got by Blank — Godolphin Ar. &c.— foaled 1747. 

— Va. John S. Wilson. 

HIAZIM, ch. h. by Sir Archy, dam Janey by [Imp.] Archduke. 
HIBISCUS, [Imp.] b. h. by Sultan, dam Duchess of York by Waxy. 
HICKORY JOHN, ch. h. by John Richards, dam Kitty Hickory by 

Hickory. 
HIGHLAND HENRY, ch. h. by Henry, dam Highland Mary by 

Eclipse. 
HORNBLOWER, br. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John 

Richards. 
HUGH LUPUS, [Imp.] b.h. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Her Highnew ky 

Moses. 

I. 

IBARRA, b. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam by Virginian. 

IBRAHIM PACHA, [Imp.] — a pure Bedouin Arabian — imported by 

Captain James Riley. 

J. 

JACK OF DIAMONDS, [Imp.] dk. b. h. by Cullen's Arabian— Dar- 
ley Ar. — Byerly Turk, &c. — Va. 1763. Imported by Colonel 
S^ottswood. Solomon Dunn. 

JACK PENDLETON, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Trafalgar. 

JANE GRAY, m. by Orphan Boy, dam Rosalind by Ogle's Oscar. 

JEROME, br. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Sir Charles. 

JESSICA, [Imp.] ch. m. by Velocipede, dam by Sancho. 

JIM JACKSON, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Conqueror. 

JOB, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Jemima by Thornton's Rattler. 

JOHN BASCOMBE, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam Grey Goose by Pacolet 

JOHN BULL, [Imp.] b. h. by Chateau Margaux, dam by Woful. 

JOHN DAWSON, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy. 

JOHN GASCOIGNE, h. by Randolph's Gascoigne, dam by Virgi 
nian. 

JOHN RICHARDS, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by Rattler, gr. dam by 
[Imp.] Medley. 

JORDAN, [Imp.] ch. h. by Langar, dam Matilda by Comus. 

T UNIUS, [Imp.] bl. h. got by Old Starling — Old Crab — Monkey— 
Curwin's Bay Barb— Spot, &c— foaled 1754.— Va. 1759. 

JUSTICE, [Imp.] b. h. got by Blank, dam Aura by Stamford Turk., 
gi. dam by a b' other to Conqueror — Childers, &c. — Va. 1780. 

George Gould. 



CELEBRATED STALLI0N3 AND BROOD MARES. 95 

HJSTICE, limp.] got by Old Jnstice (son of King Herod) — Old 
Squirt mare — Mo^ul — Camilla by Bay Helton, &e. — foaled 
1782. — S. Carolina. Major Butler. 

K 

KANGAROO, cb, h. by Uncas, dam by Orphan. 

KATE NICKLEBY, m. by [Imp.] Trustee, dam Lady Mostyn by 
Teniers. 

KING WILLIAM, [Imp.] red sor. h. got by Florizel, dam Milliner 
by Matchem — Cassandria by Blank, &c. — foaled 1781. — Cbes- 
ter county, Pa. Dr. Norriss. 

[Imp.] b. h. by King Herod, dam Madcap by 

Snap — Miss Meredith by Old Cade, &c. — foaled 1777. — Con- 
necticut. Skinner. 

KITTY BRIM, b. m. by Old Conqueror, dam by Gallatin ; gr. dam 
by Highflyer. 

L. 

LADY CLIFDEN, m. by Sussex, dam Betsey Wilson. 

LADY CULPEPER, m. by Carolinian, dam Flora by Ball's Florizel. 

LADY MORGAN, m. by John Richards, dam Matchless by [Imp.] 
Expedition. 

LADY MOSTYN, [Imp.] m. by Teniers, dam Invalid by Whisker. 

LADY NIMBLE, m. by Eclipse, dam Transport by Kosciusko. 

LADY SCOTT, [Imp.] br. m. got by Ardrosson, dam Dido by Vis- 
count — Brilliant by Whiskey, &c. R. D. Shepherd. 

LADY WHIP, m. by Whip, dam hy Alonzo, gr. dam by \_lmp.] Buz- 
zard. 

LAFAYETTE, b. h. hy Conqueror, clam Julia by Sir Arthur. 

LANGFORD, [Imp.] hr. h. got by Starch, out of Peri by Wanderer, 
her dam Thalistris by Alexander, out of Rival by Sir Peter — 
Home by Drone — Manilla by Goldfinder — foaled 1833. 

F. P. Corbin. 

LAPLANDER, ch. or br. h. by Flagellator, dam Medora. 

LEOPARDESS, m. by Medoc, dam by Haxall's Moses. 

LEVIATHAN, [Imp.] ch. h. by Muley, dam by Windle. 

Junior, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Young 

Diomed. 

LILY, m. by Eclipse, dam Garland by Duroc. 

LIMBER JOHN, ch. h. by Kosciusko, dam by Moses. 

LOFTY, [Imp.] b. h. by Godolphin Arabian— Croft's Partner— Blood> 
Buttocks — Greyhound, &c. — foaled 1753. — Virginia, Chesterfield 
county. Thomas Goode. 

LOUISA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Bluster, dam by Hamiltonian. 

LURCHER, [Imp.] gr. h by Grey Leg, dam Harpalyce by (Johanna 

LUZBOROUGH, [Imp,] br. h. by Williamson's Ditto, dam by Dick 
Andrews. 

Junior, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, darn b^ Sump- 

ter. 

LYCURGUS, [Imp.] ch. h. by Blank— Snip— Lath, &c foaled 176' 

— Va. 1776 Geo. H Harriso* 

44* 



96 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

LYNEDOCH, ch. h. by [Imp,] Leviathan, dam Rosetta Dy Wilke* 
Wonder. 

M. 
MAGNUM BONUM, [Imp.] ro. h. by Matchem— Swift— -Regulus- 
Dairy Maid by Bloody Buttocks, &c. — foaled 1774. — Hartford, 
Conn. F. Kilborne. 

MANALOPAN, gr. h. by Medley, dam by John Richards. 
MARIA DAVIESS, ch. m. by Sir Charles, dam Mary Grindle ly 

Eclipse. 
MARIA VAUGHAN, m. by Pacific, dam Mary Vaughan by Pacolet. 

MARION, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by [Imp.'] Citizen. 

MARGRAVE, [Imp.] ch. h. by Muley, dam by Election. 

MARK MOORE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Lalla Rookh by Gabriel Os- 
car. 

MARMION, br. h. by [Imp.] Merman, dam by Crusader. 

MARPLOT, [Imp.] by Highflyer— Omar— Godolphin Arabian, &c. 

MARTHA BICKERTON, b. m. by Pamunky, dam by Tariff. 

MARSHAL NEY, h. by Pacolet, dam Virginia by Dare Devil. 

MARY BIDDLE, m. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Flora by Mons. Tonson. 

MARY VAUGHAN, gr. m. by Old Pacolet, dam by Old Chanticleer. 

MASTER ROBERT, [Imp.] ch. h. by Star, dam a young Marske 
mare— foaled 1793. 

MASTER SOLOMON, b. h. by Reveller, dam by Lord Berners. 

MATCHEM, [Imp.] b. h. by Matchem — Lady by Sweepstakes — Pa- 
triot—Old Crab, &c— foaled 1773. — S. Carolina. Gibbs. 

MATCHLESS, [Imp,] b. h. by Godolphin Arabian — Soreheel — 
Makeless, &c. — S. Carolina. 

MATILDA, gr. m. by Greytail Fiorizel, dam by [Imp.] Jonah. 

MAXIMUS, b. h. by Bertrand, dam Miss Dance by [Imp.] Eagle. 

MAYZOUBE — a gr. horse imported from Arabia by Captain James 
Riley. 

MELZARE, br. h. by Bertrand, dam by Sir Richard. 

MENDOZA, [Imp.] b. h. by Javelin — Paymaster — Pamona by King 
Herod. 

MERMAN, [Imp.] br. h. by Whalebone, dam by Orville. 

MERRY PINTLE, limp.] gr. h. by Old England, dam by Old Merry 
Pintle — Skipjack, &c. — foaled 1752. — Va. 1775. J. Strong. 

MERRY TOM, [Imp.] b. h. by Regulus — Locust — a son of Flying 
Childers— -Croft's Old Partner, &c— foaled 1758. 

MERCER, [Imp.] b. h. by Emilius, dam Young Mouse by Godolphin, 

MERWICK BALL, [Imp.] ch. h. by Regulus — dam a Traveller mare 
— Hartley's blind horse — foaled 1762. 

MINOR, b. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Topgallant. 

MISS ANDREWS, [Imp.] b. m. by Catton, dam by Dick Andrews. 

MISS MATTIE, m. by Sir Archy, dam Black Ghost by Pantaloon, 

MISS ROSE, [Imp.] b. m. by Tramp, dnrn by Sancho, gr. dam by Co- 
riander, &c. — foaled 1826. R. D. Shepherd. 

MISS VALENTINE, m. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam by John Richards. 

MONARCH. [Imp.] 1>. b. by Priam, dim Delphine by Whisker. 

MONMOUTH, b. h. by John Richards, dam by Duroc. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 97 

MONMOUTH ECLIPSE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Honesty by [Imp.'] 
Expedition. 

MONS. TONSON, gr. h. by Pacolet, dam Madame Tonson by Top- 
gallant. 

MORDECAI, [Imp.] b. h. by Lottery, dam by Welbeck. 

MORVEN, [Imp.] ch. h, by Rovvton, dam Nanine by Selim. 

MOSES MARE (Chas. Buford's) by Haxall's Moses, dam by Cook's 
or Blackburn's Whip. 

N. 

NANCY THATCHER, m. by Medoc, dam by Archy of Transport. 
NELL GWYNNE, [Imp.] m. by Tramp, dam by Beningbrough. 
NETTY, [7m;;.] ch. m. by Velocipede, dam Miss Rose. 
NICHOLAS, [Imp.] h. by St. Nicholas, dam Miss Rose. 
NIMROD, [Imp.] b. h. by King Fergus— O'Kelly's Eclipse — Old 

Marske, &c— Philadelphia, 1788. 
NON PLUS, [Imp.] b. h. by Catton, dam Miss Garforth by Walton — 

Hyacinthus, &c. — foaled 1824. — S. Carolina. R'd. Singleton. 
NORTH BRITAIN, [Imp.] b. h. by Alcock's Arabian — Northumber- 

land Arabian — Hartley's blind horse. — Philad. 1768. Crow. 
NOVELTY, [Imp.] m. by Blacklock, dam Washerwoman by Walton. 

O. 

O'KELLY, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Oscar. 

OLIVER, h. by May-Day, dam Young Betsey Richards by John Ri- 
chards. 

ONUS, [Imp.] br. h. by Camel, dam The Etching by Rubens. 

ORLEANA, [Imp.] m. by Bustard, dam Laureola by Orville. 

OROONOKO, [Imp.] bl. h. by Old Crab, dam Miss Slammerkin by 
Young True Blue — Bloody Shouldered Arabian, &c. — foaled 1745 
— S. Carolina. J. Mathews. 

OTHELLO, br. h. by [Imp-] Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 

P. 

PACIFIC, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Eliza by [Imp.] Bedford. 
PACOLET, [Imp.] h. by Sparke, dam Queen Mab — Hampton Court 

Chiltlers — Harrison's Arabian, &c. — Va. 1791. Thos. Goode. 
PACTOLUS, ch. h. by Pacific, dam Mary Vaughan by Pacolet. 
PAMUNKY, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Bellona by Sir Harry. 
PAUL CLIFFORD, h. by Eclipse, dam Betsey Richards by John Ri 

chards. 
PETE WHETSTONE, b. h. by [Imp.'] Leviathan, dam by Stock 

holder. 
PHARAOH, [Imp.] b. h. by Moses, dam by Godolphin Arabian 

Smockface by Old Snail, &c. — foaled 1753. — S. Carolina. 
PHILIP, [Imp.] br. h. by Filho da Puta, dam Treasure by Camillua 
h. by Randolph's Janus, dam (Jack Pendleton's dam) bj 

Trafalgar. 
PICTON, br. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Isabella by Sir Archy. 
PLATOFF, b. h. by Kosciusko, dam by Hephestion. 



98 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

PONEY, (The) ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
PORTLAND, [Imp.] ch. h. bv Recovery, dam by Walton. 
PORTSMOUTH, br. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Polly Peachem 

by John Richards. 
POST BOY, ch. h. by Kenry, dam Garland by Duroc. 
PO WHATTAN, b. h. by Arab, dam by Whip. 
PRESTO, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
PRIAM, [Imp.] b. h. by Emilius, dam Cressida by Whisker. 
» Junior, h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 

PRINCE, [Imp.] b. h. by Herod, dam Helen by Blank— Crab, &c— 

foaled 1773.— S. Carolina. 
PRINCE FERDINAND, [Imp.] by Herod, dam by Matchem — gr 

dam the Squirt mare, &c. 
PRUNELLA, [Imp.] m. by Comus, dam by Partisan. 
PUZZLE, [Imp.] b. h. by Reveller, dam by Juniper. 

Q. 

QUEEN OF THE WEST, br. m. by Shark, out of Lady Mostyn by 
Teniers, gr. dam Invalid by Whisker. 

R. 

RATTLER, ch. h. by Sir Archy, dam by [Imp.] Robin Red Breast 

RED BILL, b. h. by Medoc, dam Brown Mary by Sumpter. 

RED BUCK, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Sally Bell by Conten- 
tion. 

RED TOM, ch. h. by Bertram!, dam Duchess of Marlborough by Sir 
Archy. 

REINDEER, ch. h. by Henry, dam Sportsmistress by. Hickory. 

ch. h. by Sussex, dam by Oscar. 

REPUBLICAN, [Imp.] ch. h. by Wentworth's Ancaster — Old Royal 
Changeling — Bethel's Arabian, &c. — Va. 1797. 

Charles Young. 

RICHARD SINGLETON, b. h. by Bertrand, dam Black-Eyed Susan 
by Tiger. 

RIDDLESWORTH, [Imp.] ch. h. by Emilius, dam Filagree by Sooth- 
sayer. 

ROANOKE, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by Cceur de Lion. 

ROBIN BROWN, ch. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam (Boston's dam) by 
Ball's Florizel. 

RODOLPH, b. h. by Archy of Transport, dam by Haxall's Moses. 

RODERICK DHU, [Imp.] by Sir Peter Teazle, dam by Young Marskf 
— Matchem — Tarquin, &c. Imported into New York. 

ROSALBA, m. by Old Trafalgar, dam Rosalba by Spread Eagle. 

ROSIN THE BOW, b. h. by Bertrand, dam Lady Grey by Robin Grey 

RUBY, [Imp.] b. h. by Emilius, dam Eliza by Rubens. 

KUSHLIGHT, ch. m. by Sir Archy, dam Pigeon by Pacolet. 

S. 

BALLY BARBOUR, m. by [Imp.] Truffle, dam by Ball's Florizel. 
8 ALLY HYDE, m. by Sumner's Grey Archy, dam by Medley. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 99 

BAM HOUSTON, ch. h. by Barney O'Lynn, dam Judy Bakewell by 

Eagle. 
SANTEE, b. h. by Rob Roy, dam Betty by [Imp.] Buzzard. 
SARACEN, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Sally Slouch by Virginian. 
SARPEDON, [Imp.] br. h. by Emilius, dam Icaria by The Flyer— 

Parma by Dick Andrews, &c. 
6CIPIO, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Kitty Clover by Sir Charles. 
SCOUT, [Imp.] br. h. by St. Nicholas, dam by Blacklock. 
SEAGULL, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Nancy Air by [Imp.] Bedford. 
SHADOW, bl. h. by Eclipse Lightfoot, dam Sally Slouch by Virginian. 
SHADOW, [Imp.] b. h. got by Babraham — Bolton Starling Cough 

ing Polly by Bartlett's Childers, &c. — foaled 1759 Va. 1771. 

T. Burwell. 
SHAKSPEARE, [Imp.] br. h. by Smolensko, dam Charming Molly by 

Rubens. 
SHARK, bl. h. by Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot by Sir Archy. 
SHAMROCK, [Imp.] ch. h. St. Patrick, dam Delight by Reveller. 
SHEPHERDESS, [Imp.] b. m. by Young Blacklock, dam Spermaceti 

by Sligo Waxy. 
SHERIFF PACHA, b. h. Nedji bred—imported by Com. Elliott. 
SHOCK, [Imp.] got by Shock — Partner — Makeless — Brimmer, &c. 

Va. Caroline county. Jno. Baylor. 

SIDI HAMET, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Princess by Defiance. 
SIDNEY, b. h. by Sir Charles, dam Virginia by Thornton's Rattler 
SIR CHARLES, ch. h. by Saladin, dam by Cultivator 
SIR JOSEPH, br. h. by [imp.) Luzborough, dam Sally Maclin by 

Sir Archy. 
SIR LESLIE, b. h. by Sir William, dam by (Imp.) Buzzard. 
SIR MEDLEY, ch. h. by Medley, dam by Sir Charles. 
SIR PETER TEAZLE, (Imp.) to. h. got by Sir Peter Teazle— Mer- 

cury — Cythera by King Herod — Blank, &c. — foaled 1802. S. 

Carolina. Gen. Jno. McPherson. 

SIR ROBERT, (Imp.) b. h. by Bobadil, dam Fidalma by Waxy 

Pope. 
SIR WILLIAM, h. by Sir William, dam by Tiger. 
SKYLARK, (Imp.) br. h. by Waxy Pope, dam Skylark by Musician. 
SLOUCH, (Imp.) ch. h. by Cade, dam the little Hartley mare by 

Bartlett's Childers — Flying Whig by Woodstock, &c. — foaled 

1747.— S. Carolina. 
SOURKROUT, (Imp.) b. c. by Highflyer, dam Je^el by Squirrel, 

Sophia by Blank, &c. — foaled 1786. 
SOVEREIGN, (Imp.) b. h. by Emilius, dam Fleur de Lis by 

Bourbon. 
STARLING, (Imp.) by Young Starling— Regulus- -Snake, Partnei 

&c— foaled 1756.— Va. 1762. Carlisle & Dalton. 

STANHOPE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Helen Mar by Rattler. 
STEEL, b. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam Diamond by Constitution. 
STOCKHOLDER, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by (Imp.) Citizen 
ST. LEGER, gr. h. by Eclipse, dam (Ariel's dam,) by Finanoiei. 



100 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 

ST. PAUL, (Imp.) sor. h. by Old Saltram, dam Purity by Matchem^ 
Pratt's famous Squirt mare, &c. — foaled 1789. — Va. 1804. 

Wm. Lightfoot. 
STRAWBERRY ROAN, (see Fairfax Roan). 
SWISS, (Imp.) b. h. by Whisker, dam by Shuttle. 
SYMMETRY, ch. m. by (Imp.) Ainderby, dam Ellen Douglass by 
Bertrand. 

T. 

TARGET, ch. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Becky by Marquis. 

1ARLTON, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Robin Gray. 

TARQUIN, br. h. by Henry, dam Ostricli by Eclipse. 

h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Hackabout by Timoleon. 

(Imp.) h. by the Hampton-Court Chesnut Ar. out of Fair 

Rosamond by Cade — Traveller, &.c. — foaled 1720. 

TELIE DOE, m. by Pacific, dam Matilda by Grey-tail Florizel. 

TENNESSEE CITIZEN, ch. h. by Stockholder, dam Patty Puff by 
Pacolet. 

THOMAS H. BENTON, br. h. by Waxy, dam Virginia by Matapone. 

TITRY, (Imp.) ch. m. by Langar, dam Zephyrina by Middlethorpe. 

TOBACCONIST, b. h. by Gohanna. dam Yankee Maid by Ball's 
Florizel. 

TOM MOORE, h. by Contention, dam Pocahontas by "Virginian. 

TORNADO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Polly Hopkins by Virginian. 

TRANBY, (Imp.) br. h. by Black lock, dam by Orville— Miss Grim- 
stone by Weazle — Ancaster, &c. — foaled 1826. — Va. 1835. 

J. J. Avery & Co. 

TRIPIT, br. m. by Mars, dam by Post Boy. 

TRUFFLE, (Imp.) b. h. by Truffle, dam Helen by Whiskey. 

TRUSTEE, (Imp.) ch. h. by Catton, dam Emma by Whisker. 

V. 

VALPARAISO, (Imp.) ch. h. by Velocipede, dam Julianna by Go 

hanna. 
VERTNER, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lady Adams by Whipster 
VERTUMNUS, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Princess by Defiance. 
VICEROY, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Saluda by Timoleon. 
VOLCANO, b. h. by Stockholder, dam Forest Maid by Ratray. 
VOLNEY, b. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Sir Archy. 
(Imp.) b. h. by Velocipede, dam (Voltaire's dam,) by 

Phantom. 

W. 

WACOUSTA, ch. n. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Lady Lightfoot by 

Oscar. 
WAGNER, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam Maria West by Marion. 
WASHENANGO, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam Ariadne by (Imp.) 

Citizen. 
WHALE, (Imp.) by Whalebone, (who was by Waxy,) dam Rectory 

by Octavins — Catharine by Woodpecker. — N. Carolina. 

Edward Townes. 
WHALEBONE b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by Pacolet. 



CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARLR. 101 

iVILD BILL, b. h. by Sir Arcby, dam Maria by Gallatin. 
WILLIAM H. HARRISON, gr. h. by Trumpator, dam by Double 

head. 
WILLIS, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by (Imp.) Merryfleld. 
WANDER, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Powancey by Alfred 
WOODPECKER, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by (Imp.) Buzzard. 

Y. 

ORKSHIRE, (Imp.) got by St. Nicholas, dam Miss Rose. 

R. D. Shepherd. 
YOUNG GOHANNA, h. by Gohanna, dam by Pacolet. 
YOUNG MEDLEY, h. by Potomac, dam by Medley. 
YOUNG TRAMP, (Imp.) h. by Barefoot, dam Isabella by Comas. 
YOUNG WONDER, h. by Cock of the Rock, dam Nell Sanders. 

Z. 

ZINGANEE, (Imp.) b. h. by Tramp, dam Folly by Young Drone. 

(Garrison's,) b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Atalanta by ( Imp.} 

Chance. 



78C esa. 






i o^, J 



